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Questions and Answers
What is the main difference between an aldehyde and a ketone?
What is the main difference between an aldehyde and a ketone?
- Aldehydes have a carbonyl group bonded to carbon atoms on one side, while ketones have a carbonyl group bonded to carbon atoms on both sides. (correct)
- Aldehydes have a carbonyl group bonded to carbon atoms on both sides, while ketones have a carbonyl group bonded to carbon atoms on one side.
- Aldehydes have a hydroxyl group bonded to carbon atoms on one side, while ketones have a hydroxyl group bonded to carbon atoms on both sides.
- Aldehydes have a methyl group bonded to carbon atoms on one side, while ketones have a methyl group bonded to carbon atoms on both sides.
What is the suffix used to name aldehydes that have the -CHO group attached to a ring system?
What is the suffix used to name aldehydes that have the -CHO group attached to a ring system?
- carboxylic
- ketone
- carbaldehyde (correct)
- aldehyde
What is the correct IUPAC nomenclature rule for aliphatic aldehydes?
What is the correct IUPAC nomenclature rule for aliphatic aldehydes?
- Replace the final -e of the name of the corresponding alkane with -al (correct)
- Replace the final -e of the name of the corresponding alkane with -ene
- Replace the final -e of the name of the corresponding alkane with -one
- Replace the final -e of the name of the corresponding alkane with -ol
Why is there no need to indicate the position of the aldehyde group in the IUPAC nomenclature of aldehydes?
Why is there no need to indicate the position of the aldehyde group in the IUPAC nomenclature of aldehydes?
What is the significance of assigning position 1 to the carbonyl group carbon in aldehydes?
What is the significance of assigning position 1 to the carbonyl group carbon in aldehydes?
What is the exception to the general rule that aldehydes have a carbonyl group bonded to carbon atoms on one side?
What is the exception to the general rule that aldehydes have a carbonyl group bonded to carbon atoms on one side?
What is the origin of the common names for some aldehydes?
What is the origin of the common names for some aldehydes?
What is the purpose of the IUPAC system in naming aldehydes and ketones?
What is the purpose of the IUPAC system in naming aldehydes and ketones?
Why do carboxylic acids generally have high boiling points?
Why do carboxylic acids generally have high boiling points?
What happens to the water solubility of carboxylic acids as the length of the carbon chain increases?
What happens to the water solubility of carboxylic acids as the length of the carbon chain increases?
Why do esters have boiling points that are lower than those of acids and alcohols of comparable molecular weight?
Why do esters have boiling points that are lower than those of acids and alcohols of comparable molecular weight?
What is a characteristic of esters in terms of their odor?
What is a characteristic of esters in terms of their odor?
How are the names of esters derived?
How are the names of esters derived?
What is a key difference between esters and carboxylic acids in terms of their molecular interactions?
What is a key difference between esters and carboxylic acids in terms of their molecular interactions?
What is a similarity between the boiling points of esters and those of other compounds?
What is a similarity between the boiling points of esters and those of other compounds?
Why are esters often used in the manufacture of synthetic flavors?
Why are esters often used in the manufacture of synthetic flavors?
What is the preferred name for the compound C6H5CHO in this text?
What is the preferred name for the compound C6H5CHO in this text?
How are aliphatic ketones named substitutively?
How are aliphatic ketones named substitutively?
What is the numbering system used in naming aliphatic ketones?
What is the numbering system used in naming aliphatic ketones?
How are common functional group names for ketones obtained?
How are common functional group names for ketones obtained?
What is true about some ketones in the IUPAC system?
What is true about some ketones in the IUPAC system?
Which of the following is not a way to name ketones?
Which of the following is not a way to name ketones?
How are the positions of the carbonyl carbon atoms designated in aliphatic ketones?
How are the positions of the carbonyl carbon atoms designated in aliphatic ketones?
What determines the order of numbering in aliphatic ketones?
What determines the order of numbering in aliphatic ketones?
What is the suffix used to name amines in systematic nomenclature?
What is the suffix used to name amines in systematic nomenclature?
How are amines classified?
How are amines classified?
