Aldehydes, Ketones, and Carboxylic Acids Chemistry Quiz

Carbonyl Compounds

• General term for compounds with a carbonyl group (C=O) bonded to at least one hydrogen atom and one alkyl or aryl group is aldehydes.
• If the carbonyl group is bonded to two alkyl or aryl groups with no hydrogen, it is referred to as a ketone.

Reaction of Aldehydes and Ketones

• The reaction involving the self-condensation of an aldehyde or ketone, followed by dehydration, produces α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds.
• This reaction is commonly known as aldol condensation.

Special Reactions of Aldehydes

• When an aldehyde undergoes simultaneous self-oxidation and reduction in the presence of concentrated alkali, it leads to the formation of a geminal diol or hydrate.

Functional Groups in Organic Compounds

• Acid chlorides are characterized by the presence of a carbonyl group (C=O) combined with a chlorine atom (Cl).
• This functional group is absent in esters and amides, which contain carbonyl groups bonded to other groups (like alkoxides in esters or amine groups in amides) instead of a chlorine atom.