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Questions and Answers
Which of these options describes the ease of passing through the blood-placental barrier?
Which of these options describes the ease of passing through the blood-placental barrier?
- Easy passage through the blood-placental barrier (correct)
- Nothing about the extent to which it passes through the blood-placental barrier
- Difficulty in passing through the blood-placental barrier
- First easy passage then difficulty in passing through the blood-placental barrier
Which of the following is NOT cited as affecting the rate of alcohol consumption?
Which of the following is NOT cited as affecting the rate of alcohol consumption?
- The age of the drinker (assuming the age range is 21 to 45 years) (correct)
- The size of the drinker
- The pace at which alcohol enters the body
- Whether or not the alcoholic beverage is carbonated
When a pregnant woman drinks alcoholic beverages, the fetal alcohol levels are what relative to the mother?
When a pregnant woman drinks alcoholic beverages, the fetal alcohol levels are what relative to the mother?
- Lower than that of the mother
- The same as that of the mother (correct)
- Since alcohol does not pass through the placenta the fetus does not have an alcohol level.
- Higher than that of the mother
Some of the alcohol is biodegraded before it is absorbed into the blood by the action of enzymes in the?
Some of the alcohol is biodegraded before it is absorbed into the blood by the action of enzymes in the?
Alcohol requires what to be metabolized?
Alcohol requires what to be metabolized?
If alcohol is entering the body rapidly, what happens?
If alcohol is entering the body rapidly, what happens?
Oxidation by alcohol dehydrogenase occurs ______ oxidation by aldehyde dehydrogenase.
Oxidation by alcohol dehydrogenase occurs ______ oxidation by aldehyde dehydrogenase.
Alcohol dehydrogenase breaks down alcohol into what?
Alcohol dehydrogenase breaks down alcohol into what?
The greater proportion of oxidation occurs in the?
The greater proportion of oxidation occurs in the?
Analogy: Alcohol dehydrogenase is to acetaldehyde as ______ is to acetic acid.
Analogy: Alcohol dehydrogenase is to acetaldehyde as ______ is to acetic acid.
Alcohol breakdown is determined by the speed with which __________ does its work.
Alcohol breakdown is determined by the speed with which __________ does its work.
Acetic acid is a product of oxidation by which enzyme?
Acetic acid is a product of oxidation by which enzyme?
The hourly rate of the alcohol breakdown is?
The hourly rate of the alcohol breakdown is?
If you consumed a one-third to one-half ounce of pure alcohol steadily per hour, what would happen?
If you consumed a one-third to one-half ounce of pure alcohol steadily per hour, what would happen?
Analogy: NIAAA is to NIDA as
Analogy: NIAAA is to NIDA as
One of the problems in considering alcohol abuse is the frequently-held idea that...
One of the problems in considering alcohol abuse is the frequently-held idea that...
_________ is the process of creating alcohol.
_________ is the process of creating alcohol.
Fermentation typically produces
Fermentation typically produces
What is necessary for a substance to undergo fermentation?
What is necessary for a substance to undergo fermentation?
Fermentation is produced by the action of ______ on ______.
Fermentation is produced by the action of ______ on ______.
During fermentation, as yeast cells consume sugar molecules, _______ are left as waste.
During fermentation, as yeast cells consume sugar molecules, _______ are left as waste.
During fermentation, ______ cells consume the sugar content of organic material.
During fermentation, ______ cells consume the sugar content of organic material.
In considering issues related to alcoholic beverages, the term alcohol specifically refers to
In considering issues related to alcoholic beverages, the term alcohol specifically refers to
As a result of fermentation, for every 1 sugar molecule, ____ molecule(s) of alcohol and _____ molecule(s) of carbon dioxide are left behind.
As a result of fermentation, for every 1 sugar molecule, ____ molecule(s) of alcohol and _____ molecule(s) of carbon dioxide are left behind.
Fermentation achieves an alcohol content of _________ percent.
Fermentation achieves an alcohol content of _________ percent.
