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ما هو معيار كفاءة الإنتاجية الذي يُعتبر من العوامل الرئيسية لتقييم المشروع؟
ما هو معيار كفاءة الإنتاجية الذي يُعتبر من العوامل الرئيسية لتقييم المشروع؟
كيف يمكن تقييم مدى مساهمة المشروع في زيادة التشغيل؟
كيف يمكن تقييم مدى مساهمة المشروع في زيادة التشغيل؟
أي من العوامل التالية لا تُعتبر معياراً لكفاءة الإنتاجية؟
أي من العوامل التالية لا تُعتبر معياراً لكفاءة الإنتاجية؟
ما هي الأهمية الرئيسية لمعدل الربح المتوقع بالنسبة للمشروعات؟
ما هي الأهمية الرئيسية لمعدل الربح المتوقع بالنسبة للمشروعات؟
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ما هي المدة الزمنية للخطة طويلة الأجل في الاقتصاد القومي؟
ما هي المدة الزمنية للخطة طويلة الأجل في الاقتصاد القومي؟
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ما الذي ينبغي أخذه بعين الاعتبار عند تقييم إمكانية المشروع في زيادة التشغيل؟
ما الذي ينبغي أخذه بعين الاعتبار عند تقييم إمكانية المشروع في زيادة التشغيل؟
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ما الهدف الرئيسي للخطة طويلة الأجل؟
ما الهدف الرئيسي للخطة طويلة الأجل؟
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ما هي المدة المحددة للخطة متوسطة الأجل؟
ما هي المدة المحددة للخطة متوسطة الأجل؟
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كيف يتم تصنيف أنواع الخطط في الاقتصاد القومي؟
كيف يتم تصنيف أنواع الخطط في الاقتصاد القومي؟
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أي من الخيارات التالية تُعتبر مثالاً جيداً للخطة طويلة الأجل؟
أي من الخيارات التالية تُعتبر مثالاً جيداً للخطة طويلة الأجل؟
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ما هي إحدى السمات الرئيسية للدول المتقدمة في مجال الزراعة؟
ما هي إحدى السمات الرئيسية للدول المتقدمة في مجال الزراعة؟
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أي من الخيارات التالية لا تعتبر من خصائص الزراعة في الدول المتقدمة؟
أي من الخيارات التالية لا تعتبر من خصائص الزراعة في الدول المتقدمة؟
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ما هي النتائج المحتملة لاستخدام أحدث الطرق في الزراعة في الدول المتقدمة؟
ما هي النتائج المحتملة لاستخدام أحدث الطرق في الزراعة في الدول المتقدمة؟
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ما الذي قد يعبر عن تحديات الزراعة في الدول المتقدمة؟
ما الذي قد يعبر عن تحديات الزراعة في الدول المتقدمة؟
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ما هي الفوائد المحتملة للاعتماد على أحدث الطرق الزراعية؟
ما هي الفوائد المحتملة للاعتماد على أحدث الطرق الزراعية؟
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ما المقصود بتحديد أسعار المنتجات الزراعية بالتسعيرة الجبرية؟
ما المقصود بتحديد أسعار المنتجات الزراعية بالتسعيرة الجبرية؟
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ما هي وسائل التأثير المباشر على سعر المنتجات الزراعية؟
ما هي وسائل التأثير المباشر على سعر المنتجات الزراعية؟
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أي من الخيارات التالية يعد ممارسة خاطئة عند تحديد أسعار المنتجات الزراعية؟
أي من الخيارات التالية يعد ممارسة خاطئة عند تحديد أسعار المنتجات الزراعية؟
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ما هو التأثير المحتمل للتسعيرة الجبرية على السوق؟
ما هو التأثير المحتمل للتسعيرة الجبرية على السوق؟
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سبب الحاجة إلى وسائل تؤثر على أسعار المنتجات الزراعية هو:
سبب الحاجة إلى وسائل تؤثر على أسعار المنتجات الزراعية هو:
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ما الذي يحدث عندما تكون مرونة العرض أكبر من مرونة الطلب؟
ما الذي يحدث عندما تكون مرونة العرض أكبر من مرونة الطلب؟
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ما هي نقطة التوازن في السوق؟
ما هي نقطة التوازن في السوق؟
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ما هو معنى سعر التوازن؟
ما هو معنى سعر التوازن؟
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كيف تتأثر الإعانة عندما تكون مرونة العرض أكبر؟
كيف تتأثر الإعانة عندما تكون مرونة العرض أكبر؟
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ما الذي يدل على مرونة الطلب في السوق؟
ما الذي يدل على مرونة الطلب في السوق؟
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ما الذي يحدث عند تقاطع الطلب مع العرض عند سعر معين؟
ما الذي يحدث عند تقاطع الطلب مع العرض عند سعر معين؟
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ما هو تأثير ظروف السوق على طلب كمية معينة؟
ما هو تأثير ظروف السوق على طلب كمية معينة؟
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كيف يتم تحديد المرونة عند سعر المزرعة؟
كيف يتم تحديد المرونة عند سعر المزرعة؟
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عند مستوى معين من السعر، كيف تبدو المرونة مقارنة بالمرونات الأخرى؟
عند مستوى معين من السعر، كيف تبدو المرونة مقارنة بالمرونات الأخرى؟
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ما الذي قد يحدث إذا تغيرت ظروف عرض السوق؟
ما الذي قد يحدث إذا تغيرت ظروف عرض السوق؟
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Study Notes
Economic Planning
- Economic planning is a set of predefined and published documents, while a plan refers to the planning process itself.
