Green Algae Quiz: Biofuels and Reproduction

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Questions and Answers

Which type of green alga is known for its potential in biofuel production due to its ability to produce long-chain hydrocarbons?

  • Ostreococcus tauri
  • Botryococcus braunii (correct)
  • Volvox
  • Ulva

What is the significance of Ostreococcus tauri in the study of eukaryotes?

  • It is a model organism for studying the evolution of genomes and specialization in eukaryotes. (correct)
  • It forms complex colonies with intricate cell differentiation similar to multicellular organisms.
  • It is used as a biofuel source due to its high hydrocarbon content.
  • It is the largest known eukaryote, providing insights into the evolution of large cell sizes.

Which of the following green algae exhibit a complex life cycle involving both asexual and sexual reproductive stages?

  • Ostreococcus tauri
  • Botryococcus braunii
  • Volvox
  • Chara (correct)

How do cells in a Volvox colony contribute to the colony's overall function?

<p>Cells are interconnected by a strand of cytoplasm, enabling coordinated swimming. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these characteristics is NOT a characteristic of Chlorophyceans (Chara)?

<p>Inhabit both freshwater and saltwater environments (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of endolithic phototrophs?

<p>They can be found in both dry and wet environments. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do endolithic phototrophs benefit from living in rocks in dry environments like Antarctica?

<p>Rocks absorb and retain moisture from snowmelt, providing a source of water. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a common type of endolithic phototroph?

<p>Streptomyces (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the main consequences of endolithic phototroph metabolism and growth within rocks?

<p>They contribute to the weathering of the rocks, increasing their porosity and allowing for more water entry. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a common method of microbial growth?

<p>Photosynthesis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the main products generated during glycolysis?

<p>NADH (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which microbial group is known for reducing sulfate during anaerobic respiration?

<p>Desulfovibrio (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of photosynthesis involves the use of water and produces oxygen?

<p>Oxygenic Photosynthesis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following processes contributes to the generation of a proton motive force in photosynthetic organisms?

<p>Electron Transport Chain (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme catalyzes the conversion of pyruvate to lactate during lactic acid fermentation?

<p>Lactate Dehydrogenase (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is produced as a byproduct of alcoholic fermentation?

<p>Ethanol (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of anaerobic respiration, what is the role of terminal electron acceptors?

<p>To receive electrons and facilitate energy transfer (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of bacteria are known for performing methanogenesis?

<p>Methanogens (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the process of denitrification contribute to nitrogen cycling?

<p>By reducing nitrate to nitrogen gas (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a product of butyric acid fermentation?

<p>Lactic Acid (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the light-harvesting complexes in photosynthesis?

<p>To capture and transfer light energy to reaction centers (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which compound is the electron donor for anoxygenic photosynthesis?

<p>Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of fermentation is crucial for yogurt production?

<p>Lactic Acid Fermentation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key challenge faced in industrial fermentation processes?

<p>Strain stability and byproduct generation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of a halophile?

<p>They require high salt concentrations for growth. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these phyla contains bacteria known for their ability to perform oxygenic photosynthesis?

<p>Cyanobacteria (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a key characteristic of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) as used in the 'Tree of Life' classification system?

<p>Highly variable and prone to rapid mutations (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of Rhizobia in the context of agriculture and human nutrition?

<p>Fixing atmospheric nitrogen into a usable form (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Great Oxidation Event, which significantly altered Earth's atmosphere, was primarily triggered by the evolution of:

<p>Oxygenic photosynthetic cyanobacteria (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes the key difference between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria?

<p>Gram-positive bacteria have a thicker peptidoglycan layer than Gram-negative bacteria. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the LUCA (Last Universal Common Ancestor)?

<p>Photosynthetic ability (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In terms of the 'Tree of Life', what is the primary difference between Bacteria and Archaea?

<p>Bacteria contain peptidoglycan in their cell walls, while Archaea do not. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the B-lactam ring in the context of bacterial cell walls?

<p>It is the target of many antibiotics that inhibit cell wall synthesis. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following eons in Earth's history is characterized by the appearance of multicellular eukaryotes?

<p>Proterozoic (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of phycobilisomes in cyanobacteria?

<p>Capturing light energy for photosynthesis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes the type of photosynthesis employed by purple bacteria?