Analogy: Fermentation is to standard grape wine and brewing is to
Analogy: Fermentation is to standard grape wine and brewing is to
Barley malt and mash are products that are involved in
Barley malt and mash are products that are involved in
The characteristic flavoring and aroma of beer is a result of adding
The characteristic flavoring and aroma of beer is a result of adding
Fermentation results in a maximum alcohol content of ______.
Fermentation results in a maximum alcohol content of ______.
Alcohol having a lower boiling temperature than water is important in the process of
Alcohol having a lower boiling temperature than water is important in the process of
Distilled spirits is another name for
Distilled spirits is another name for
Analogy: Fermentation is to 15-16 percent alcohol content as distillation is to _____ alcohol content.
Analogy: Fermentation is to 15-16 percent alcohol content as distillation is to _____ alcohol content.
Distillation can achieve an alcohol content as high as
Distillation can achieve an alcohol content as high as
The proof of a distilled spirit beverage is
The proof of a distilled spirit beverage is
If the alcohol content of a beverage is 60 percent, then the designated proof is
If the alcohol content of a beverage is 60 percent, then the designated proof is
An alcohol beverage is 120 proof. This means it contains _____ alcohol.
An alcohol beverage is 120 proof. This means it contains _____ alcohol.
Which of the following is a basic form of alcoholic beverage?
Which of the following is a basic form of alcoholic beverage?
The original alcoholic beverage (from approximately 8000 B.C.) was
The original alcoholic beverage (from approximately 8000 B.C.) was
Mead is a fermented beverage made from
Mead is a fermented beverage made from
Of all the alcoholic beverages, the earliest known example is
Of all the alcoholic beverages, the earliest known example is
Aqua vitae is the name given to the first recorded
Aqua vitae is the name given to the first recorded
____was the primary distilled liquor in Europe during the middle of the 17th century.
____was the primary distilled liquor in Europe during the middle of the 17th century.
Taking distilled spirits and adding juniper berries for flavoring turns the beverage into
Taking distilled spirits and adding juniper berries for flavoring turns the beverage into
Analogy: Beer is to distilled spirits as
Analogy: Beer is to distilled spirits as
Gin drinking created especially adverse social consequences in eighteenth-century
Gin drinking created especially adverse social consequences in eighteenth-century
Sake is a wine-like variation based upon the fermentation of
Sake is a wine-like variation based upon the fermentation of
Champagne is bubbly because
Champagne is bubbly because
The gin epidemic in the eighteenth century has been compared by sociologists to the introduction of ________ in the 20th century.
The gin epidemic in the eighteenth century has been compared by sociologists to the introduction of ________ in the 20th century.
Alcoholic beverages were preferred for drinking over a long sea voyage because
Alcoholic beverages were preferred for drinking over a long sea voyage because
Taverns in the United States during the 19th century
Taverns in the United States during the 19th century
In 19th-century New England, the favorite distilled-spirit beverage was
In 19th-century New England, the favorite distilled-spirit beverage was
Analogy: Rum was to whiskey as
Analogy: Rum was to whiskey as
The temperance movement originally concentrated on the
The temperance movement originally concentrated on the
The goal of the temperance movement was
The goal of the temperance movement was
The anti-alcohol movement in the United States eventually moved from a philosophy of
The anti-alcohol movement in the United States eventually moved from a philosophy of
The peak in alcohol consumption in the United States was reached in about
The peak in alcohol consumption in the United States was reached in about
A decline in alcohol consumption in the United States coincided with the
A decline in alcohol consumption in the United States coincided with the
Americans spend_____ on the purchase of alcoholic beverages per year.
Americans spend_____ on the purchase of alcoholic beverages per year.
Americans drink on a per capita basis approximately _____ gallons of pure alcohol in a year.
Americans drink on a per capita basis approximately _____ gallons of pure alcohol in a year.
American per capita consumption of pure alcohol amounts to approximately _____ per day.
American per capita consumption of pure alcohol amounts to approximately _____ per day.
Which of the following is a 'standard drink?'
Which of the following is a 'standard drink?'
Which of the following beverages contains the most alcohol?
Which of the following beverages contains the most alcohol?
Currently, American per capita consumption of alcohol is approximately ____ portions of a 'standard' alcoholic beverage each day.