- Planning is based on the philosophy of freedom, while the market system is based on the philosophy of intervention.
- Comprehensive plans, such as agricultural plans or parts of them, exist.
- A comprehensive plan encompasses one economic sector to achieve balanced national economic growth.
- Developing a plan requires only two steps: assessing national capabilities and identifying national goals.
- The Harrod-Domar model can be expressed as: M = Y / (S * (K / Y))
- In the Harrod-Domar model, M = national income, S = national savings, A = economic growth rate, K/Y = capital-output ratio.
- According to the Harrod-Domar model, the growth rate can be increased in two ways: reducing the savings rate relative to income or increasing the capital-output ratio.
- Monopoly refers to centralized control of businesses and the application of economic management by a small number of individuals.
- Government measures to combat depressions include income redistribution and reducing consumption rates for working groups.
- Private sector investment can be increased by raising taxes and interest rates.
- Measures to curb depressions include reducing consumption and limiting private investment.
- Raising new investment rates can be achieved by increasing interest rates and imposing high taxes on new investments.
- Structural planning involves profound and long-term changes in the national economic structure.
- Regional planning involves applying centralized control to the economies of regions and territories that are part of a country.
- Comprehensive economic and social planning aims to control and guide economic activity and all social components and resources.
- Remedial planning is the government's attempt to correct harmful economic trends.
- Planning and control are difficult for complex industrial organizations due to the complexity and interconnectedness of economic activities and systems.
- World War II disrupted the prevailing social order and caused a large number of countries to break away from the capitalist bloc.
- Expanding the area served by public financing expands the area subject to centralized planning and control.
Medium-Term Planning
- A medium-term plan lasts for five or seven years and is the most common and widespread type.
- An annual plan divides the medium-term plan into phases, typically one year each, to achieve goals in stages.
- According to the Harrod-Domar model, the savings rate and the inverse of the capital-output ratio are the factors that determine the growth rate.
- A plan is a set of binding decisions outlining the assessment of national capabilities and goals over a future period; it is not a final accounting.
Long-Term Planning
- A long-term plan lasts between ten and twenty years; its focus is on defining general national goals.
Other Economic Concepts
- Dr. Rafat al-Muhajoub's criteria for investment prioritization in development plans:
- Project's contribution to national income.
- Project's contribution to productive capacity in capital industries.
- Expected profit margin as a criterion for feasibility.
- Project's contribution to job creation.
- Project's use of other local production factors.
- Project's domestic financing needs.
- Project's foreign currency requirements.
- Project's foreign currency generation.
- Monopoly: Centralized control of businesses and economic management by a small group of individuals driving projects based on their own interests, leading to the deprivation and starvation of a large part of the population.
- Results of World War II on the spread of economic planning:
- Warring nations prioritized production and consumption management.
- Destruction of production facilities in several warring European countries.
- Disruption of the prevailing social order and the separation of many countries from the capitalist bloc.
- Anti-inflationary measures:
- Reduced consumption.
- Reduced private investment.
- Reduced government spending.
- Methods for increasing the investment rate:
- Increasing interest rates.
- Imposing high taxes on new investments.
- Characteristics of agriculture in developed and developing countries:
- Developing countries:
- Use of rudimentary methods.
- Increased agricultural labor.
- Low agricultural output.
- Developed countries:
- Use of advanced agricultural techniques.
- Use of agricultural machinery.
- Increased agricultural output.
- Increased production costs.
- Developing countries:
- Considerations for directing agricultural policy:
- Class differences between agriculture and other economic sectors.
- Potential for conflicts between the goals of agricultural populations and societal goals.
- Significant susceptibility of agricultural output to the law of diminishing physical returns.
- Increased fixed capital in agriculture.
- Strong dependence on environmental and biological conditions.
- Financial limitations experienced by most agricultural workers.
- Relatively higher transportation costs for many agricultural products.
- Limited mobility of agricultural workers, hindering their transition to other professions.
- Lack of awareness among many agricultural workers.
- Difficulty in forming agricultural unions to confront powerful monopolies.
