Aldehydes and Ketones: Structure and Nomenclature
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Questions and Answers

What is the main difference between an aldehyde and a ketone?

  • Aldehydes have a carbonyl group bonded to carbon atoms on one side, while ketones have a carbonyl group bonded to carbon atoms on both sides. (correct)
  • Aldehydes have a carbonyl group bonded to carbon atoms on both sides, while ketones have a carbonyl group bonded to carbon atoms on one side.
  • Aldehydes have a hydroxyl group bonded to carbon atoms on one side, while ketones have a hydroxyl group bonded to carbon atoms on both sides.
  • Aldehydes have a methyl group bonded to carbon atoms on one side, while ketones have a methyl group bonded to carbon atoms on both sides.

    • What is the suffix used to name aldehydes that have the -CHO group attached to a ring system?

  • carboxylic
  • ketone
  • carbaldehyde (correct)
  • aldehyde

    • What is the correct IUPAC nomenclature rule for aliphatic aldehydes?

  • Replace the final -e of the name of the corresponding alkane with -al (correct)
  • Replace the final -e of the name of the corresponding alkane with -ene
  • Replace the final -e of the name of the corresponding alkane with -one
  • Replace the final -e of the name of the corresponding alkane with -ol

    • Why is there no need to indicate the position of the aldehyde group in the IUPAC nomenclature of aldehydes?

    <p>Because the aldehyde group is always at the end of the carbon chain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of assigning position 1 to the carbonyl group carbon in aldehydes?

    <p>It is used to number other substituents in the molecule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the exception to the general rule that aldehydes have a carbonyl group bonded to carbon atoms on one side?

    <p>Formaldehyde</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the origin of the common names for some aldehydes?

    <p>From the common names for the corresponding carboxylic acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the IUPAC system in naming aldehydes and ketones?

    <p>To create a systematic approach to naming organic compounds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do carboxylic acids generally have high boiling points?

    <p>Due to their ability to form strong hydrogen bonds with each other and with water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the water solubility of carboxylic acids as the length of the carbon chain increases?

    <p>It declines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do esters have boiling points that are lower than those of acids and alcohols of comparable molecular weight?

    <p>Because their molecules cannot form strong hydrogen bonds to each other</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of esters in terms of their odor?

    <p>They usually have pleasant odors, some resembling those of fruits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are the names of esters derived?

    <p>From the names of the acid and the alcohol, with the alcohol coming first</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key difference between esters and carboxylic acids in terms of their molecular interactions?

    <p>Esters cannot form strong hydrogen bonds, while carboxylic acids can</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a similarity between the boiling points of esters and those of other compounds?

    <p>They are about the same as those of aldehydes and ketones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are esters often used in the manufacture of synthetic flavors?

    <p>Due to their pleasant odors, which resemble those of fruits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the preferred name for the compound C6H5CHO in this text?

    <p>Benzaldehyde</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are aliphatic ketones named substitutively?

    <p>By replacing the final -e of the name of the corresponding alkane with -one</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the numbering system used in naming aliphatic ketones?

    <p>The chain is numbered in the way that gives the carbonyl carbon atom the lower possible number</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are common functional group names for ketones obtained?

    <p>By separately naming the two groups attached to the carbonyl group and adding the word ketone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is true about some ketones in the IUPAC system?

    <p>They have retained common names in the IUPAC system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not a way to name ketones?

    <p>IUPAC naming</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are the positions of the carbonyl carbon atoms designated in aliphatic ketones?

    <p>By using a number designation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the order of numbering in aliphatic ketones?

    <p>The position of the carbonyl carbon atom</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the suffix used to name amines in systematic nomenclature?

    <p>-amine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are amines classified?

    <p>Based on the number of organic groups attached to the nitrogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the prefix used in systematic nomenclature to designate substituents attached to a nitrogen atom?

    <p>N-</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are secondary and tertiary amines named in common nomenclature?

    <p>By designating the organic groups individually if they are different</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the IUPAC term for the substituent −NH2?

    <p>Amino group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When are the prefixes di- or tri- used in common nomenclature?

    <p>When the organic groups are the same</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of amines are named using the IUPAC system?

    <p>Amines containing an OH group or a CO2H group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the final -e in the name of the chain or ring system in systematic nomenclature?

    <p>It is replaced by the suffix -amine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of acetylcholine in the body?

    <p>It initiates the electrical signaling that makes the muscles of our lungs function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of histrionicotoxin on the body?

    <p>It causes paralysis and eventually death through suffocation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the general name for the type of compounds that include acetylcholine and histrionicotoxin?

    <p>Amines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the compound that is used as a neurotransmitter and controls muscle function?

    <p>Acetylcholine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the compound that is produced by Colombian poison dart frogs?

    <p>Histrionicotoxin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the type of compounds that include methyl propanoate and ethyl p-nitrobenzoate?

    <p>Amides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are primary amines typically named?

    <p>As alkylamines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the respiratory muscles in the body?

    <p>They initiate the electrical signaling that makes the muscles of our lungs function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Aldehydes and Ketones

    • Aldehydes have a carbonyl group bonded to hydrogen and carbon atoms on one side.
    • Ketones have a carbonyl group bonded to carbon atoms on both sides.
    • Formaldehyde is an exception, having hydrogen atoms on both sides.

    Nomenclature of Aldehydes and Ketones

    • Aliphatic aldehydes are named substitutively in the IUPAC system by replacing the final -e of the name of the corresponding alkane with -al.
    • The aldehyde group must be at an end of the carbon chain, so there is no need to indicate its position.
    • Many aldehydes also have common names, which are derived from the common names for the corresponding carboxylic acids.
    • Aldehydes in which the −CHO group is attached to a ring system are named substitutively by adding the suffix carbaldehyde.
    • Aliphatic ketones are named substitutively by replacing the final -e of the name of the corresponding alkane with -one.
    • The chain is numbered in the way that gives the carbonyl carbon atom the lower possible number, and this number is used to designate its position.
    • Common functional group names for ketones are obtained by separately naming the two groups attached to the carbonyl group and adding the word ketone as a separate word.

    Carboxylic Acids

    • Carboxylic acids generally have high boiling points and low-molecular-weight acids show appreciable solubility in water.
    • As the length of the carbon chain increases, water solubility declines.

    Esters

    • Esters are polar compounds, but lacking a hydrogen attached to oxygen, their molecules cannot form strong hydrogen bonds to each other.
    • As a result, esters have boiling points that are lower than those of acids and alcohols of comparable molecular weight.
    • Esters usually have pleasant odors, some resembling those of fruits, and these are used in the manufacture of synthetic flavors.
    • The names of esters are derived from the names of the alcohol (with the ending -yl) and the acid (with the ending -ate or -oate).

    Amides

    • Amides are classified as being primary (1°), secondary (2°), or tertiary (3°) on the basis of the number of organic groups attached to the nitrogen.

    Nomenclature of Amines

    • Primary amines are named by adding the suffix -amine to the name of the chain or ring system to which the NH2 group is attached.
    • Secondary and tertiary amines are named in the same general way, with the prefix N- used to designate substituents attached to a nitrogen atom.
    • Tertiary amines are also classified as being primary (1°), secondary (2°), or tertiary (3°) on the basis of the number of organic groups attached to the nitrogen.

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    Description

    Learn about the structure and naming of aldehydes and ketones, including the difference between aliphatic and other types of aldehydes and ketones.

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