18 Questions
What type of body would not be considered a 'State' under Article 12 of the Constitution?
A body created by a statute but not financially, functionally, or administratively dominated by the government
Which of the following is considered a 'local authority' according to Article 12 of the Constitution?
A statutory body constituted for local development with autonomy and popular representation
In the context of Article 13, which principles relating to fundamental rights are mentioned?
Four principles relating to right to equality
What is the defining characteristic of a 'local authority' according to the text?
Specific purpose for local development with autonomy and popular representation
Which type of body would not be classified as a 'local authority' based on the discussion in the text?
A unit managed solely by the central government
What distinguishes a body that can be considered a 'State' under Article 12 from one that cannot?
Being dominated by the government financially, functionally, or administratively
What was the conclusion reached in the case of Ajay Hasia regarding the status of a non-statutory body?
It was held to be an 'authority' under Article 12.
What role did the State and Central Governments play in the functioning of the college mentioned in Ajay Hasia?
They could review the functioning of the college and issue instructions.
According to the Supreme Court in Ajay Hasia, what indicates that a body is an instrumentality of the government?
If the entire share capital of the body is held by the government.
In what context did Ajay Hasia initiate a new judicial trend?
Expanding the meaning of 'authority' under Article 12.
What did Ajay Hasia establish regarding the concept of 'instrumentality or agency of the government'?
It extends to companies and societies as well.
What was significant about having nominees of the State and Central Governments as members of the society in Ajay Hasia?
It indicated direct control by the Government over the society.
Which legal case rejected the interpretation based on ejusdem generis, leading to a liberal interpretation of the term?
Ujjambai v. State of U.P
In which case did the Supreme Court rule that a State electricity board, set up by a statute, would be considered an 'authority' under Article 12?
Rajasthan State Electricity Board v. Mohanlal
Which of the following statutory bodies were held to be 'authorities' and fell within the term 'state' in Art. 12 in the case of Sukhdev v. Bhagatram?
Life Insurance Corporation, Oil and Natural Gas Commission, Finance Corporation
Which case considered thoroughly whether a statutory body like the International Airport Authority could be regarded as an 'authority'?
Ramanna D. Shetty v. International Airport Authority
What general proposition did the Supreme Court develop regarding bodies considered as 'instrumentalities' or 'agencies' of the government?
'Instrumentalities' or 'agencies' can be regarded as 'authorities' or part of the 'State'.
In determining whether a body could be regarded as an instrumentality or not, what tests did the Supreme Court lay down?
'Control test', 'Functional autonomy test', 'Statutory authority test'
Explore a case study involving a society registered under the Societies Registration Act running a regional engineering college, financially supported by the Government, and the implications of it being considered an 'authority'. Analyze the role of State and Central Governments in providing funds and overseeing the college's operations.
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