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Questions and Answers
Which of the following pigments, besides chlorophyll a, is found in red algae?
Which of the following pigments, besides chlorophyll a, is found in red algae?
- Phycocyanin
- Phycoerythrin (correct)
- Xanthophyll
- Beta-carotene
Brown algae are evolutionarily younger than green algae.
Brown algae are evolutionarily younger than green algae.
False (B)
What is the primary photosynthetic pigment found in green algae?
What is the primary photosynthetic pigment found in green algae?
chlorophyll
In algae, a structure that facilitates the joining of two haploid strands for reproduction is called a ______.
In algae, a structure that facilitates the joining of two haploid strands for reproduction is called a ______.
Match the following algae with their characteristics:
Match the following algae with their characteristics:
What is the primary function of the gelatinous substances found in the cell walls of certain algae?
What is the primary function of the gelatinous substances found in the cell walls of certain algae?
Algae are considered higher plants because they possess true roots, stems, and leaves.
Algae are considered higher plants because they possess true roots, stems, and leaves.
What is the term for plants that live on land but still require water for reproduction?
What is the term for plants that live on land but still require water for reproduction?
Bryophytes lack developed vascular bundles, possessing only ______ cells for water conduction.
Bryophytes lack developed vascular bundles, possessing only ______ cells for water conduction.
Match the following characteristics with the correct algal group:
Match the following characteristics with the correct algal group:
What type of cell division occurs within the sporangium of a plant to produce spores?
What type of cell division occurs within the sporangium of a plant to produce spores?
Aplanospores are motile spores equipped with flagella.
Aplanospores are motile spores equipped with flagella.
What is the term for the fusion of gametes during sexual reproduction in algae?
What is the term for the fusion of gametes during sexual reproduction in algae?
The process where a plant alternates between a sexual and asexual reproductive phase is known as ______.
The process where a plant alternates between a sexual and asexual reproductive phase is known as ______.
Match the following terms related to reproduction with their descriptions:
Match the following terms related to reproduction with their descriptions:
Which generation in the life cycle of plants produces diploid cells?
Which generation in the life cycle of plants produces diploid cells?
The gametophyte produces haploid spores through meiosis.
The gametophyte produces haploid spores through meiosis.
What process leads to the formation of a zygote?
What process leads to the formation of a zygote?
In the life cycle of plants, meiosis occurs from sporophyte to ______.
In the life cycle of plants, meiosis occurs from sporophyte to ______.
Match the following terms related to plant life cycles with their definitions:
Match the following terms related to plant life cycles with their definitions:
What is the primary characteristic of plants that are classified as photoautotrophic organisms?
What is the primary characteristic of plants that are classified as photoautotrophic organisms?
All algae are multicellular organisms.
All algae are multicellular organisms.
What type of environment did algae first evolve in?
What type of environment did algae first evolve in?
The plant body of algae is often referred to as a ______, which is not differentiated into roots, stems, and leaves.
The plant body of algae is often referred to as a ______, which is not differentiated into roots, stems, and leaves.
Match the following terms related to algae structure with their descriptions:
Match the following terms related to algae structure with their descriptions:
Which type of algae is known for its relatively complex structure that resembles horsetails?
Which type of algae is known for its relatively complex structure that resembles horsetails?
Bryophytes have well-developed vascular systems.
Bryophytes have well-developed vascular systems.
What is the term for algae that form spherical colonies?
What is the term for algae that form spherical colonies?
In plants demonstrating metagenesis, the ______ generation is diploid, producing spores.
In plants demonstrating metagenesis, the ______ generation is diploid, producing spores.
Categorize each plant group based on whether they are vascular or non-vascular:
Categorize each plant group based on whether they are vascular or non-vascular:
Which of the following best describes the adaptations of plants that have successfully transitioned to terrestrial environments?
Which of the following best describes the adaptations of plants that have successfully transitioned to terrestrial environments?
Bryophytes are considered truly 'dry land' plants because they do not require water for any part of their life cycle.
Bryophytes are considered truly 'dry land' plants because they do not require water for any part of their life cycle.
What is the main role of vascular tissues within higher plants?
What is the main role of vascular tissues within higher plants?
The most primitive terrestrial plants are represented by ______, which feature a differentiated thallus but lack true vascular tissues.
The most primitive terrestrial plants are represented by ______, which feature a differentiated thallus but lack true vascular tissues.
Match the following plant structures with their key characteristics related to terrestrial adaptation:
Match the following plant structures with their key characteristics related to terrestrial adaptation:
Which of the following is a key environmental factor that necessitates specialized adaptations in terrestrial plants, compared to their aquatic algal ancestors?
Which of the following is a key environmental factor that necessitates specialized adaptations in terrestrial plants, compared to their aquatic algal ancestors?
Pteridophytes (ferns) rely exclusively on water for reproduction; they do not produce seeds.
Pteridophytes (ferns) rely exclusively on water for reproduction; they do not produce seeds.
What is the ecological significance of mosses regarding soil erosion?
What is the ecological significance of mosses regarding soil erosion?
The dominant generation in pteridophytes is the ______, which constitutes the entire plant visible.
The dominant generation in pteridophytes is the ______, which constitutes the entire plant visible.
Distinguish each plant group through how each reproduces.
Distinguish each plant group through how each reproduces.
Horsetails (Equisetum) are known to accumulate significant amounts of which substance?
Horsetails (Equisetum) are known to accumulate significant amounts of which substance?
All species of clubmoss (plavunÄ›) are now endangered due to overcollection.
All species of clubmoss (plavunÄ›) are now endangered due to overcollection.
In the context of metagenesis, what cellular process follows the formation of a zygote in the sporophyte?
In the context of metagenesis, what cellular process follows the formation of a zygote in the sporophyte?
