Aleks Placement Test: Chemistry Flashcards

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Questions and Answers

What is matter?

A form of liquid
Anything that has mass and takes up space (correct)
An object with no weight
A type of energy

What are atoms?

Basic unit of matter which cannot be broken down.

What are elements?

A pure substance that contains only one type of atom.

What is a compound?

Two or more elements that are chemically bonded. Signup and view all the answers

What is a mixture?

Two or more substances that are together but not bonded. Signup and view all the answers

What is a pure substance?

A substance that contains only one kind of compound. Signup and view all the answers

What is Bose-Einstein Condensate?

The state of matter with the lowest energy. Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes a solid?

Strong bonds. Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes a liquid?

Weak bonds. Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes a gas?

No bonds. Signup and view all the answers

What is plasma?

The state of matter with the highest energy. Signup and view all the answers

Who was Robert Boyle?

First to define an element. Signup and view all the answers

Who was John Dalton?

Developed the atomic theory. Signup and view all the answers

What does the Law of Constant Composition state?

Given compounds always have the same relative numbers and types of atoms. Signup and view all the answers

Who discovered electrons?

J.J. Thomson. Signup and view all the answers

What are electrons?

Negatively charged particles in an atom. Signup and view all the answers

What is a proton?

Positively charged particle in an atom. Signup and view all the answers

What is a neutron?

Neutral particle in an atom. Signup and view all the answers

What is the Plum Pudding Model?

A model depicting a sphere of positive charge with electrons scattered throughout. Signup and view all the answers

Who was Ernest Rutherford?

Conducted an experiment that revealed the nucleus. Signup and view all the answers

What are metals?

Elements that want to lose electrons. Signup and view all the answers

What are the characteristics of metals?

Malleable, ductile, conductive, lustrous. Signup and view all the answers

What does malleable mean?

The ability to be molded into shapes. Signup and view all the answers

What does ductile mean?

The ability to be pulled into wire. Signup and view all the answers

What is conductivity?

The ability to allow heat or electricity to pass through. Signup and view all the answers

What does lustrous mean?

The ability to be shiny. Signup and view all the answers

What are nonmetals?

Elements that want to gain electrons. Signup and view all the answers

What are metalloids?

Elements with characteristics of both metals and nonmetals. Signup and view all the answers

What are diatomic molecules?

Elements that occur in pairs in their natural state. Signup and view all the answers

What is electronegativity?

The ability of a molecule to attract electrons. Signup and view all the answers

What is atomic radius?

The radius of an atom. Signup and view all the answers

What is ionization energy?

The energy needed to remove an electron. Signup and view all the answers

What is an ion?

An atom that has gained or lost electrons. Signup and view all the answers

What is an anion?

An atom that gains electrons and has a negative charge. Signup and view all the answers

What is a cation?

An atom that loses electrons and has a positive charge. Signup and view all the answers

What is an isotope?

An atom that has changed its number of neutrons. Signup and view all the answers

What is the atomic number?

A unique number for each element that tells the number of protons. Signup and view all the answers

What is atomic mass?

A number that indicates the total number of protons and neutrons in an atom. Signup and view all the answers

What is the neutron number?

Atomic mass - Atomic number. Signup and view all the answers

What is radioactive decay?

A nucleus that spontaneously decomposes. Signup and view all the answers

What is an alpha particle?

Essentially a helium nucleus. Signup and view all the answers

What is a beta particle?

Essentially an electron. Signup and view all the answers

What is a gamma ray?

A high energy photon of light. Signup and view all the answers

What is half-life?

The time required for half of the original sample of nuclei to decay. Signup and view all the answers

What is percent abundance?

The average of isotopes naturally occurring. Signup and view all the answers

What is the equation for percent abundance?

Average Mass = (%) (Mass of Isotope A) + (%) (Mass of Isotope B) + ... Signup and view all the answers

What is the crest of a wave?

