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Questions and Answers
What is the correct IUPAC name for an alcohol with a hydroxyl group (-OH) attached to the second carbon of a five-carbon chain and two methyl groups attached to the fourth carbon?
What is the correct IUPAC name for an alcohol with a hydroxyl group (-OH) attached to the second carbon of a five-carbon chain and two methyl groups attached to the fourth carbon?
- 4-Methyl-2-hexanol
- 2,2-Dimethyl-4-pentanol
- 2-Methyl-4-pentanol
- 4,4-Dimethyl-2-pentanol (correct)
During the production of ethanol from glucose ($C_6H_{12}O_6$) via fermentation, what other major product is generated?
During the production of ethanol from glucose ($C_6H_{12}O_6$) via fermentation, what other major product is generated?
- Carbon Dioxide ($CO_2$) (correct)
- Carbon Monoxide (CO)
- Hydrogen ($H_2$)
- Methane ($CH_4$)
Which of the following statements correctly describes the classification of alcohols?
Which of the following statements correctly describes the classification of alcohols?
- In a primary alcohol, the carbon atom bearing the -OH group is bonded to one other carbon atom. (correct)
- A tertiary alcohol has the -OH group bonded to a carbon that is attached to one other carbon.
- A secondary alcohol has the -OH group bonded to a carbon that is attached to three other carbons.
- An aromatic alcohol contains a hydroxyl group directly bonded to a benzene ring.
Which of the following alcohols would be expected to react fastest in the Lucas test?
Which of the following alcohols would be expected to react fastest in the Lucas test?
A researcher is trying to identify an unknown alcohol. Upon performing the chromic acid test, the solution turns from orange to blue-green. What type of alcohol is most likely present?
A researcher is trying to identify an unknown alcohol. Upon performing the chromic acid test, the solution turns from orange to blue-green. What type of alcohol is most likely present?
What is the primary utility of the Ferric Chloride test, as it pertains to the identification of alcohols and phenols?
What is the primary utility of the Ferric Chloride test, as it pertains to the identification of alcohols and phenols?
What is the major reason that alcohols with more than 5 carbon atoms exhibit limited miscibility in water?
What is the major reason that alcohols with more than 5 carbon atoms exhibit limited miscibility in water?
Which of the following properties correctly ranks the acidity of different types of alcohols?
Which of the following properties correctly ranks the acidity of different types of alcohols?
In the catalytic hydrogenation of CO to produce methanol ($CH_3OH$), what are the typical reaction conditions?
In the catalytic hydrogenation of CO to produce methanol ($CH_3OH$), what are the typical reaction conditions?
A chemist performs the iodoform test on an unknown compound and observes the formation of a yellow-brown precipitate. Which of the following functional groups is most likely present in the unknown compound?
A chemist performs the iodoform test on an unknown compound and observes the formation of a yellow-brown precipitate. Which of the following functional groups is most likely present in the unknown compound?
Which of the following reagents is used in the Lucas test to differentiate between primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohols?
Which of the following reagents is used in the Lucas test to differentiate between primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohols?
Considering the IUPAC nomenclature rules, how would you correctly name a straight-chain alcohol containing four carbon atoms and a hydroxyl group?
Considering the IUPAC nomenclature rules, how would you correctly name a straight-chain alcohol containing four carbon atoms and a hydroxyl group?
In the context of alcohol production, what is meant by 'destructive distillation of wood'?
In the context of alcohol production, what is meant by 'destructive distillation of wood'?
What type of alcohol is benzyl alcohol, given its structure?
What type of alcohol is benzyl alcohol, given its structure?
What is the key characteristic of the reaction in a positive chromic acid test for alcohols?
What is the key characteristic of the reaction in a positive chromic acid test for alcohols?
Why do tertiary alcohols not react in the chromic acid test?
Why do tertiary alcohols not react in the chromic acid test?
If 1-butanol, 2-butanol, and tert-butyl alcohol are subjected to the Lucas test, what would be the expected order of reactivity (from fastest to slowest)?
If 1-butanol, 2-butanol, and tert-butyl alcohol are subjected to the Lucas test, what would be the expected order of reactivity (from fastest to slowest)?
If a compound gives a violet solution in the Ferric Chloride test, which of the following functional groups is most likely present?
If a compound gives a violet solution in the Ferric Chloride test, which of the following functional groups is most likely present?
What is the purpose of using acid-catalyzed hydration of ethene?
What is the purpose of using acid-catalyzed hydration of ethene?
Which of the following statements correctly describes the miscibility of alcohols in water?
