Airway Management Basics
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Questions and Answers

What are the two main types of respiratory failure?

  • Hypoxic and Hypercapnic (correct)
  • Infectious and Non-infectious
  • Obstructive and Restrictive
  • Acute and Chronic

    • Nasopharyngeal airways (NPAs) are typically preferred over oropharyngeal airways (OPAs) for trauma patients without severe nasal trauma.

    False (B)

    What are the three essential components assessed during pre-intubation evaluation?

    Airway, Breathing, Circulation (ABCs)

    The primary purpose of cricoid pressure during endotracheal intubation is to prevent ______ during the procedure.

    <p>gastric aspiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a sign of respiratory distress?

    <p>Normal skin color (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the airway adjunct with its primary function:

    <p>Oropharyngeal airway (OPA) = Maintains the tongue's position, preventing airway obstruction Nasopharyngeal airway (NPA) = Can be used when OPA is contraindicated Cricoid pressure = Prevents gastric aspiration during intubation Supplemental oxygen therapy = Boosts oxygen levels in the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Artificial ventilation only replaces spontaneous breathing.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name two examples of conditions that can lead to bronchospasm.

    <p>Asthma, COPD</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following ventilator modes primarily controls the volume of air delivered to the patient?

    <p>Volume-controlled mode (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Barotrauma can occur as a complication of inadequate monitoring during ventilator use.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some key factors to monitor during artificial ventilation?

    <p>Respiratory parameters, lung sounds, and oxygen saturation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Post-intubation care is crucial to minimize complications such as __________ pneumonia.

    <p>aspiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following complications with their descriptions:

    <p>Barotrauma = Excessive pressure leading to lung damage Pneumothorax = Air trapped in the pleural space Ventilator-associated pneumonia = Infection acquired due to mechanical ventilation Tension pneumothorax = Rapid accumulation of air under pressure in the pleural cavity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended procedure for clearing an airway obstruction in a conscious infant (1 year old or younger)?

    <p>Administer five back slaps followed by five chest thrusts. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When performing artificial ventilation, adults should be ventilated ______ times per minute.

    <p>10-12</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between positive and negative pressure ventilation?

    <p>Positive pressure ventilation pushes air into the lungs, while negative pressure ventilation draws air into the lungs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their definitions:

    <p>Positive pressure = Air pressure inside a space is higher than outside, causing air to push outward. Negative pressure = Air pressure inside a space is lower than outside, causing air to be drawn inward.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A high-pitched, whistling sound heard during breathing, often caused by a narrowed airway, is known as ______.

    <p>stridor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Snoring, while sleeping, is always a sign of a serious airway problem.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a sign that immediate suctioning is necessary?

    <p>Gurgling (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two main types of foreign body obstruction?

    <p>Complete and Partial</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following airway sounds with their corresponding causes:

    <p>Stridor = Narrowing of the upper airway passages Hoarseness = Fluid obstructing the airway Snoring = Soft tissue obstruction in the upper airway Gurgling = Severe narrowing of the upper airway passages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended action for a conscious adult choking on a foreign object?

    <p>Abdominal thrusts (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If a choking patient becomes unconscious, you should immediately switch to CPR.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of airway management in a patient with respiratory distress?

    <p>To ensure a clear and unobstructed airway for breathing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Ventilator Modes

    Different settings used to control ventilation, including volume-controlled and pressure-controlled modes.

    Monitoring Parameters

    Observing respiratory metrics, lung sounds, and oxygen saturation during artificial ventilation.

    Ventilator Complications

    Potential issues like barotrauma and pneumonia that may arise from artificial ventilation.

    Endotracheal Tube Removal

    The careful process of taking out the tube to ensure safe transition to normal breathing.

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    Oxygenation Maintenance

    Ensuring sufficient gas exchange to prevent serious complications during ventilation.

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    Airway Maintenance

    Essential for adequate gas exchange; obstruction impedes ventilation.

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    Airway Adjuncts

    Devices used to secure a patent airway, depending on obstruction type.

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    Oropharyngeal Airway (OPA)

    Device that maintains tongue position to prevent pharyngeal obstruction.

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    Nasopharyngeal Airway (NPA)

    Device used when OPA is contraindicated, typically in non-trauma cases.

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    Cricoid Pressure

    Technique to prevent gastric aspiration during intubation.

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    Respiratory Distress Signs

    Includes laboured breathing, increased rate, and accessory muscle use.

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    Hypoxic vs. Hypercapnic Failure

    Hypoxic: low oxygen (PaO2); Hypercapnic: high carbon dioxide (PaCO2).

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    Artificial Ventilation

    Mechanically assists or replaces spontaneous breathing to support gas exchange.

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    Stridor

    A high-pitched sound due to restricted airflow in the upper airway.

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    Hoarseness

    Voice changes indicating narrowing of the upper airway.

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    Snoring

    Sound made by soft tissue obstruction in the airway during sleep.

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    Gurgling

    Sound made when fluid partially obstructs the airway.

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    Severe Choking

    Complete airway blockage with no air movement, requiring urgent action.

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    Abdominal Thrusts

    Maneuvers used for conscious choking adults and children to expel obstructions.