The highest point of a wave. Signup and view all the answers

What is the trough of a wave?

The lowest point of a wave. Signup and view all the answers

What is wavelength?

The distance between the crests of a wave. Signup and view all the answers

What is frequency?

The number of waves that pass through a point in a given time. Signup and view all the answers

What is amplitude?

The height of a crest or trough. Signup and view all the answers

What is speed in terms of a wave?

How fast a wave travels. Signup and view all the answers

What is a node?

A point on a wave where the wave returns to the zero line. Signup and view all the answers

What is the electromagnetic spectrum?

The range of wavelengths or frequencies of electromagnetic radiation. Signup and view all the answers

What is visible light?

White light that creates all visible colors when passed through a prism. Signup and view all the answers

How do atoms and colors relate?

Atoms emit characteristic colors of light when excited by energy. Signup and view all the answers

What is a photon?

A light particle. Signup and view all the answers

What is the Speed of Light Equation?

C = w f Signup and view all the answers

What is the speed of light?

3.00 x 10^8 m/s. Signup and view all the answers

What is a continuous spectrum?

Broken bands of colored light. Signup and view all the answers

What is a bright line spectrum?

Emission spectrum occurs due to energy release from electrons. Signup and view all the answers

What is a dark line spectrum?

Absorption spectrum occurs due to energy gained by electrons. Signup and view all the answers

What is the equation for energy using Planck's constant?

E = h f Signup and view all the answers

What is Planck's constant?

6.626 x 10^-34 Joules/hertz. Signup and view all the answers

What is wave-particle duality of light?

Light sometimes acts like a particle and sometimes like a wave. Signup and view all the answers

What is the wave-mechanical model of the atom?

A model where orbitals are not like orbits. Signup and view all the answers

What is the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle?

You cannot know the exact position and momentum of an electron at the same time. Signup and view all the answers

What does quantum theory for an atom describe?

Probability of finding electrons in certain regions of an atom. Signup and view all the answers

What is an atomic orbital?

A region around the nucleus where an electron may be found 90% of the time. Signup and view all the answers

What does N represent in quantum numbers?

The principal quantum number. Signup and view all the answers

What does L represent in quantum numbers?

The orbital quantum number. Signup and view all the answers

What does M represent in quantum numbers?

The orientation of the orbital in space. Signup and view all the answers

What does S represent in quantum numbers?

The spin of an electron in an orbital. Signup and view all the answers

What is the Pauli Exclusion Principle?

Each electron has a unique set of quantum numbers. Signup and view all the answers

What is an S orbital?

The orbital with the lowest energy. Signup and view all the answers

What is a P orbital?

The orbital with the second lowest energy. Signup and view all the answers

What is a D orbital?

The orbital with the second highest energy. Signup and view all the answers

What is an F orbital?

The orbital with the highest energy. Signup and view all the answers

What is Hund's Rule?

Each suborbital fills with one electron before accepting a second. Signup and view all the answers

What is kernel structure?

Electron configuration shorthand. Signup and view all the answers

What are valence electrons?

Electrons in the outermost orbital. Signup and view all the answers

What is oxidation state?

Electrons an element will gain or lose to become stable. Signup and view all the answers

What are acids?

Substances that always start with hydrogen. Signup and view all the answers

What is an oxyacid?

An acid that contains an oxygen. Signup and view all the answers

What is an organic acid?

An acid that contains a carbon atom. Signup and view all the answers

What is a diprotic acid?

An acid that has 2 hydrogens to donate. Signup and view all the answers

What is a triprotic acid?

An acid that has 3 hydrogens to give. Signup and view all the answers

ate = ic acid.

ate Signup and view all the answers

_ite = _ous acid.

ite Signup and view all the answers

What is methane?

1 carbon. Signup and view all the answers

What is ethane?

2 carbons. Signup and view all the answers

What is propane?

3 carbons. Signup and view all the answers

What is butane?

