Algebra Class: Indices and Logarithms

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following expressions is equivalent to $(4 - 3)(6 + 2)$?

  • 5
  • 4
  • 18 (correct)
  • 1

What is the result of the expression $5(3 - 2)$?

  • 10
  • 5 (correct)
  • 2
  • 15

If $p = 3$ and $q = -13$, what is the result of $p + q$?

  • 0
  • -3
  • 16
  • -10 (correct)

What is the output of the expression $(x + 9)(x^2 - 3x + 2)$ when $x = 1$?

<p>10 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following results corresponds to $3^{2} + 2^{3} + 30 = ?$?

<p>26 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the value of $x$ in the equation $(x - 2)(x + 2)(2x + 1) = 0$?

<p>2 (C), -2 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the degree of the polynomial $x^4 + ax^3 + 5x^2 + x + 3$?

<p>4 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Determine the value from the expression $(2a + b)^{2}$ when $a = 1$ and $b = 2$.

<p>9 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

For the equation $3x - 4 = 0$, what is the value of $x$?

<p>4/3 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which identity will help in simplifying $ ext{log}_2(x - 2y) = 5$?

<p>Exponentiation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If $f(x) = x^4 - 3x^3 + 2x^2 + 5x - 1$, what is the value of $f(2)$?

<p>7 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When dividing polynomial $x^4 + ax^3 + 5x^2 + x + 3$ by $x^2 + 4$, what would you expect to obtain?

<p>Quotient and remainder (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

From the equation $P(x) = (x - c)Q(x) + R(x)$, what does $R(x)$ represent?

<p>The remainder (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which expression represents the sum of logarithms: $2 ext{log}{36} 2 + ext{log}{36} 3$?

<p>Logarithmic multiplication (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is expected when evaluating $g(0)$ for $g(x) = 4x^5 - 3x^3 + 2x + 1$?

<p>The constant term (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which value for $A$ can be determined from the equation $x^4 + x^2 + x + 1 hickapprox (x^2 + A)(x^2 - 1) + Bx + C$?

<p>1 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct expression for the decomposition of $(x^2 + 3x)$?

<p>$(x)(x + 3)$ (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following represents a valid operation involving quotients?

<p>Quotient: $2x - 5$, Remainder: $5$ (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which option corresponds to a valid expression for factoring the polynomial $x^2 - x + 1$?

<p>$(x + 1)^2 - 2$ (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of $a^m \cdot a^n$?

<p>$a^{m+n}$ (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If $a^m = b^n$, what can be concluded about $\frac{a^m}{b^n}$?

<p>$1$ (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the degree of the polynomial $2x^2 - 5 + 2$?

<p>2 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which formula represents the logarithmic identity for $\log_a (xy)$?

<p>$\log_a x + \log_a y$ (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which expression correctly factors $x^3 + 3x$?

<p>$(x)(x^2 + 3)$ (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the value of $\log_a 1$?

<p>$0$ (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which expression is equivalent to $\log_a (x/y)$?

<p>$\log_a x - \log_a y$ (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If $p$ and $q$ are rational numbers and $a, b$ are positive real numbers, which of the following is correct for $\left(\frac{a^p}{b^q}\right)^m$?

<p>$\frac{a^{mp}}{b^{mq}}$ (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

For polynomials, which of the following terms represents the remainder in polynomial long division?

<p>$r(x)$ (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a correct statement about surds?

<p>$\sqrt[n]{a} = a^{1/n}$ (C), $\sqrt[n]{a^m} = a^{m/n}$ (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the expression $a^m \div a^n$ simplify to?

<p>$a^{m-n}$ (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which property of logarithms does the equation $\log_a a = 1$ illustrate?

<p>Identity property (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct transformation of the equation $3 ext{log}_2 + 2 ext{log} 5 - ext{log} 20$?

<p>$ ext{log} rac{3^3 imes 5^2}{20}$ (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If $x = ext{log} y z$, $y = ext{log} z x$, and $z = ext{log} x y$, what can be concluded about the values of $x$, $y$, and $z$?

<p>The product $xyz = 1$. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of evaluating $( ext{log}_3 m)( ext{log}_m 81)$?

<p>4 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

For the equation $3 ext{log}_c a - 2 ext{log}_c b + 1$, what can be inferred about the value it represents?

<p>It equals $ ext{log}_c rac{a^3}{b^2}$. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If the equation $ ext{log}_{10}(x - y + 1) = 0$ is given, what does it imply about the variable $x$?

<p>$x - y + 1 = 1$ (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can the expression $ ext{log}_{16}(xy)$ be rewritten?

<p>$ ext{log}_4 x + ext{log}_4 y$ (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Given the equation $6x + 1 = 18$, what is the value of $x$?

<p>2 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the equation $ ext{log}_3(x + 2) = ext{log}_9(6x + 4)$, how is it simplified?

