الهيستولوجيا - الأسس والمكونات

Histology Course Information

• Course: Histology (First Year)
• University: Menoufia University, Faculty of Dentistry
• Department: Histology & Cell Biology
• Academic Year: 2024-2025

Course Vision

• To be an academically accredited college with a strong reputation locally, regionally, and internationally, playing a leading role in medical education and healthcare provision.

Course Mission

• To train physicians in accordance with National Academic Reference Standards, able to meet local and regional market needs.
• To develop skilled practitioners proficient in conducting scientific research and contributing to the advancement of healthcare.
• To prioritize continuous training and education to provide comprehensive and community-centered care while adhering to professional ethics.

Course Contents

• Overall aims of the course
• Intended learning outcomes
• The cell
• Cytogenetics
• Epithelial Tissue
• Connective Tissue
• Cartilage
• Bone
• Muscular Tissue
• Blood

Overall Aims of the Course

• Develop a functional understanding of cells, tissues, organs, and systems.

Intended Learning Outcomes

• Identify and categorize the histological structure of cells and their organelles
• Define different roles of cell organelles
• Combine anatomical and histological data
• Explain cytogenetics and the process of cell division
• Detail the structural differences in epithelial and connective tissues
• Understand the histological structure of cartilage and its various types
• Recognize the histological structures of different bone types
• Identify skeletal muscle fiber types
• Detail the components of blood

The Cell (Basic Structure and Function)

• Essential part of all living tissues (plant and animal)
• Composed of two main components: cytoplasm and karyoplasm (nucleus)
• Organelles (membrane-bound structures): examples include mitochondria, rough/smooth endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, Golgi body, etc.
• Inclusions (non-membrane bound structures): Examples include glycogen, fat droplets, etc.

Cell Membrane (Plasma Lemma)

• Thin, elastic structure visible via electron microscopy (not light microscopy)
• Composed of lipoproteins (lipids, proteins, glycolipids, and carbohydrates).
• Phospholipid bilayer: polar heads (hydrophilic), non-polar tails (hydrophobic)
• Proteins: integral (within membrane), peripheral (on membrane surface)
• Important functions include transport, communication, and selective permeability)

Mitochondria

• Membrane-bound organelles found in all eukaryotic cells
• Function: sites of cellular respiration, ATP production—considered the "powerhouse" of the cell
• Structure: outer smooth membrane, inner membrane folds into cristae. Contains ribosomes & DNA

Golgi Apparatus

• Membranous organelles acting as the "secretory apparatus" of the cell
• Located between the nucleus and cell periphery
• Composed of flattened vesicles (cisternae)
• Functions include: concentrating, modifying, and packaging proteins for secretion or use in the cell

Lysosomes

• Membrane-bound vesicles containing hydrolytic enzymes. Digest materials internally (including foreign substances and damaged organelles)
• Structure: Single membrane encloses interior
• Types: Primary, secondary (heterolysosomes, autolysosomes), residual bodies

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

• Network of membranes within the cytoplasm
• Types: Rough ER (studded with ribosomes – protein synthesis), Smooth ER (lipid synthesis, detoxification)

Ribosomes

• Non-membranous organelles, present in both free and bound forms
• Function in protein synthesis

Cytoskeleton

• Network of protein filaments that maintain cell shape, support, and facilitate movement
• Types: microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments

Cell Inclusions (Cytoplasmic Deposits)

• Non-living components of the cell (e.g. food, pigments, secretory granules)

The Nucleus

• Control center, contains genetic material (DNA)
• Structure: nuclear membrane, chromatin, nucleolus, nuclear matrix

Cytoskeleton- Filaments

• Structures for cell support, movement, and shape
• Types: actin filaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules

Cytogenetics

• Study of the structure and function of chromosomes.

The Cell Cycle

• Stages between cell divisions to maintain cellular function and prepare for subsequent divisions
• Phases : Interphase (G1, S, G2) , mitosis.

Chromosomal Abnormalities

• Structural abnormalities: deletion, inversion, translocation, isochromosome
• Numerical abnormalities: polyploidy (increase, triploid, tetraploid), aneuploidy (loss, trisomy, monosomy)

Sex Chromosomes

• Trisomy & Monosomy in sex chromosome

Additional Information

• Specific cell types mentioned in the text (e.g., neurons, osteoclasts) are not included in these notes since they are not the focus of the overarching summary of the text.

اختبر معرفتك في الهيستولوجيا من خلال هذا الكويز. ستحصل على أسئلة حول الأعضاء الرئيسية للخلية، مكونات الغشاء الخلوي والألياف العضلية. هل تستطيع الإجابة على جميع الأسئلة بشكل صحيح؟