Questions and Answers
What is the characteristic of the carbonyl group in aldehydes?
What is the process of naming aldehydes?
What is the purpose of formaldehyde?
What is the characteristic of the physical properties of aldehydes and ketones?
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Which of the following is an example of a ketone?
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What is the reason for the higher boiling point of aldehydes and ketones compared to alkanes?
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What is the product of the oxidation of aldehydes and ketones?
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Why are aldehydes and ketones classified in separate families?
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What is the result of the hydrogenation of aldehydes and ketones?
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What type of bonding occurs between the oxygen atom in the carbonyl group and the hydrogen atom in the water molecule?
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Study Notes
Aldehydes and Ketones
- Aldehydes have at least one hydrogen attached to the carbonyl group, while ketones have two carbons attached to the carbonyl group.
Naming Aldehydes
- Find the longest carbon chain that contains the aldehyde group.
- Change the ending of the root hydrocarbon name by dropping –e and adding –al.
- Number the longest carbon chain so the C=O group has the lowest number.
- All other branches and groups are named and located using standard IUPAC system.
Naming Ketones
- Find the longest chain that contains C=O.
- Using the root alkane name, drop the –e ending and change to –one.
- Number the longest carbon chain so the C=O group has the lowest number.
- Name and number other substituents as before.
Important Aldehydes and Ketones
- Formaldehyde: a gas at room temperature, used as a sterilizer, embalming fluid, and starting material for plastics such as Formica and Bakelite.
- Acetone (propanone): an important organic solvent, used in nail polish remover, and miscible with water.
- Progesterone and Testosterone: female and male sex hormones, respectively, which are ketones.
- Some aldehydes and ketones are used in flavorings, such as Vanillin (vanilla), Cinnamaldehyde (cinnamon), Citral (citrus flavoring), and Camphor (medicinal odor).
Physical Properties of Aldehydes and Ketones
- The carbonyl group is moderately polar, but it cannot hydrogen bond between molecules.
- The polarity of the C=O group allows for interactions, but the attraction is not as strong as hydrogen bonding.
- The boiling point of aldehydes and ketones is higher than alkanes, but lower than alcohols.
- Low molecular weight aldehydes and ketones are water-soluble due to hydrogen bonding with water molecules.
Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones
- Oxidation: aldehydes and ketones can be oxidized to produce other compounds.
- The difference in reactivity toward oxidation is the chief reason why aldehydes and ketones are classified in separate families.
- Hydrogenation: aldehydes and ketones can be reduced to alcohols by the addition of H2 in the presence of catalysts.
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Description
This quiz covers the basics of aldehydes and ketones, including their structures and naming conventions. Learn about the carbonyl group and how to identify aldehydes and ketones.