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Questions and Answers
What distinguishes an airplane from other types of aircraft?
What distinguishes an airplane from other types of aircraft?
- It derives lift from aerodynamic reactions on surfaces that remain fixed. (correct)
- It operates solely on the surface of the water.
- It is powered by multiple engines.
- It is designed for acrobatic maneuvers at all times.
Which of the following categories of aircraft is limited to non-acrobatic operation?
Which of the following categories of aircraft is limited to non-acrobatic operation?
- Acrobatic Category
- Utility Category
- Normal Category (correct)
- Experimental Category
What is the maximum certificated take-off weight for airplanes in the Normal Category?
What is the maximum certificated take-off weight for airplanes in the Normal Category?
- 20,000 pounds
- 15,000 pounds
- 10,000 pounds
- 12,500 pounds (correct)
In terms of airplane classification, which of the following best describes the SES class?
In terms of airplane classification, which of the following best describes the SES class?
What types of operations are explicitly permitted for airplanes in the Utility Category?
What types of operations are explicitly permitted for airplanes in the Utility Category?
Which of the following is NOT a type of aircraft category?
Which of the following is NOT a type of aircraft category?
What type of stress is characterized by twisting forces acting on a structure?
What type of stress is characterized by twisting forces acting on a structure?
Which construction material is specifically noted for its very high tensile strength and fatigue endurance?
Which construction material is specifically noted for its very high tensile strength and fatigue endurance?
What is true of every specific airplane type?
What is true of every specific airplane type?
What is the primary function of an aircraft's construction materials?
What is the primary function of an aircraft's construction materials?
What is the primary purpose of anodizing in aviation materials?
What is the primary purpose of anodizing in aviation materials?
Which material is commonly utilized in the construction of cabin floors and doors due to its lightweight and strong properties?
Which material is commonly utilized in the construction of cabin floors and doors due to its lightweight and strong properties?
Which alloy component is known to increase the strength of aluminum but also makes it tougher to form?
Which alloy component is known to increase the strength of aluminum but also makes it tougher to form?
What is the maximum takeoff weight allowed for the Commuter Category airplanes?
What is the maximum takeoff weight allowed for the Commuter Category airplanes?
Which category of aircraft is primarily used for special applications such as fire-fighting and agricultural purposes?
Which category of aircraft is primarily used for special applications such as fire-fighting and agricultural purposes?
Which type of aircraft construction is known for its lightweight and strong structure, making use of a single outer skin?
Which type of aircraft construction is known for its lightweight and strong structure, making use of a single outer skin?
Which category allows for airplanes to perform acrobatics without significant restrictions?
Which category allows for airplanes to perform acrobatics without significant restrictions?
What is the primary structural unit of an airplane that accommodates the crew, passengers, and cargo?
What is the primary structural unit of an airplane that accommodates the crew, passengers, and cargo?
An airplane classified as having more than 19 seats and a maximum takeoff weight greater than 19,000 lbs falls under which category?
An airplane classified as having more than 19 seats and a maximum takeoff weight greater than 19,000 lbs falls under which category?
What distinguishes the Limited Category of aircraft?
What distinguishes the Limited Category of aircraft?
Which category is designated for homebuilt aircraft or kitplanes not manufactured by a recognized aircraft manufacturer?
Which category is designated for homebuilt aircraft or kitplanes not manufactured by a recognized aircraft manufacturer?
Which undercarriage type is commonly associated with lightweight sport airplanes?
Which undercarriage type is commonly associated with lightweight sport airplanes?
What is the primary component of an airplane referred to as the complete structure, including fuel tanks and lines, but excluding instruments and engine?
What is the primary component of an airplane referred to as the complete structure, including fuel tanks and lines, but excluding instruments and engine?
What is a characteristic of honeycomb sandwich construction used in aircraft?
What is a characteristic of honeycomb sandwich construction used in aircraft?
What makes composites advantageous in aircraft construction?
What makes composites advantageous in aircraft construction?
Which of the following is NOT a form of corrosion that can affect aircraft?
Which of the following is NOT a form of corrosion that can affect aircraft?
What material is typically used to cover a steel tubing fuselage in aircraft?
What material is typically used to cover a steel tubing fuselage in aircraft?
Which statement about aircraft corrosion is true?
Which statement about aircraft corrosion is true?
What is a typical treatment for preventing corrosion on aluminum alloys in aircraft?
What is a typical treatment for preventing corrosion on aluminum alloys in aircraft?
Which component is NOT typically made from composite materials in aircraft construction?
Which component is NOT typically made from composite materials in aircraft construction?
Which type of material is defined as having two or more constituent materials with different properties?
Which type of material is defined as having two or more constituent materials with different properties?
What type of corrosion results from slight relative motion between metal parts?
What type of corrosion results from slight relative motion between metal parts?
What property does carbon reinforced plastic NOT have?
What property does carbon reinforced plastic NOT have?
What is the primary purpose of the spar in a wing's construction?
What is the primary purpose of the spar in a wing's construction?