<p>Anoxygenic photosynthesis using sulfide as an electron donor (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the microbial diversity found in the early Earth?

<p>The presence of oxygenic photosynthetic organisms (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key characteristic of extremophiles?

<p>They can live in one or more extreme conditions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is a reason why the Tree of Life classification system is widely used over other methods?

<p>It reflects the evolutionary relationships between different life forms more accurately. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the oldest known mineral?

<p>Jack Hills Zircon (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these phases in the bacterial growth curve is characterized by an exponential increase in cell number?

<p>Exponential Phase (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between chemically defined media and complex media?

<p>Chemically defined media has a known chemical composition, while complex media has an unknown chemical composition. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the septum in bacterial cell division?

<p>To divide the cytoplasm and genetic material into two daughter cells. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a requirement for bacterial growth?

<p>Potassium (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of NADH in glycolysis?

<p>It acts as a transporter of electrons to the electron transport chain. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main product of the link reaction in cellular respiration?

<p>Acetyl Coenzyme A (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a product of the Krebs cycle?

<p>Glucose (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of media is used to inhibit the growth of certain bacteria while allowing others to grow?

<p>Selective media (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the electron transport chain in aerobic metabolism?

<p>To generate ATP from the oxidation of NADH and FADH2. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of media would be most suitable for cultivating a specific bacterial strain that requires a high concentration of nutrients?

<p>Enriched media (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the generation time of a bacterial population that doubles in number every 20 minutes?

<p>20 minutes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A bacterial culture is inoculated into a fresh medium. During which phase would the bacteria be most actively synthesizing new proteins and cellular components?

<p>Exponential phase (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the formula 2^n, what does the variable 'n' represent?

<p>Number of generations (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of bacteria requires oxygen for growth, but can tolerate low oxygen levels?

<p>Microaerophiles (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between 'cryptic growth' and typical exponential growth in bacteria?

<p>Cryptic growth is characterized by an increase in cell size but not cell number, while exponential growth is characterized by an increase in cell number. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key difference between a selective medium and a differential medium?

<p>Selective media suppress the growth of some bacteria, while differential media distinguish between bacteria based on their metabolic properties. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of carotenoids in photosynthesis?

<p>Protecting chlorophyll from photodamage (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of anoxygenic photosynthesis?

<p>Oxygen is produced as a byproduct (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of Bacteriopheophytin A (BPh) in the photosynthetic reaction center of purple bacteria?

<p>Carries electrons between the reaction center and the quinone pool (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the cytochrome (Cyt) in the photosynthetic reaction center of purple bacteria?

<p>Generating the proton gradient for ATP synthesis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is NADPH not produced during anoxygenic photosynthesis in purple bacteria?

<p>The electrons cycle back to P870, preventing NADPH formation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between the electron transport chains in purple sulfur and purple nonsulfur bacteria?

<p>Purple sulfur bacteria can only use hydrogen sulfide as an electron donor, while purple nonsulfur bacteria can use a variety of electron donors (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of reaction center is typically found in green sulfur bacteria?

<p>FeS-type reaction center (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do some anoxygenic phototrophs require reverse electron transport?

<p>To overcome the insufficient reducing power of the electron donor in these organisms (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the electron transport chain in purple sulfur bacteria differ from the one in green sulfur bacteria?

<p>Purple sulfur bacteria use a Q-type reaction center, while green sulfur bacteria use an FeS-type reaction center (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of cyclic photophosphorylation in anoxygenic photosynthesis?

<p>Generating ATP for cellular processes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a common electron donor used by anoxygenic phototrophs?

<p>Water (H2O) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason why oxygen is not released during anoxygenic photosynthesis?

<p>The electron donor cannot be oxidized to release oxygen (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do phycobilisomes contribute to photosynthesis in cyanobacteria?

<p>They capture and transfer light energy to chlorophyll (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes the reaction center (RC) in purple bacteria from that of green sulfur bacteria?

<p>The type of electron carrier used in the RC (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the proton motive force in anoxygenic photosynthesis?

<p>To provide energy for the synthesis of ATP (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the electron acceptor in purple bacteria is TRUE?

<p>The electron acceptor is a quinone. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of ferredoxin in the electron transport chain of green sulfur bacteria?