- Factors affecting demand for agricultural output:
- Population growth.
- Income levels.
- Consumption patterns.
- General objectives of agricultural policy:
- Increased efficiency:
- Production efficiency: Using fewer inputs to produce a greater output.
- Economic efficiency: Ensuring maximum profit from agricultural production.
- Increased and stable farm income.
- Increased efficiency:
- Specific agricultural policy objectives that may suit a particular society but not another:
- Expanding wheat production.
- Improving agricultural marketing.
- Adopting vertical farming methods.
- Enhancing agricultural transportation.
- Improving agricultural production inputs.
- Methods for achieving agricultural policy objectives:
- Directly influencing prices via price controls.
- Indirectly influencing prices through:
- Limiting the area planted for certain crops.
- Imposing taxes to increase production costs and prices.
- Providing subsidies to decrease production costs and prices.
- Controlling import/export volumes for certain goods.
- Managing domestic consumption levels for key goods.
- Competition with the private sector in certain markets.
- Controlling agricultural financial markets.
- Characteristics of agricultural policy under Muhammad Ali's rule:
- Direction and control.
- Diversification of production.
- Principles underpinning Egyptian agricultural policy after the 1952 revolution:
- Self-sufficiency.
- Justice.
- Considerations for vertical agricultural expansion:
- Limited arable land available.
- High capital investments compared to horizontal expansion.
- Prevalence with technological advancements.
- Problems with horizontal agricultural expansion:
- Substantial investment requirements.
- High interest rates on loans.
- Low return on invested capital.
- Prolonged economic maturation period.
- Insufficient labor for reclaimed lands.
- Water resources scarcity.
- Poor transportation infrastructure.
- Rationales for horizontal agricultural expansion:
- Preventing the decrease in per capita arable land.
- Limiting agricultural cycles.
- Raising individual income levels.
- Redistributing land ownership.
- Achieving high levels of food self-sufficiency.
- Encouraging exports.
- Reasons for variations in price elasticity of demand for the same goods:
- Variations in population.
- Variations in real income.
- Variations in environmental conditions.
- Variations in customs and traditions.
- Variations in substitute goods.
- Reasons for difficulty in transferring agricultural labor to other sectors:
- Low skill levels.
- Limited education levels.
- Attachment to customs and traditions.
- Graphical analysis of price elasticity of demand under varying demand conditions: -Demand curve shifts completely from point 1 to point 2. -Elasticity of demand at point 2 is higher than at point 1.
- Graphical analysis of price elasticity of demand under varying supply conditions: -Supply curve shifts completely from point S1 to S2. -Elasticity of demand at point 1 is higher than at point 2.
- Graphical analysis of price elasticity of demand under varying market conditions: -Demand curves intersect at equilibrium point 1. -Demand curve shifts to point 2, with a change in market conditions; elasticity of demand for the market at point 2 is higher than at point 1.
- Constant output fluctuations occur when the elasticity of demand equals the elasticity of supply.
- Convergent output fluctuations occur when the elasticity of demand exceeds the elasticity of supply.
- Divergent output fluctuations occur when the elasticity of supply exceeds the elasticity of demand.
- Effects of a production tax when the elasticity of demand equals the elasticity of supply: -The production and consumer share the tax equally.
- Effects of a production tax when the elasticity of demand exceeds the elasticity of supply: -The producer bears the larger portion of the tax.
- Effects of a production tax when the elasticity of demand is less than the elasticity of supply: -The consumer bears the larger portion of the tax.
- Effects of a production subsidy when the elasticity of demand equals the elasticity of supply: -Both the producer and consumer share the subsidy equally.
- Effects of a production subsidy when the elasticity of demand exceeds the elasticity of supply: -The producer receives the greater proportion of the subsidy.
- Effects of a production subsidy when the elasticity of demand is less than the elasticity of supply: -The consumer receives the greater proportion of the subsidy.
- Effects of price increases on agricultural output: Increased prices lead to increased production.
- Effects of price decreases on agricultural output: Decreased prices do not impact production significantly.
- Achieving maximum production efficiency of input factors: -Occurs at the end of the first stage, when average production reaches its peak. -Price isn't considered in calculation.
- Achieving maximum economic efficiency of input factors:
- Occurs during the second stage.
- Price is considered in calculation.
- Effects of imposing a controlled price on a specific commodity: -Creates a new market (black market). -Price in the black market can be lower, equal to, or higher than the controlled price.
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هذا الاختبار يركز على معايير كفاءة الإنتاجية وأهمية التخطيط الاقتصادي. سيتناول أسئلة حول عوامل تقييم المشروعات ومدى تأثيرها في الاقتصاد القومي. كما يتضمن التحليل العام لخصائص الزراعة في الدول المتقدمة والأساليب المستخدمة فيها.