Currently, American per capita consumption of alcohol is approximately ____ portions of a 'standard' alcoholic beverage each day.
About 30 percent of Americans who drink alcohol are consuming about ___ percent of the total consumed each year.
About 30 percent of Americans who drink alcohol are consuming about ___ percent of the total consumed each year.
Approximately ___ percent of the drinking population in the United States consume roughly 80 percent of the total alcohol consumed each year.
Approximately ___ percent of the drinking population in the United States consume roughly 80 percent of the total alcohol consumed each year.
______ is the most problematic form of alcohol consumption in the United States.
______ is the most problematic form of alcohol consumption in the United States.
Alcohol consumption levels among individuals in the United States have been steadily decreasing since
Alcohol consumption levels among individuals in the United States have been steadily decreasing since
Wine coolers have been introduced by the alcohol industry in order to
Wine coolers have been introduced by the alcohol industry in order to
As people get older, the preference for wine and liquor over beer
As people get older, the preference for wine and liquor over beer
People who prefer beer over wine are mostly
People who prefer beer over wine are mostly
Women are _____ times as likely to prefer wine than men.
Women are _____ times as likely to prefer wine than men.
The relationship between personal income and overall alcohol consumption is
The relationship between personal income and overall alcohol consumption is
Peak alcohol consumption among college students occurs around the age of
Peak alcohol consumption among college students occurs around the age of
Binge drinking for men is generally defined as
Binge drinking for men is generally defined as
A man would generally be defined as having engaged in binge drinking if
A man would generally be defined as having engaged in binge drinking if
Which of the following is an example of binge drinking?
Which of the following is an example of binge drinking?
The 5/4 criterion refers to
The 5/4 criterion refers to
According to a study done in 2001, approximately one in ______ students had been a frequent binge drinker.
According to a study done in 2001, approximately one in ______ students had been a frequent binge drinker.
Which of the following is an alcohol-related problem that college students experience?
Which of the following is an alcohol-related problem that college students experience?
Second-hand drinking refers to
Second-hand drinking refers to
Analogy: Second-hand smoking is to second-hand drinking as
Analogy: Second-hand smoking is to second-hand drinking as
Among underage drinkers, the average age when drinking begins is
Among underage drinkers, the average age when drinking begins is
Alcohol is
Alcohol is
The molecule of alcohol can be considered
The molecule of alcohol can be considered
Most of the alcohol consumed is absorbed from
Most of the alcohol consumed is absorbed from
In the stomach, alcohol increases the flow of
In the stomach, alcohol increases the flow of
Small amounts of alcohol _____
Small amounts of alcohol _____
Chronic alcohol consumption can result in
Chronic alcohol consumption can result in
As the amount of food in the stomach ______ the time it takes to feel intoxicated______.
As the amount of food in the stomach ______ the time it takes to feel intoxicated______.
Becoming intoxicated more easily on an empty stomach than a full stomach is due to
Becoming intoxicated more easily on an empty stomach than a full stomach is due to
All other factors being equal, which type of liquor will show intoxicating effects the fastest?
All other factors being equal, which type of liquor will show intoxicating effects the fastest?
As the concentration of alcohol increases,
As the concentration of alcohol increases,
The intoxicating effects of a carbonated alcoholic beverage will be felt relatively quickly because
The intoxicating effects of a carbonated alcoholic beverage will be felt relatively quickly because
A larger person requires more alcohol to attain the same BAC levels because
A larger person requires more alcohol to attain the same BAC levels because
Breathalyzers work on the principle that some of the alcohol
Breathalyzers work on the principle that some of the alcohol
The chief way for alcohol to be excreted is through
The chief way for alcohol to be excreted is through
About ____ percent of alcohol is excreted in the urine.
About ____ percent of alcohol is excreted in the urine.
Alcohol is excreted in the urine after being biodegraded (broken down) into
Alcohol is excreted in the urine after being biodegraded (broken down) into
____percent of alcohol in the blood reaches the brain immediately.
____percent of alcohol in the blood reaches the brain immediately.
The ability for alcohol to pass through the blood-brain barrier easily is due to
The ability for alcohol to pass through the blood-brain barrier easily is due to
Study Notes
Alcohol Definitions and Processes
- Analogy: NIAAA (National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism) is to NIDA (National Institute on Drug Abuse) as alcoholism is to drug abuse.