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    Back Slaps and Chest Thrusts

    Approach for conscious infants in choking situations.

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    CPR for Unconscious Choking

    Chest compressions and rescue breaths for unconscious choking victims.

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    Heimlich Maneuver

    A first aid procedure to relieve choking by using abdominal thrusts.

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    Back Slaps for Infants

    Deliver five forceful back slaps to dislodge an object from an infant's airway.

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    Chest Thrusts for Infants

    Perform five rapid chest thrusts to clear airway obstruction in infants.

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    Positive vs. Negative Pressure

    Positive pressure pushes air out; negative pressure draws air in within a space.

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    Study Notes

    Airway Management

    • Airway maintenance is crucial for adequate gas exchange; obstructed airways impede ventilation and oxygenation.
    • Assessing the patency of the airway is fundamental. Visual inspection and palpation can reveal foreign bodies, trauma, or anatomical obstructions. Signs such as stridor (high-pitched, whistling sound), hoarseness (voice changes), snoring (upper airway impedance), and gurgling (fluid obstruction) may indicate airway issues.
    • Several airway adjuncts exist for securing a patent airway, depending on the nature and severity of the obstruction.
    • Oropharyngeal airways (OPAs) are simple devices that maintain the tongue's position, preventing it from obstructing the pharynx. Appropriate size selection is critical to avoid complications (e.g., esophageal intubation).
    • Nasopharyngeal airways (NPAs) can be used in patients where OPA use is contraindicated, but are less commonly preferred than OPAs in trauma situations without severe nasal trauma.
    • Cricoid pressure performed correctly can prevent gastric aspiration during endotracheal intubation.
    • Supplemental oxygen therapy, using various methods, can boost oxygen levels. Administering oxygen via a face mask or nasal cannula is common.

    Respiratory Issues

    • Assessing respiratory status involves evaluating rate, depth, and effort of breathing. Abnormal patterns can signify underlying conditions.
    • Respiratory distress presents as laboured breathing, increased respiratory rate, use of accessory muscles, and changes in skin color. Identifying the cause is crucial for appropriate management.
    • Types of Respiratory Failure: Hypoxic respiratory failure (low PaO2), and Hypercapnic respiratory failure (high PaCO2). Understanding the causes and symptoms of both types is essential, with treatments aimed at restoring gas exchange.
    • Asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and pneumonia can result in respiratory distress. Recognizing the characteristic symptoms can help distinguish these conditions from other causes.
    • Bronchospasm and other airways restrictions are often encountered in clinical practice. Identifying and managing these conditions requires knowledge of specific treatments (e.g., bronchodilators).
    • Stridor, hoarseness, snoring, and gurgling can indicate airway narrowing/obstruction. Severe choking (complete obstruction), indicated by lack of air movement, coughing, or speaking, requires immediate intervention.

    Artificial Ventilation

    • Artificial ventilation involves mechanically assisting or replacing spontaneous breathing. It supports oxygenation and removal of carbon dioxide.
    • Indications for mechanical ventilation vary from respiratory failure to severe trauma.
    • Pre-intubation assessment involves evaluating the patient's airway, breathing, and circulation (ABCs).
    • Types of ventilators differ in their modes and capabilities. Understanding ventilator settings and modes (e.g., volume-controlled, pressure-controlled) is critical to achieving optimal ventilation.
    • Monitoring during artificial ventilation includes observing respiratory parameters, lung sounds, and oxygen saturation. Assessing for complications (e.g., barotrauma, pneumothorax) is crucial.
    • The choice of ventilator mode and settings needs to be individualized to a patient's specific condition.
    • Managing artificial ventilation includes recognizing and addressing potential complications, such as ventilator-associated pneumonia, and optimizing patient comfort.
    • Following the procedure, removing the endotracheal tube is carefully done to prevent injuries and ensure a smooth transition back to spontaneous breathing.

    Ventilator Management

    • Determining optimal settings (tidal volume, respiratory rate, etc.) for ventilation requires clinical judgment and monitoring for optimal lung function and patient tolerance. These settings are constantly adjusted as needed.
    • Ensuring proper equipment maintenance and function, including the use of filters, is crucial to minimise potential exposure to infection.

    Complications of Airway and Ventilation

    • Complications like aspiration pneumonia and barotrauma (e.g., tension pneumothorax) must be recognised during and after invasive airway management and ventilation. Careful monitoring allows for quick treatment should these problems arise.
    • Maintaining proper ventilation and oxygenation to ensure sufficient gas exchange for the patient is critical in preventing serious complications.
    • Post-intubation care and monitoring is crucial to minimize complications and promote a smooth recovery. Factors to consider include oxygen requirements, and medication management.
    • Airway obstruction can be treated via foreign body removal (e.g., abdominal thrusts for adults/children >1 year, back slaps and chest thrusts for infants). Appropriate ventilation techniques (positive pressure) based on age are crucial.

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    Description

    This quiz covers essential aspects of airway management, including techniques for ensuring airway patency and devices used to maintain an open airway. Key concepts such as the use of oropharyngeal and nasopharyngeal airways, as well as the application of cricoid pressure, are explored. Test your understanding of these crucial life-saving methods.

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