4 carbons. Signup and view all the answers

What is pentane?

5 carbons. Signup and view all the answers

What is hexane?

6 carbons. Signup and view all the answers

What is heptane?

7 carbons. Signup and view all the answers

What is octane?

8 carbons. Signup and view all the answers

What is nonane?

9 carbons. Signup and view all the answers

What is decane?

10 carbons. Signup and view all the answers

What are alcohols?

Substances derived by subtracting a hydrogen and adding a -OH group. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Matter and Its Composition

Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space, composed of atoms.
Atoms are the basic unit of matter, semi-empty, consisting primarily of electrons, protons, and neutrons.
Elements are pure substances containing only one type of atom.
Compounds consist of two or more elements chemically bonded, categorized into ionic and covalent bonds.
Mixtures comprise two or more substances that are physically combined but not chemically bonded.

States of Matter

Bose-Einstein Condensate represents the lowest energy state, akin to a very cold solid.
Solids have strong bonds, maintaining a fixed shape.
Liquids possess weak bonds, allowing them to flow and take the shape of their container.
Gases have no bonds and expand to fill their container.
Plasma, the highest energy state, arises from ionization and lacks fixed bonds.

Historical Figures in Chemistry

Robert Boyle is credited with defining elements as substances that cannot be broken down further.
John Dalton formulated atomic theory, asserting all elements are composed of identical atoms and introduced the law of constant composition.
J.J. Thomson discovered electrons and protons, proposing the plum pudding model of the atom.
Ernest Rutherford established the existence of a small, dense nucleus through gold foil experiments.

Atomic Structure

Electrons are negatively charged particles orbiting the atom’s nucleus.
Protons, found in the nucleus, are positively charged and determine the element’s identity.
Neutrons, neutral particles in the nucleus, contribute to atomic mass.
An atom's atomic number identifies the number of protons it contains; atomic mass is the total of protons and neutrons.

Chemical Properties and Bonds

Electronegativity measures an atom's ability to attract electrons, increasing left to right on the periodic table.
Atomic radius decreases left to right and increases top to bottom.
Ionization energy, the energy required to remove an electron, behaves similarly to electronegativity.
Ions form by gaining or losing electrons; anions are negatively charged, while cations are positively charged.

Isotopes and Radioactivity

Isotopes differ in neutron number, affecting atomic mass.
Half-life indicates the time for half a radioactive sample to decay.
Radioactive decay can produce alpha particles, beta particles, or gamma rays, altering atomic configuration.

Wave Properties and Light

Wavelength is the distance between wave crests, while frequency counts the number of waves passing a point in time.
Amplitude describes wave height, indicating energy levels.
The electromagnetic spectrum encompasses all wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation.
When excited, atoms emit characteristic colors of light; this behavior illustrates the dual nature of light.

Quantum Mechanics and Electron Configuration

Quantum theory describes the probabilistic locations of electrons in orbitals, represented by quantum numbers.
Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle states simultaneous knowledge of an electron's position and momentum is impossible.
Hund's Rule emphasizes that each orbital fills singly before pairing.
Electron configurations indicate the arrangement of electrons in an atom, using shorthand notation based on noble gases.

Acids and Organic Compounds

Acids start with hydrogen and donates protons in solution.
Oxyacids contain oxygen, while organic acids have carbon.
Hydrocarbon nomenclature includes methane (1 carbon) through decane (10 carbons), with systematic naming adding functional groups.
Alcohols are derived from hydrocarbons by replacing a hydrogen with a hydroxyl (-OH) group.

Summary of Key Terms

Percent abundance equates to the average atomic mass, mixed from various isotopes.
Planck's constant is used to calculate energy from frequency, linking quantum physics with chemistry.

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Test your knowledge with these chemistry flashcards covering essential terms like matter, atoms, elements, and compounds. Perfect for preparing for the Aleks Placement Test in chemistry. Enhance your understanding of fundamental concepts in the subject.