<p>$ ext{log}_3(x + 2) = rac{1}{2} ext{log}_3(6x + 4)$ (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Product of Powers Rule

When multiplying powers with the same base, add the exponents: a^m * a^n = a^(m+n)

Power of a Power Rule

When raising a power to another power, multiply the exponents: (a^m)^n = a^(m*n)

Power of a Product Rule

When raising a product to a power, distribute the power to each factor: (ab)^m = a^m * b^m

Power of a Quotient Rule

When raising a quotient to a power, distribute the power to both the numerator and the denominator: (a/b)^m = a^m / b^m

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Quotient of Powers Rule

When dividing powers with the same base, subtract the exponents: a^m / a^n = a^(m-n)

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Negative Exponent Rule

A negative exponent indicates a reciprocal: (a/b)^(-m) = (b/a)^m

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Fractional Exponent Rule

The nth root of a to the mth power: √n(a^m) = a^(m/n)

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Logarithm Definition

log base a of x equals y if a^y = x

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Product Rule of Logarithms

The log of a product is the sum of the logs: log(a) xy = log(a) x + log(a) y

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Power Rule of Logarithms

The log of x raised to the power of c is c times the log of x: log(a) x^c = c * log(a) x

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Quotient Rule of Logarithms

The log of a quotient is the difference of the logs: log(a) (x / y) = log(a) x - log(a) y

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Log of One

The log base a of 1 is always 0: log(a) 1 = 0

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Log of the Base

The log base a of a is always 1: log(a) a = 1

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Inverse Property of Logarithms

a raised to the power of log base a of x equals x: a^(log(a) x) = x

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Polynomial Division

A polynomial P(x) can be expressed as Q(x)D(x) + r(x), where Q(x) is the quotient, D(x) is the divisor and r(x) is the remainder.

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Study Notes

Indices

  • Basic Rules:
    • a^m * a^n = a^(m+n)
    • (a^m)^n = a^(m*n) = (a^n)^m
    • (ab)^m = a^m * b^m
    • (a/b)^m = a^m / b^m
    • (a^p * a^q)^m= a^(pm) * a^(qm)
    • a^m / a^n = a^(m-n)
    • (a^p / b^q)^m = a^(pm) / b^(qm)
    • (a/b)^(-m) = (b/a)^m
  • Surds Theorem
    • √m(b^n) = (√m b)^n = (√n b)^m = b^(n/m)
    • √n(ab) = √n( a) * √n(b)
    • √n(a^m) = a^(m/n)
    • a^(n/m) = √m(a^n)
    • √n(a/b) = √n(a) / √n(b)
  • Logarithms Theorem
    • a^y = x, therefore y = log(a)x
    • log(a) xy = log(a) x + log(a) y
    • log(a) x^c = c * log(a) x
    • log(a) (x / y) = log(a) x - log(a) y
    • log(a) 1 = 0
    • log(a) a = 1
    • a^(log(a) x) = x
    • log(b) N / log(a) N = log(b) a
    • log(b) a = 1 / log(a) b

Polynomials

  • P(x) = Q(x)D(x) + r(x)
    • Q(x) = quotient
    • D(x) = divisor
    • r(x) = remainder

Examples

  • Evaluate (log3m)(logm81)
    • Simplify 81 as 3^4
    • Apply log(a)a = 1 to simplify log(m) 81 = log(m) (3^4) = 4
    • Answer = 4log(3)(m)
  • Solve log(x) 8 = 1.5
    • Write 1.5 as 3/2
    • x^(3/2) = 8
    • x = 8^(2/3)
    • x = 4
  • Simplify a. 3log2 + 2log5 - log20
    • 3 log(2) + 2log(5) - log(20)
    • Apply log(a) xy = log(a) x + log(a) y and log(a) (x / y) = log(a) x - log(a) y
    • log(2^3) + log(5^2) - log(20)
    • log (8 * 25 / 20) = log(10) = 1
  • Show that log(bc) a = 5 log(c) a / 1 + log(c) b
    • Apply log(a) a = 1 to simplify log(bc) a = log(c) a / log(c) bc
    • Apply log(a) xy = log(a) x + log(a) y to simplify log(c) bc = log(c) b + log(c) c = 1+log(c) b
    • log(bc)a = log(c)a / 1 + log(c)b
  • Solve the simultaneous equations:
    • log(2) (x-2y) = 5; log(2) x - log(4) y = 4
    • Simplify log(4) y = log(2^2) y = 2log(2) y
    • The equations are then: log(2)(x-2y) = 5; log(2)x - 2log(2)y = 4
    • Solve as simultaneous linear equations in log(2)x and log(2)y
    • log(2)x = 6; log(2)y = 1
    • Calculate the solutions for x and y from log(2)x and log(2)y
    • The solutions are x = 64, y = 2

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