Algae: Production, Classification & Toxicity

• Basque Culinary Center is providing information about Algae
• Eneko Izkue presents

Index

• Introduction to Algae
• Algae production methods
• Applications of algae
• Toxicity of algae
• Classification of algae
• Nutritional information
• Varieties of algae such as red, green, and brown algae
• Other types like halophiles and cyanobacteria
• Algae preparations

Introduction

• Algae are plants linked to water sources
• They nourish from the sun and absorb inorganic nutrients, needing direct access to the aquatic environment around them.
• The body is called a thallus, there is no differentiation in organs or tissues
• All cells are similar and perform vegetative functions
• Algae absorb nutrients from the water that surrounds them across their bodies
• Algae cells have rounded shapes and contain ficocoloides in their cell walls which are fibres soluble with a high affinity for water

Ficocoloides

• Natural products are derived from marine algae and used for their colloidal nature
• They are complex polysaccharides, which make them very suitable for use as thickeners, gelling agents, and stabilizers of suspensions and emulsions
• They have no taste, smell, or colour
• They are soluble in water and compatible with most foods
• They can be found on labels under codes E-400 to E-407

Production

• There exists Cultivo in España/Galicia with intertidal vegetation and marine cultivation
• Algae are collected by diving in apnea or on foot during low tide

Countries with Agriculture

• Include Ireland, France, Japan, China, Indonesia, Scotland and Spain

Harvesting and Techniques In Europe

• Gathering by hand on shore, mechanical harvesting, diving and farming (including trials) are all various techniques
• They vary across Europe with different species found in different countries

Production Techniques

• Freediving and handpicking are techniques used
• Drying and harvesting by hand are also used
• Machine harvesting is also an option

Unique Ecosystems

• Underwater areas with a high density of brown algae
• Kelp forests are among the most productive and dynamic ecosystems
• They have been discovered in tropical waters
• They consist of Laminaria macroalgae
• They have been a source of research and are dwindling due to human influence
• Marine Protected Areas can manage impacts to preserve these ecosystems.

Applications Of Algae

• Uses historically in medicine
• They can be used for agriculture
• They are extracted industrially for use
• They can be used for human consumption

Uses of Alginates in Industry

Basic Uses In Gastronomy

• Fresh algae can be eaten raw or cooked and maintain their properties
• Salted algae should be carefully desalted in plenty of cold water
• Dehydrated algae can be hydrated in water with salt

Toxicity

• No macroalgae is toxic
• Bioluminescent phytoplankton is called "noctiluque."

Toxicity In Algae

• Harmful Algal Bloom (HAB)/ FANs are nocivas algal blooms
• Climate change causes proliferation of toxic microalgae
• Impact occurs to the trophic chain, causing animals that ingest those algae to become contaminated
• Causes serious toxicological problems for humans

Classification Of Algae

• By type of cell
  • Procariota: Cyanobacteria
  • Eucariota: Green algae, brown algae, red algae
• By number of cells
  • Macroalgae: Pluricellular, i.e. Musgo, nori, etc
  • Microalgae: Unicellular, i.e. Spirulina, nostoc

Classification By Morphology

• Lamina: Sea lettuce
• Cinta: Sea spaghetti
• Arbusto: Irish moss
• Helecho: Laurencia

Longevity of Algae

• Annual algae are born, grown, reproduce and die at the same year. For example sea lettuces or Nori
• BIanual algae develop a phase on the first year and reproduce and due the second year like sea spaghetti
• Perennes ones, like Kombu lose their sheet at the most unfavorable season as a tree

Classification By Family

• Botannically there are two groups, the algae is divided into
• Protists: Brown algae, Archaea plastids or Primoplantae the term that was used before as considered inside plantae
• Red and green algae are included in this class
• Rhodophyta(red algae) has the pigment Ficoeritrina which hides chlorophyll
• They are mainly marine species only 146 of 7000 species live in fresh water
• You can find them from intertidal zones 100m deep, 250 meters deep in exceptionnal situations. They can catch more light at big depths.
• Chlorophytas and charophytas are green algae with 10,000 species and most live in fresh water on the continents
• Green algae can develop outdoors on humid environments
• They are pigmented with chlorophyll a and b as reserve materials like as starch and other carotenoids same as land plants
• Phaeophyceae are brown algae with 1500 to 2000 spiecies, the 6 geners live in fresh water
• Brown algae domininate in rock coste temp zones in the intertidal zone
• They contain pigment Chlorophills a, Cl and c2, fucoxantina and pigment

Classification By Colour

• Red algae are rodoficeas
• Green algae are cloroficeas
• Brown algae are feoficeas
• All algae have chlorophylls or colours, algae that do not contain green pigments that contain fucoxantina which give a brown, or Ficoeritrinas that give a red color

Nutrition

• Algae are products of excellent nutritional qualities
• Algae is low in fat and assailable carbohydrates and are very indicated in the hypocalory diets
• Green marine algae contributed lots of essential elements that are essential to the diet

Fibre

• Algae is needed by the intestinal trait
• The fiber content various between 25% and 75%, similar to whole grain cereals
• The solved fiber which are very rich in land algae are very used for the control of levels of triglycerides and cholesteral in sange

Proteinas

• The vegetables of the sea have a5-47% of dry weight in protein
• More than 49% in nory
• A high biological weight is essencials, that they are assimilation and loaded of aminoacids
• Plus all essencials amoniacids, are very rich in aspartico and glutamate

Vitamins

• Algae is rich in b3 and b6 very used in anti aging and anemia treatments
• They are also great in C vitamin such as the green an brown types, similar to persil
• Green Vegetables that have great antioxidant sustances
• Inside Hydro-solubes antioxidants, are polifenoles and C vitamin