<p>It is responsible for reducing NAD+ to NADH. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Endolithic Phototrophs

Organisms like algae that grow inside rocks, thriving in dry environments.

Habitat of Endolithic Phototrophs

Typically found in layers near rock surfaces in dry or cold climates like Antarctica.

Benefits of Rock Habitat

Rocks absorb heat and retain moisture, aiding survival in harsh climates.

Microbial Growth Requirements

Conditions necessary for microbes to grow, including food, moisture, and suitable temperature.

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Cell Division Methods

Methods like binary fission, budding, and spore-formation for microbial reproduction.

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Chlorophyceans

A group of green algae that can be macroscopic or unicellular, found in freshwater and moist environments.

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Volvox

A colonial green algae that forms spherical colonies with interconnected flagellated cells for coordinated swimming.

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Ostreococcus tauri

The smallest known eukaryote and a unicellular marine phytoplankton, about 2 μm in diameter.

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Botryococcus braunii

Colonial algae known for excreting hydrocarbons, making it a potential biofuel source.

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Life cycle of green algae

Includes complex stages with both asexual and sexual reproduction.

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Koch's Postulates

A series of criteria to establish a causal relationship between a microbe and a disease.

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First Postulate

The pathogen must be present in all cases of the disease and absent in healthy hosts.

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Second Postulate

The pathogen must be grown in pure culture away from the host.

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Third Postulate

A healthy animal infected with the cultured pathogen must develop the disease.

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Fourth Postulate

The pathogen must be isolated from the experimentally infected host and shown to match the original.

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Martinus Beijerinck

A microbiologist known for the enrichment culture technique and studying various microbes.

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Great Oxidation Event

A time around 2.6 billion years ago when oxygen began accumulating in Earth's atmosphere.

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Stromatolites

Layered structures formed by microbial mats, providing evidence of early life.

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Diversity of Domain Bacteria

Bacteria are diverse with varying metabolic pathways and structures.

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Bacterial Cell Wall

Composed of peptidoglycan, differing in structure between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.

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Gram-positive bacteria

Bacteria with a thick peptidoglycan layer, stained purple.

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Gram-negative bacteria

Bacteria with a thin peptidoglycan layer and an outer membrane, stained pink.

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Extremophiles

Microorganisms that thrive in extreme environments.

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LUCA

Last Universal Common Ancestor, believed to be the original living organism.

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Anaerobes

Organisms that do not require oxygen for growth.

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Cell Division

The process where one cell splits to form two cells.

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Lag Phase

Phase of slow growth as microorganisms adapt to their environment.

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Exponential Phase

Phase where cell population doubles at regular intervals.

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Stationary Phase

No net increase or decrease in cell number.

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Death Phase

Slow decrease in cell number after stationary phase.

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Growth Curve

Graph showing microbial growth phases over time.

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2^n Formula

Formula to calculate final bacterial population without initial count.

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Aerobic Metabolism

Energy production using oxygen, mainly in mitochondria.

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Glycolysis

Breakdown of glucose into pyruvate, generating ATP.

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Link Reaction

Process connecting glycolysis to Krebs cycle, producing Acetyl CoA.

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Krebs Cycle

Central part of cellular respiration, producing GTP or ATP.

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Selective Media

Type of culture media that inhibits some microorganisms while allowing others to grow.

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Enriched Media

Culture media with extra nutrients for fastidious microorganisms.

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Complex Media

Culture media with an unknown exact chemical composition.

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Generation Time

Time taken for a population to double.

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Carotenoids

Accessory pigments that capture light energy for photosynthesis.

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Phycobiliproteins

Proteins that capture light energy in algae and cyanobacteria.

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Phycobilisomes

Clusters of phycobiliproteins attached to thylakoid membranes in cyanobacteria.

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Anoxygenic Photosynthesis

Photosynthesis without oxygen production, using alternative electron donors.

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Photosystem I

Photosystem primarily involved in anoxygenic photosynthesis, captures longer wavelengths.

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Electron Donors in Anoxygenic Photosynthesis

Substances like H2S and organic compounds used instead of water.

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P870

Special bacteriochlorophyll pair that absorbs light in anoxygenic photosynthesis.

