40 Questions
What is the main difference between an aldehyde and a ketone?
Aldehydes have a carbonyl group bonded to carbon atoms on one side, while ketones have a carbonyl group bonded to carbon atoms on both sides.
What is the suffix used to name aldehydes that have the -CHO group attached to a ring system?
carbaldehyde
What is the correct IUPAC nomenclature rule for aliphatic aldehydes?
Replace the final -e of the name of the corresponding alkane with -al
Why is there no need to indicate the position of the aldehyde group in the IUPAC nomenclature of aldehydes?
Because the aldehyde group is always at the end of the carbon chain
What is the significance of assigning position 1 to the carbonyl group carbon in aldehydes?
It is used to number other substituents in the molecule
What is the exception to the general rule that aldehydes have a carbonyl group bonded to carbon atoms on one side?
Formaldehyde
What is the origin of the common names for some aldehydes?
From the common names for the corresponding carboxylic acids
What is the purpose of the IUPAC system in naming aldehydes and ketones?
To create a systematic approach to naming organic compounds
Why do carboxylic acids generally have high boiling points?
Due to their ability to form strong hydrogen bonds with each other and with water
What happens to the water solubility of carboxylic acids as the length of the carbon chain increases?
It declines
Why do esters have boiling points that are lower than those of acids and alcohols of comparable molecular weight?
Because their molecules cannot form strong hydrogen bonds to each other
What is a characteristic of esters in terms of their odor?
They usually have pleasant odors, some resembling those of fruits
How are the names of esters derived?
From the names of the acid and the alcohol, with the alcohol coming first
What is a key difference between esters and carboxylic acids in terms of their molecular interactions?
Esters cannot form strong hydrogen bonds, while carboxylic acids can
What is a similarity between the boiling points of esters and those of other compounds?
They are about the same as those of aldehydes and ketones
Why are esters often used in the manufacture of synthetic flavors?
Due to their pleasant odors, which resemble those of fruits
What is the preferred name for the compound C6H5CHO in this text?
Benzaldehyde
How are aliphatic ketones named substitutively?
By replacing the final -e of the name of the corresponding alkane with -one
What is the numbering system used in naming aliphatic ketones?
The chain is numbered in the way that gives the carbonyl carbon atom the lower possible number
How are common functional group names for ketones obtained?
By separately naming the two groups attached to the carbonyl group and adding the word ketone
What is true about some ketones in the IUPAC system?
They have retained common names in the IUPAC system
Which of the following is not a way to name ketones?
IUPAC naming
How are the positions of the carbonyl carbon atoms designated in aliphatic ketones?
By using a number designation
What determines the order of numbering in aliphatic ketones?
The position of the carbonyl carbon atom
What is the suffix used to name amines in systematic nomenclature?
-amine
How are amines classified?
Based on the number of organic groups attached to the nitrogen
What is the prefix used in systematic nomenclature to designate substituents attached to a nitrogen atom?
N-
How are secondary and tertiary amines named in common nomenclature?
By designating the organic groups individually if they are different
What is the IUPAC term for the substituent −NH2?
Amino group
When are the prefixes di- or tri- used in common nomenclature?
When the organic groups are the same
What type of amines are named using the IUPAC system?
Amines containing an OH group or a CO2H group
What is the significance of the final -e in the name of the chain or ring system in systematic nomenclature?
It is replaced by the suffix -amine
What is the function of acetylcholine in the body?
It initiates the electrical signaling that makes the muscles of our lungs function
What is the effect of histrionicotoxin on the body?
It causes paralysis and eventually death through suffocation
What is the general name for the type of compounds that include acetylcholine and histrionicotoxin?
Amines
What is the name of the compound that is used as a neurotransmitter and controls muscle function?
Acetylcholine
What is the name of the compound that is produced by Colombian poison dart frogs?
Histrionicotoxin
What is the name of the type of compounds that include methyl propanoate and ethyl p-nitrobenzoate?
Amides
How are primary amines typically named?
As alkylamines
What is the function of the respiratory muscles in the body?
They initiate the electrical signaling that makes the muscles of our lungs function
Study Notes
Aldehydes and Ketones
- Aldehydes have a carbonyl group bonded to hydrogen and carbon atoms on one side.
- Ketones have a carbonyl group bonded to carbon atoms on both sides.
- Formaldehyde is an exception, having hydrogen atoms on both sides.
Nomenclature of Aldehydes and Ketones
- Aliphatic aldehydes are named substitutively in the IUPAC system by replacing the final -e of the name of the corresponding alkane with -al.
- The aldehyde group must be at an end of the carbon chain, so there is no need to indicate its position.
- Many aldehydes also have common names, which are derived from the common names for the corresponding carboxylic acids.
- Aldehydes in which the −CHO group is attached to a ring system are named substitutively by adding the suffix carbaldehyde.
- Aliphatic ketones are named substitutively by replacing the final -e of the name of the corresponding alkane with -one.
- The chain is numbered in the way that gives the carbonyl carbon atom the lower possible number, and this number is used to designate its position.
- Common functional group names for ketones are obtained by separately naming the two groups attached to the carbonyl group and adding the word ketone as a separate word.
Carboxylic Acids
- Carboxylic acids generally have high boiling points and low-molecular-weight acids show appreciable solubility in water.
- As the length of the carbon chain increases, water solubility declines.
Esters
- Esters are polar compounds, but lacking a hydrogen attached to oxygen, their molecules cannot form strong hydrogen bonds to each other.
- As a result, esters have boiling points that are lower than those of acids and alcohols of comparable molecular weight.
- Esters usually have pleasant odors, some resembling those of fruits, and these are used in the manufacture of synthetic flavors.
- The names of esters are derived from the names of the alcohol (with the ending -yl) and the acid (with the ending -ate or -oate).
Amides
- Amides are classified as being primary (1°), secondary (2°), or tertiary (3°) on the basis of the number of organic groups attached to the nitrogen.
Nomenclature of Amines
- Primary amines are named by adding the suffix -amine to the name of the chain or ring system to which the NH2 group is attached.
- Secondary and tertiary amines are named in the same general way, with the prefix N- used to designate substituents attached to a nitrogen atom.
- Tertiary amines are also classified as being primary (1°), secondary (2°), or tertiary (3°) on the basis of the number of organic groups attached to the nitrogen.
Learn about the structure and naming of aldehydes and ketones, including the difference between aliphatic and other types of aldehydes and ketones.
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