- Alcohol abuse is frequently misconceived as less severe than drug abuse; all statements listed are commonly held beliefs.
- Fermentation is the process through which alcohol is created, involving yeast acting on sugar, producing carbon dioxide and ethyl alcohol as byproducts.
- Fermentation requires sugar content to occur.
Fermentation Insights
- During fermentation, yeast cells consume sugar, leaving behind alcohol and carbon dioxide.
- Fermentation achieves an alcohol content typically between 12% and 14%.
- For each sugar molecule, two molecules of alcohol are produced.
Types of Alcohol
- Ethyl alcohol is specifically referred to when discussing alcoholic beverages.
- Distillation processes can yield distilled spirits, enhancing alcohol content to approximately 95%.
Alcohol Content and Proof
- The proof of a distilled spirit is calculated as twice its alcohol content.
- A beverage of 120 proof contains 60% alcohol by volume.
Historical Context of Alcoholic Beverages
- Mead, a fermented beverage made from honey, is among the earliest known alcoholic drinks, dating back to around 8000 B.C.
- Brandy was the primary distilled liquor in Europe during the 17th century.
Alcohol Consumption Trends
- Peak alcohol consumption in the U.S. occurred around 1830.
- A notable decline in alcohol consumption aligns with the growth of the temperance movement.
Binge Drinking and Its Consequences
- Binge drinking is defined as five or more drinks in a row for men.
- College students commonly experience various alcohol-related problems, ranging from arguments to unsafe behaviors.
Absorption and Effects of Alcohol
- Alcohol is highly soluble in water and moderately soluble in fat, with most absorption occurring in the small intestine.
- The presence of food in the stomach can prolong the time taken to feel intoxicated.
- Intoxicating effects are felt faster with carbonated beverages due to quicker gastric emptying.
Alcohol Metabolism and Excretion
- A significant proportion of alcohol (approximately 60%) is excreted through urine after being broken down into carbon dioxide and water.
- The efficiency of alcohol passing through the blood-brain barrier is due to its fat solubility.
Bonds and Barriers
- Alcohol's ability to cross the blood-brain barrier suggests a similar capability for the blood-placental barrier.
- Pregnant women drinking alcohol result in fetal alcohol levels that are equal to maternal levels.
Alcohol and Health
- Chronic alcohol consumption can lead to various health issues such as ulcers and inflammation of the stomach and pancreas.
- The effects of alcohol can vary based on drink size, carbonation, age, and rapid entry into the bloodstream.
Demographic Insights
- Many Americans prefer beer over wine; however, preferences for wine and liquor increase with age.
- A notable percentage of alcohol consumption is concentrated among a small fraction of the population, with around 10% of drinkers consuming about 80% of total alcohol.### Alcohol Metabolism
- The majority of oxidation of alcohol occurs in the liver.
- Alcohol dehydrogenase converts alcohol into acetaldehyde.
- Acetaldehyde is further oxidized into acetic acid by the enzyme acetaldehyde dehydrogenase.
Breakdown Rate
- The breakdown of alcohol is primarily influenced by the activity of alcohol dehydrogenase.
- An average breakdown rate is approximately 100 milligrams of alcohol per kilogram of body weight per hour.
Effects of Alcohol Consumption
- Consuming one-third to one-half ounce of pure alcohol steadily per hour generally does not lead to intoxication.
- Intoxication symptoms may not appear until a later hour depending on individual tolerance and consumption rate.
Important Enzymes
- Alcohol dehydrogenase: initiates alcohol metabolism.
- Acetaldehyde dehydrogenase: responsible for converting acetaldehyde into acetic acid, facilitating further metabolism and detoxification.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Description
Test your knowledge on alcohol abuse and its distinctions from drug abuse with these flashcards. Each card presents a challenging analogy or definition that helps clarify key concepts in the field of substance use. Perfect for anyone studying addiction or substance abuse.