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Cyclic Photophosphorylation

Process where electrons cycle back to the reaction center to generate ATP.

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Bacteriopheophytin

Intermediate electron carrier that assists in electron transfer in anoxygenic systems.

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NADPH in Anoxygenic Photosynthesis

Not produced because electrons cycle back to P870 instead of reducing NAD+.

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Type 1 Photosynthetic Reaction Center

Electron transport system in organisms like green sulfur bacteria, involves FeS.

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Type 2 Photosynthetic Reaction Center

Involves bacteriochlorophyll and donates electrons to quinones.

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Energy Production in Photosynthesis

Involves electron transport creating a proton gradient that generates ATP.

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Reduction of NAD(P)H

Converts NAD+ or NADP+ to NADH or NADPH for biosynthesis.

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Electron Flow in Purple Bacteria

Follows a pattern: electron donor to RC to NADPH, generating ATP.

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Pyruvate Processing

Converts pyruvate into acetyl-CoA, linking glycolysis to the citric acid cycle.

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Electron Transport Chain

Sequence of protein complexes that transfer electrons to generate ATP.

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Proton Motive Force

The force generated by a proton gradient across a membrane to drive ATP synthesis.

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Denitrification

The process of reducing nitrates to nitrogen gas, returning nitrogen to the atmosphere.

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Sulfate Reduction

Reduces sulfate ions to hydrogen sulfide in anaerobic environments.

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Fermentation

Anaerobic metabolic process converting sugars into energy, alcohol, or acids.

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Lactic Acid Fermentation

Type of fermentation producing lactic acid from glucose during low energy conditions.

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Alcoholic Fermentation

Conversion of glucose to ethanol and carbon dioxide via yeast.

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Photosynthesis

Process where organisms convert sunlight into chemical energy.

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Chlorophyll

Green pigment that captures light energy for photosynthesis.

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Reaction Centers

Protein-pigment complexes that convert light energy into chemical energy in photosynthesis.

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Thylakoid Membranes

Membrane structures in chloroplasts where light reactions occur in photosynthesis.

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Carbon Fixation

The conversion of inorganic carbon (CO2) into organic compounds by photosynthetic organisms.

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Chlorosomes

Light-harvesting structures in some bacteria that capture light in low-light environments.

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Study Notes

Introduction to Microbiology

  • Microorganisms, also known as microbes, are usually smaller than 1mm in diameter.
  • They are often unicellular and lack differentiated tissues.
  • Two major cell types exist: prokaryotic and eukaryotic.
  • Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
  • Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.

Origins of Microbiology

  • Robert Hooke (1665) described cells.
  • Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (1674) observed animalcules (microscopic organisms).
  • Louis Pasteur (19th Century)
    • Contributed to understanding of fermentation using microorganisms.
    • Refuted the theory of spontaneous generation.
    • Discovered ways of preventing infection.
    • Discovered vaccines for diseases like anthrax, cholera, and rabies.

Process of Pasteurization

  • A sterile liquid is poured into a flask, its neck sealed by heating in flame.
  • The liquid is heated extensively using steam forced out at the top open end of the flask.
  • It is cooled slowly to avoid contamination through airbourne microorganisms.
  • The cooled liquid remains sterile indefinitely/
  • The liquid is tipped gently (flask is tipped) so that the contamination mixes with sterile liquid, causing putrefaction of the liquid.

Robert Koch (19th Century)

  • Developed Koch's postulates.

    • Used to identify the causative agent of a disease.

  • Postulates:

    • The suspected pathogen must be present in every case of the disease.
    • The pathogen can exist in pure culture.
    • Pathogen transmission in a host will produce disease.
    • The pathogen can be isolated and cultivated in pure culture from the diseased host's tissues.

Microbial Diversity

  • Early Earth and Life Forms

    • Earth formed approximately 4.5 billion years ago (BYA).
    • Early eons of time: Hadean, Archean, Proterozoic, Phanerozoic.
    • Hadean- Earth is sterilized.
    • Archaean- Divergence of bacteria and archaea, anoxygenic photosynthesis.
    • Proterozoic- Started the Great Oxidation Event.
    • Phanerozoic- Started the origin of first animals.

  • Further information on different domains of living organisms (Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya) within Microbial Diversity section is not available in the provided text.

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