The earliest terrestrial plants are thought to have lacked true roots and instead possessed simple, hair-like structures called ______ for anchorage.
The earliest terrestrial plants are thought to have lacked true roots and instead possessed simple, hair-like structures called ______ for anchorage.
Flashcards
Red algae
Red algae
Oldest plants on earth, contain chlorophyll a, d, phycocyanin, and phycoerythrin. Cell walls contain substances used in food industry.
Green algae
Green algae
Younger in evolutionary terms, with chlorophyll, includes Chlorella. Can form cenobia. Example: Chlamydomonas, which adapts to land and creates hypnospores.
Conjugating algae
Conjugating algae
Algae that reproduce by conjugation where two haploid strands merge to form a channel, leading to zygospores. A common genera is Spirogyra.
Metagenesis
Metagenesis
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Sporophyte
Sporophyte
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Gametophyte
Gametophyte
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Botanika
Botanika
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Algae characteristics
Algae characteristics
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Thallus structure
Thallus structure
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Higher plants
Higher plants
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Vascular plants
Vascular plants
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Zoospores
Zoospores
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Aplanospores
Aplanospores
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Sexual reproduction
Sexual reproduction
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Moss reproduction
Moss reproduction
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Zygote
Zygote
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Study Notes
- Rhodophyta - red algae
- Oldest plants on Earth
- Chlorophyll a, d, carotenoids (beta-carotene), phycoerythrin, phycoerythrin
- Reserve substance - floridean starch
- The cell wall contains phycocolloids (substances that bind water) - in the food industry (gelatin), microbiology (agar)
- Representatives - Gracilaria, Chondrus crispus, Porphyra, Palmaria palmata
- Green algae - phylogenetically younger, higher plants evolved from them
- Mainly chlorophyll
Charophyceae
- Chlorella - coccoid thallus - has a large chloroplast
- Contains a large number of substances - food supplement
- Volvox globator - forms cenobia (living together in a sphere)
- Clamydomonas - adapted to life on land - grows on tree trunks
- Forms hypnospores
- Euglena - can move (flagellum)
- Has a red "eye spot" - rhodopsin - signals light
- Ulva lactuca - sea lettuce - food
- Conjugation algae - reproduce by conjugation - 2 haploid thalli approach each other and a channel is formed →
- Fusion of nuclei → zygospore → germinating sporophyte
- Spirogyra - spirally arranged chloroplast
- Oedogonium - Epiphytic alga (stalk-like) - in flowing water
- Charales - the most complex (parenchymatous thallus) - resembles horsetail
Higher plants
- Adapted to life on land (vascular tissue)
- Organs are formed (root, stem, leaves)
Vascular plants
- Live on land, but need water to reproduce
- Do not have seeds
- Bryophytes - the most primitive terrestrial plants
- Differentiated thallus
- Do not have a developed vascular bundle (only conductive cells)
Reproduction
- Asexual - cell division
- Thallus disintegration
- Colony disintegration (cenobia - only one generation of cells)
- Spores - resistant cells to adverse conditions
- Zoospores - spores that have flagella
- Aplanospores - spores without flagella
- Sexual - fusion of gametes (fertilization)
- Gametes are formed in gametangia (isogamy - forms the same gametes, anisogamy - forms different gametes)
- External fertilization in water
- Metagenesis (alternation of generations) - the most common
- Alternation of sexual and asexual reproduction
- Sporophyte - part of the plant formed by diploid cells (+ zygote)
- Meiosis occurs and haploid spores are formed
- Gametophyte - part of the plant formed by haploid cells (spores, thallus, gametangia with gametes)
- From sporophyte to gametophyte - meiosis
- From gametophyte to sporophyte - fertilization
Algae
- Characteristics - originated 1.2 billion years ago by endosymbiosis (cyanobacteria and eukaryotic cells)
- Eukaryotic organisms (eukaryotic cell with photoautotrophic mechanism)
- Habitat - water (reproduction, growth)
- Can also be found on the bark of trees
- The body is formed by a thallus (not differentiated)
- No vascular bundles - do not need them
- Thallus structure - unicellular - forms coccoid - coenobium (internal colonial arrangement)
- Multicellular - simple or branched filaments
Clubmosses
- All are protected
- Lycopodium clavatum - medicinal effects in spores
Horsetails
- Perennial plant (lives several years)
- Contain silicates - are abrasive
- Are poisonous, but are used in the pharmaceutical industry (baths)
- Equisetum palustre, Equisetum arvense, Equisetum fluviatile
Ferns
- Mostly grow in groups
- Must live in moist environments
- Structure - differentiated thallus
- Rhizome
- Roots
- Stem
- Leaves (fronds)
- Laminar thallus
Reproduction
- Metagenesis - gametophyte predominates over sporophyte
- Fertilization occurs through water on the female plant
- Sporophyte - zygote and grows a capsule ProbÃhá meiosis and vznikaji vytrusy
- Mosses - Polytrichum commune, Dicranum scoparium, Thuidium
- Fontinalis antipyretica (round leaves - formed by one layer => transparent)
- Sphagnum palustre (in bogs - the bottom part of the stem turns into peat)
- Peat moss
- Liverworts - laminar thallus - grows on soil or rocks in very humid environments
- Marchantia polymorpha
- Importance
- Conserve water, are producers, prevent soil erosion, shelter for invertebrate animals
- Ferns - flourished in the Paleozoic - reached tree heights, have vascular bundles
- Today in the form of herbs
- Have developed vegetative organs - root, stem, leaf
Reproduction
- Metagenesis - sporophyte predominates over gametophyte
- Sporophyte - the whole plant
- Gametophyte - prothallium and prokel (small disc, which grows from the spores in gametangia form gametes - fertilization)
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