What is the prefix used in systematic nomenclature to designate substituents attached to a nitrogen atom?
What is the prefix used in systematic nomenclature to designate substituents attached to a nitrogen atom?
How are secondary and tertiary amines named in common nomenclature?
How are secondary and tertiary amines named in common nomenclature?
What is the IUPAC term for the substituent −NH2?
What is the IUPAC term for the substituent −NH2?
When are the prefixes di- or tri- used in common nomenclature?
When are the prefixes di- or tri- used in common nomenclature?
What type of amines are named using the IUPAC system?
What type of amines are named using the IUPAC system?
What is the significance of the final -e in the name of the chain or ring system in systematic nomenclature?
What is the significance of the final -e in the name of the chain or ring system in systematic nomenclature?
What is the function of acetylcholine in the body?
What is the function of acetylcholine in the body?
What is the effect of histrionicotoxin on the body?
What is the effect of histrionicotoxin on the body?
What is the general name for the type of compounds that include acetylcholine and histrionicotoxin?
What is the general name for the type of compounds that include acetylcholine and histrionicotoxin?
What is the name of the compound that is used as a neurotransmitter and controls muscle function?
What is the name of the compound that is used as a neurotransmitter and controls muscle function?
What is the name of the compound that is produced by Colombian poison dart frogs?
What is the name of the compound that is produced by Colombian poison dart frogs?
What is the name of the type of compounds that include methyl propanoate and ethyl p-nitrobenzoate?
What is the name of the type of compounds that include methyl propanoate and ethyl p-nitrobenzoate?
How are primary amines typically named?
How are primary amines typically named?
What is the function of the respiratory muscles in the body?
What is the function of the respiratory muscles in the body?
Study Notes
Aldehydes and Ketones
- Aldehydes have a carbonyl group bonded to hydrogen and carbon atoms on one side.
- Ketones have a carbonyl group bonded to carbon atoms on both sides.
- Formaldehyde is an exception, having hydrogen atoms on both sides.
Nomenclature of Aldehydes and Ketones
- Aliphatic aldehydes are named substitutively in the IUPAC system by replacing the final -e of the name of the corresponding alkane with -al.
- The aldehyde group must be at an end of the carbon chain, so there is no need to indicate its position.
- Many aldehydes also have common names, which are derived from the common names for the corresponding carboxylic acids.
- Aldehydes in which the −CHO group is attached to a ring system are named substitutively by adding the suffix carbaldehyde.
- Aliphatic ketones are named substitutively by replacing the final -e of the name of the corresponding alkane with -one.
- The chain is numbered in the way that gives the carbonyl carbon atom the lower possible number, and this number is used to designate its position.
- Common functional group names for ketones are obtained by separately naming the two groups attached to the carbonyl group and adding the word ketone as a separate word.
Carboxylic Acids
- Carboxylic acids generally have high boiling points and low-molecular-weight acids show appreciable solubility in water.
- As the length of the carbon chain increases, water solubility declines.
Esters
- Esters are polar compounds, but lacking a hydrogen attached to oxygen, their molecules cannot form strong hydrogen bonds to each other.
- As a result, esters have boiling points that are lower than those of acids and alcohols of comparable molecular weight.
- Esters usually have pleasant odors, some resembling those of fruits, and these are used in the manufacture of synthetic flavors.
- The names of esters are derived from the names of the alcohol (with the ending -yl) and the acid (with the ending -ate or -oate).
Amides
- Amides are classified as being primary (1°), secondary (2°), or tertiary (3°) on the basis of the number of organic groups attached to the nitrogen.
Nomenclature of Amines
- Primary amines are named by adding the suffix -amine to the name of the chain or ring system to which the NH2 group is attached.
- Secondary and tertiary amines are named in the same general way, with the prefix N- used to designate substituents attached to a nitrogen atom.
- Tertiary amines are also classified as being primary (1°), secondary (2°), or tertiary (3°) on the basis of the number of organic groups attached to the nitrogen.
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Description
Learn about the structure and naming of aldehydes and ketones, including the difference between aliphatic and other types of aldehydes and ketones.