Minerals

• They are one of the best vegetable food
• Made of calio, reaching 7% of the dry weight, also very rich in Magnesium
• High in Sódio and Potásio
• Algae is also rich in heirro, an element that contributes essential functions
• elements such as Zinc, manganese y cobre are great to the organism

Varieties Of Algae

• Green algae, cloroficeas, and continental, Dulces with the pigment clorofilicos, and the main component

Ulva Lactuca (Lettuce Of The Sea)

• Common name Lettuce of the sea English , Berza, lavacán, mantilla, follegada do mar
• Is an algae of laminar of esmeralda green, that have an easy medium, is used on cosmetics, used on pesquera communities
• It habitat occurs in zones below the profundity and luminuos ones, they found in the sea

Ulva Lactuca (Lettuce of the Sea) Continued

• Great in consumed natural or grilled and used as macronutrient, proteins, vitamins and minerals

Aonori

• Description: "Green/blue algae" in Japanese
• It is an algae family of lettuce (Ulvaceae)
• Is cultivated in the bays of Japón y la bahía de Cádiz
• Is used to enrich elaborations like noodles, takoyaki, sopas or tempura

Codium (Sea Branch)

• Is alga verde oscuro 40cm large and agarrada in the tallo that is divided
• spongy, jugosa, gelatinosa is a inconsitente, and helps to float as a aspect
• Can be found very rare in the coast of atlanca Gallega, and pegar in the rocas when there are aggressiveness

Codium (Ramallo de mar) continued

• Common name Ramallo do mar , carrasca brava
• Textura: Esponjosa
• Is natural hervida and made part of the emulsión
• Low context is grasa the sin is Azúcar

Algas Rojas

• Rhodophyta
• Posses Chlrophyll and Coratinoides
• Abdundante in spots the profundos
• Used to produce carringenanos

Gigartina Piscillata (Algatinado)

• Alga that formed densas almohadillas, con el musugo Iranda
• Sobre pierdas in areas poco profundas, vive in areas calmas and expuestos
• With great minerals, herida low context in azucar,

Chondracantus acicularis (Alga Cantus)

• Arbustillo de rama Finas that are Intricadas y bonito de Rose Oscuro
• The rock and arena in litoral that are expuestas. In the britinica Islands alcamerton south a uraguay
• Mediterranean india malasia hawai austalian
• Texture: Fibrosa
• Savour: Earth

Dilsea carnosa (red rag, false dulse)

• Description, is carnosa of crustaicos
• habitat sobre roca donde fuerte oleaje desde nortuega ahsta purtugal
• Rica: Alta en fibra, in adicón tiene azucares
• texture: laminas jovenes delicadas, adulta fibrosa
• Sabor: Crustaceos

Anemonia suculata Filo de mar

• textures carnosa algo gelatinoa
• habitat sobre rocas denudas con mejilones amplis distribuida en contases europas
• Riqueza en elástica con texturaz flexible suave roma

Grateloupia turuturu

• Description, la alga de la láminas finas con numerosas proliferaciones
• Texture la laminass son muy gelatinosas
• Debudo a la globalizacion se expando para todas poniendo un problema a las especie autóctonas y considera como una plaga
• Ideal to create diete hipocaloricas

Chondrus Crispus( Musgeo in Ireland)

• Also known as liquesn or Raspada
• A blue roge algae that create 29cm high mat, with alto vaoe, poliacarirdos with confluct mucilagesd
• Podemos encontrar el moussgeo irlanda is a frequente franjas

Mastocarpees stellatu (Musgo estrellado)

• Alga Simalar at musggo with rocks on Zonas extuesas

Porpyrah(nory)

• Textures fina o sea hornneada, aato constesto de proteions de 390 y firbra,
• Bajo constesto ne gorass a, vitmina a
• Ricia in magnes,

Porpphyras (nory_):

• Description: Is a fiona lamnia translucida de tona o rojo o vaiolas,
• Adire a la roca

Algas Pardas

• Fefocies
• Sonas orcosas interameas
• Clorfola and fricoxantina

Himanthalia elongata spagueti del. mar

• is in the forma de la atlandica
• it ca be alanza 4 o 2 de longitud, ex un Alaga is anual el primers anio
• crce en forma de cina
• al finale del seuno anos la semillar y se reproduce y more

Laminaria ochroleuca kombu

• algas with hueso that end in una and divisiones cintos and the coasts rocosas
• we will tell about con el alto and the calcios los
• se ahhumador

Saccharina larissima (kombu de azúcar)

• Also know nas Canoto, soja, toco is similaresl Al the korombu
• Is uan lmina entnera fin ass alta
• formas pradreas on conastes de azucar

Undaria p innatífida wakame

• is a native alagas

Bifocaria

• Alga marrow nacera
• texture viscosa crujientes

Algas more Common, Ascophyllum Nodosum

• Alga muy en las costas escadinanavas
• usu in narmalimentacion
• can vire for diew anos and puede cresent hacia arribal

Ecosistems

Other Algae Varieties

Cyanobacteria

• Cyanobacteria are bacteria which aren't algae but are unicellular prokaryotic bacteria that can photosynthesize
• They cannot be seen by the human eye, however, the colonies that they form are more clearly visible
• An example of cyanobacteria is Spirulina, which has an intense blue/green color and is used for nutrition
• Cell colonies contain no cellulose

Clacton

• Sets of organisms can be divided into large categories
• Zooclact on is an animal which is Part of the plankton
• phytoplantation are animals with alogias thst part of them, and lives freely in the ocea

Halofilas

• Can soporte altas niveles de sanilidad frecuentes

Variadas

• Acelga marina.
• Chalotine de costa.
• Hierbas del lodo.
• hierba del lodo

Algae-Based Preparations

• There are many base algae preparations