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Questions and Answers
What is the formula for calculating the Maddrey discriminant function (MDF) score?
What is the formula for calculating the Maddrey discriminant function (MDF) score?
MDF score = 4.6 (prothrombin time [s] – control prothrombin time [s]) + total bilirubin (mg/dL)
What score is considered to suggest moderate to severe disease when using the Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) score?
What score is considered to suggest moderate to severe disease when using the Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) score?
MELD score greater than 20
What are the contraindications to prednisolone in the treatment of alcoholic hepatitis?
What are the contraindications to prednisolone in the treatment of alcoholic hepatitis?
Active infection, upper gastrointestinal bleeding, acute kidney injury, concomitant liver disease (especially HCV and HBV), and multiorgan failure
What trial showed a trend toward improvement in 28-day mortality with prednisolone, although the results were not statistically significant?
What trial showed a trend toward improvement in 28-day mortality with prednisolone, although the results were not statistically significant?
What is the recommended treatment for severe cases of alcoholic hepatitis (MDF score ≥32, MELD score >20, or hepatic encephalopathy)?
What is the recommended treatment for severe cases of alcoholic hepatitis (MDF score ≥32, MELD score >20, or hepatic encephalopathy)?
Why is pentoxifylline no longer recommended for the treatment of alcoholic hepatitis?
Why is pentoxifylline no longer recommended for the treatment of alcoholic hepatitis?
How can response to glucocorticoids be assessed on day 7 in patients with alcoholic hepatitis?
How can response to glucocorticoids be assessed on day 7 in patients with alcoholic hepatitis?
When should prednisolone be discontinued in patients with no response to glucocorticoids (Lille score ≥0.45)?
When should prednisolone be discontinued in patients with no response to glucocorticoids (Lille score ≥0.45)?
What does a Lille score below 0.45 support in the treatment of alcoholic hepatitis?
What does a Lille score below 0.45 support in the treatment of alcoholic hepatitis?
What score is used to assess nonsevere alcoholic hepatitis?
What score is used to assess nonsevere alcoholic hepatitis?
What are the four forms alcohol injury to the liver may take?
What are the four forms alcohol injury to the liver may take?
What is the most important component in making a diagnosis of alcoholic liver disease?
What is the most important component in making a diagnosis of alcoholic liver disease?
What is the daily alcohol consumption threshold for most patients with alcoholic liver disease?
What is the daily alcohol consumption threshold for most patients with alcoholic liver disease?
What are the common clinical manifestations of alcoholic hepatitis?
What are the common clinical manifestations of alcoholic hepatitis?
Approximately what percentage of heavy drinkers develop cirrhosis?
Approximately what percentage of heavy drinkers develop cirrhosis?
What may be difficult to differentiate from decompensated cirrhosis in patients with underlying cirrhosis?
What may be difficult to differentiate from decompensated cirrhosis in patients with underlying cirrhosis?
What physical examination findings may be present in patients with steatosis or steatohepatitis?
What physical examination findings may be present in patients with steatosis or steatohepatitis?
What are some of the findings of advanced liver disease that may be present in patients with alcoholic hepatitis or cirrhosis?
What are some of the findings of advanced liver disease that may be present in patients with alcoholic hepatitis or cirrhosis?
What laboratory evaluation findings may indicate alcohol-induced liver disease?
What laboratory evaluation findings may indicate alcohol-induced liver disease?
What specific immunoglobulin level may be elevated in alcohol-induced liver disease?
What specific immunoglobulin level may be elevated in alcohol-induced liver disease?
What is the ANI scoring system used for?
What is the ANI scoring system used for?
What is the Lille score used for in the treatment of alcoholic hepatitis?
What is the Lille score used for in the treatment of alcoholic hepatitis?
Why is pentoxifylline no longer recommended for the treatment of alcoholic hepatitis?
Why is pentoxifylline no longer recommended for the treatment of alcoholic hepatitis?
What percentage of heavy drinkers develop cirrhosis approximately?
What percentage of heavy drinkers develop cirrhosis approximately?
What is the characteristic feature of acute-on-chronic liver failure?
What is the characteristic feature of acute-on-chronic liver failure?
In acute-on-chronic liver failure, what are the precipitating factors for organ failure?
In acute-on-chronic liver failure, what are the precipitating factors for organ failure?
What management is often required for patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure?
What management is often required for patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure?
What determines whether a patient with acute-on-chronic liver failure will be a candidate for liver transplantation?
What determines whether a patient with acute-on-chronic liver failure will be a candidate for liver transplantation?
In cases of non-acetaminophen acute liver failure, what should be considered?
In cases of non-acetaminophen acute liver failure, what should be considered?
What is the interventional radiologic procedure used to eradicate gastric varices via the systemic circulation?
What is the interventional radiologic procedure used to eradicate gastric varices via the systemic circulation?
What is the characteristic finding in portal hypertensive gastropathy?
What is the characteristic finding in portal hypertensive gastropathy?
What is the primary treatment approach for isolated gastric varices associated with splenic vein thrombosis?
What is the primary treatment approach for isolated gastric varices associated with splenic vein thrombosis?
What is the main difference in the presentation of gastric antral vascular ectasias in patients with and without portal hypertension?
What is the main difference in the presentation of gastric antral vascular ectasias in patients with and without portal hypertension?
Which intervention is not effective for treating gastric antral vascular ectasias?
Which intervention is not effective for treating gastric antral vascular ectasias?
Which interventional radiologic procedure is used to eradicate gastric varices via the systemic circulation?
Which interventional radiologic procedure is used to eradicate gastric varices via the systemic circulation?
What is the primary treatment approach for isolated gastric varices associated with splenic vein thrombosis?
What is the primary treatment approach for isolated gastric varices associated with splenic vein thrombosis?
What is the characteristic finding in portal hypertensive gastropathy?
What is the characteristic finding in portal hypertensive gastropathy?
What is the common endoscopic finding in patients with cirrhosis?
What is the common endoscopic finding in patients with cirrhosis?
What is the treatment for gastric antral vascular ectasias?
What is the treatment for gastric antral vascular ectasias?
What is the first-line therapy for acute gout, and what percentage of patients does it effectively treat?
What is the first-line therapy for acute gout, and what percentage of patients does it effectively treat?
In what circumstances is oral colchicine an alternate therapy for acute gout, and what is the recommended dosing regimen for colchicine?
In what circumstances is oral colchicine an alternate therapy for acute gout, and what is the recommended dosing regimen for colchicine?
Why should hypouricemic therapy with allopurinol be avoided initially in acute gout?
Why should hypouricemic therapy with allopurinol be avoided initially in acute gout?
In which patient populations is colchicine usually avoided, and what is the recommended dosing adjustment for the elderly?
In which patient populations is colchicine usually avoided, and what is the recommended dosing adjustment for the elderly?
What are the factors considered in the treatment of acute gout, besides the patient's comorbidities and previous treatments?
What are the factors considered in the treatment of acute gout, besides the patient's comorbidities and previous treatments?
What are the characteristic abnormalities seen in achalasia?
What are the characteristic abnormalities seen in achalasia?
What histologic examination findings are associated with achalasia?
What histologic examination findings are associated with achalasia?
What is the characteristic radiographic finding in achalasia?
What is the characteristic radiographic finding in achalasia?
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