الأدوية المؤثرة على الجهاز القلبي وعائي

Drugs Affecting the Cardiovascular System

• Cardiovascular drugs impact the heart and blood vessels, and the endocrine system also plays a role.

• Heart rate, rhythm, contractility, and blood flow are interconnected.

• Hypertension: Defined as systolic and diastolic blood pressure exceeding 120 mmHg and 80 mm Hg respectively.

• Antihypertensive Drugs: Treatment depends on patient factors (sex, age, race, existing diseases, other medications) and individual response. Four major groups:

  • Diuretics (e.g., furosemide): Used when lifestyle changes fail to control hypertension. Multiple drugs may be necessary for adequate control.
  • Beta-blockers (e.g., propranolol, atenolol): Reduce heart rate and blood pressure.
  • Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors: Target the vasoconstrictor angiotensin-II.
  • Calcium channel blockers.

• Treatment considerations: Drugs affecting libido and adverse effects can occur; switching medications or combining drugs can reduce dosage and side effects.

• Lifestyle factors are essential: Balanced diet, healthy foods (e.g., olive oil), avoiding smoking and anxiety, and regular exercise.

• Emergency hypertensive crisis: Parenteral potassium nitroprusside is the preferred treatment.

Cardiovascular Diseases and Treatments

• Angina pectoris: Treated with nitrates. Administered sublingually for immediate relief or as a transdermal patch for prolonged action.
• Congestive heart failure: Treated with digoxin, a drug with positive inotropic and diuretic effects. Requires careful monitoring and dose adjustment due to a narrow therapeutic window.
• Myocardial infarction (heart attack): Immediate treatment includes intravenous morphine and platelet aggregation inhibitors (e.g., aspirin).
• Cardiac arrhythmias: Examples include the use of papaverine or quinidine, which inhibit irregular heartbeats.

Drugs for Central Nervous System Disorders

• The Central Nervous System (CNS) is affected by various conditions including Parkinson's disease, epilepsy, depression, anxiety, pain, schizophrenia, mania, and addiction.
• Parkinson's disease:
  • Characterized by dopamine deficiency in the substantia nigra.
  • L-methyl-dopa: Bypass blood-brain barrier to replenish dopamine, but some peripheral metabolism occurs.
  • Carbidopa: Reduces peripheral metabolism of L-methyl-dopa, often combined with it to minimize side effects.
  • Anticholinergic drugs: Used to manage parkinsonism symptoms.
• Epilepsy:
  • Electrical imbalances in brain cells. Different types include grand mal (tonic-clonic), petit mal, absence seizures, juvenile epilepsy, and status epilepticus.
  • Phenobarbitone: Commonly used anti-epileptic medication.

تتناول هذه الأسئلة الأدوية التي تؤثر على القلب والأوعية الدموية، بما في ذلك أدوية خفض ضغط الدم. سيتم استكشاف الفئات الرئيسية مثل المدرات ومثبطات بيتا والعوامل المثبطة لإنزيم تحويل الأنجيوتنسين. ستساعدك هذه الأسئلة في فهم التأثيرات الجانبية والاعتبارات في العلاج.