Which of the following statements correctly describes the miscibility of alcohols in water?
Flashcards
What is a Hydroxyl?
What is a Hydroxyl?
A functional group in organic chemistry with the structure –OH, consisting of an oxygen atom bonded to a hydrogen atom.
IUPAC naming of Alcohols
IUPAC naming of Alcohols
Select the longest carbon chain containing -OH group and change the suffix of the parent alkane from '-ane' to '-ol'.
What is Methanol (CH3OH)
What is Methanol (CH3OH)
The simplest alcohol, produced by destructive distillation of wood or catalytic hydrogenation of CO.
What is Ethanol?
What is Ethanol?
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What is a Primary (1°) alcohol?
What is a Primary (1°) alcohol?
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What is a Secondary (2°) alcohol?
What is a Secondary (2°) alcohol?
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What is a Tertiary (3°) alcohol?
What is a Tertiary (3°) alcohol?
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What is Aromatic alcohol?
What is Aromatic alcohol?
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Miscibility in Water
Miscibility in Water
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Acidity and Basicity of Alcohols
Acidity and Basicity of Alcohols
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Lucus Test
Lucus Test
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Chromic acid test for alcohols
Chromic acid test for alcohols
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What is lodoform test?
What is lodoform test?
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What is Ferric chloride test?
What is Ferric chloride test?
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Study Notes
- Alcohols and phenols are organic compounds that contain hydroxyl (-OH) groups.
IUPAC Nomenclature of Alcohols
- When naming alcohols, select the longest chain containing the hydroxyl group.
- Change the suffix of the parent alkane from "-ane" to "-ol".
- Number the parent chain to give the hydroxyl group the lowest possible number.
- Other substituents are named and numbered according to their positions.
- Common names of simple alcohols are still used and approved by IUPAC.
- Examples of alcohols include Isopropyl alcohol (Isopropanol), Ethanol (Ethyl Alcohol)
- Paracetamol: C8H9NO2
Production of Methanol
- Methanol (CH3OH) is the simplest alcohol.
- Methanol production involves the destructive distillation of wood.
- Trace amounts of methanol can be found in "Lambanog."
- Most methanol is prepared today via catalytic hydrogenation of CO.
- CO + 2 H₂ -> CH3OH
Production of Ethanol
- Ethanol is the most produced alcohol.
- Ethanol can be produced via fermentation of sugars.
- C6H12O6 -> 2 CH3CH2OH + 2 CO2 (~95% yield)
- For industrial purposes, ethanol is produced via acid-catalyzed hydration of ethene.
- C2H4 + H₂O -> CH3CH2OH
Classification of Alcohols
- Primary (1°) alcohol: The carbon atom bearing the -OH group is bonded to one other carbon.
- Secondary (2°) alcohol: The carbon atom bearing the -OH group is bonded to two other carbons.
- Tertiary (3°) alcohol: The carbon atom bearing the -OH group is bonded to three other carbons.
- Aromatic alcohol: The -OH group is bonded to an aromatic hydrocarbon.
- Phenol is not an aromatic alcohol.
Qualitative Tests of Alcohols
- Samples for qualitative tests include 1-butanol, 2-butanol, tert-butyl alcohol, and Phenol
- Miscibility in Water
- 3-carbon alcohols are miscible in water.
- Alcohols with more than 5 carbons are borderline miscible to immiscible.
- Acidity and Basicity:
- Acidity order: 1° alcohols > 2° alcohols > 3° alcohols
- Lucas Test
- Used to distinguish between 3°, 2°, and 1° alcohols based on reaction time.
- 3° alcohol reacts in less than 3 minutes.
- 2° alcohol reacts in 3-5 minutes.
- 1° alcohol and Phenol show no reaction (NR).
- Chromic Acid Test:
- A positive reaction is indicated by the formation of a blue-green color.
- 3° alcohol: (-)
- 2° alcohol: (+)
- 1° alcohol: (+)
- Phenol: (-)
- A positive reaction is indicated by the formation of a blue-green color.
- Iodoform Test:
- A positive reaction results in the formation of a yellow-brown precipitate.
- 3° alcohol: (-)
- Phenol: (-)
- 2° alcohol: (+)
- 1° alcohol: (-)
- A positive reaction results in the formation of a yellow-brown precipitate.
- Ferric Chloride Test:
- Used to detect the presence of phenol, indicated by the formation of a violet solution.
- 3° alcohol: (-)
- 1° alcohol: (-)
- 2° alcohol: (-) - Phenol: (+)
- Used to detect the presence of phenol, indicated by the formation of a violet solution.
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