Which statement correctly describes the function of ribs in a wing?
Which statement correctly describes the function of ribs in a wing?
What is the main characteristic of a cantilever wing's design?
What is the main characteristic of a cantilever wing's design?
What is the role of the vertical stabilizer on an aircraft?
What is the role of the vertical stabilizer on an aircraft?
Which component is responsible for providing pitch control in an aircraft?
Which component is responsible for providing pitch control in an aircraft?
What differentiates a semi-cantilever wing from a cantilever wing?
What differentiates a semi-cantilever wing from a cantilever wing?
What are trim tabs used for in aircraft control?
What are trim tabs used for in aircraft control?
What is the purpose of the anti-drag wires in a wing structure?
What is the purpose of the anti-drag wires in a wing structure?
What is a key function of the landing gear in an aircraft?
What is a key function of the landing gear in an aircraft?
What defines the chord of a wing?
What defines the chord of a wing?
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Study Notes
Definitions
- An aircraft is any machine that derives support in the atmosphere from the reactions of the air.
- An airplane is a power-driven heavier-than-air aircraft that derives its lift in flight from aerodynamic reactions on surfaces that remain fixed under given conditions of flight.
- Types of aircraft include hot air balloons, blimps/airships, gliders, helicopters, and airplanes.
Aircraft Categories
- Normal Category: Limited to airplanes with a seating configuration of nine or less, a maximum certificated takeoff weight of 12,500 pounds or less, and intended for non-acrobatic operation.
- Utility Category: Similar to the normal category, but approved for "limited acrobatic operations," including intentional spins, chandelles, lazy eights, and steep turns with higher bank angles.
- Aerobatic Category: Approved for acrobatics without any restrictions.
- Commuter Category: Maximum takeoff weight of 19,000 lbs, maximum passenger seating capacity of 19, and multiple engines.
- Transport Category: Multi-engine airplanes with more than 19 seats or a maximum takeoff weight greater than 19,000 lbs.
- Limited Category: Mostly applies to aeroplanes that were in military service and are now in civilian service.
- Restricted Category: Aircraft used for special applications such as aerial firefighting, surveying, photography, advertising, and agricultural work. Restricted to crew only or crew and support personnel only.
- Amateur Built or Experimental Category: Refers to homebuilt aircraft or kitplanes that have been built by their owners and not an aircraft manufacturer.
Airframe Construction
- Full Monocoque: A single shell structure designed to carry all loads and stresses.
- Semi Monocoque: A combination of a monocoque shell and internal or external bracing.
- Truss Type: An early design using wooden members with wire bracing. Modern truss types use steel tubes that are welded or bolted together.
Main Components of an Airplane
- Airframe: The entire structure of an airplane including the fuselage, wings, tail, and undercarriage.
- Fuselage: The body of the airplane that accommodates crew, passengers, and cargo.
- Wings: Provide lift and support the aircraft.
Wing Types
- Cantilever Wing: Constructed with no external bracing and requires strong spars to carry all loads.
- Semi-Cantilever Wing: Constructed with external bracing to help support the wing.
Tail Section
- Empennage: The tail section of an airplane.
- Vertical Stabilizer: Also known as the "fin," it controls directional stability.
- Rudder: The movable portion of the vertical stabilizer that provides directional control.
- Horizontal Stabilizer: Also known as the "tail plane," it controls longitudinal stability.
- Elevator: The movable portion of the horizontal stabilizer that provides pitch control.
- Stabilator: A combination of the horizontal stabilizer and elevator.
- Canard: A horizontal stabilizer located at the front of the airplane.
Landing Gear
- Consists of shock absorbers, low-pressure tires, and oleo struts.
Stresses
- Compression: Crushing force.
- Tension: Stretching force.
- Torsion: Twisting force.
- Shearing: Cutting force.
- Bending: Force that causes a part to bend.
Construction Materials
- Steel: Used for fuselages, control surfaces, and stressed skin structures.
- Dural: An aluminum alloy with high tensile strength and fatigue endurance.
- Alclad: A sandwich of dural between aluminum, used in seaplanes to resist corrosion.
- Magnesium Alloy: Used in engine construction.
- Honeycomb Sandwich: Used in cabin floors, doors, and radar decks.
- Composite: A combination of materials to produce a material with different characteristics.
- Wood: Used for structural members and sometimes as skin.
- Fabric: Used to cover steel tubing fuselages and wings.
- Plastic: Used in non-weight bearing structures.
Aircraft Corrosion
- Oxidation: A chemical reaction to moisture in the air.
- Intercrystalline: A more serious type of corrosion caused by chemical or electrolytic reactions within alloys.
- Dissimilar Metals: Corrosion caused by metals with different chemical properties reacting with moisture in the air.
- Stress Corrosion: Difficult to detect until metal cracks.
- Corrosion Fatigue: Stress corrosion occurs and moisture penetrates the crack causing oxidation.
- Fretting Corrosion: Caused by slight movement between metal parts, wearing away the protective film.
Corrosion Treatments
- Anodizing: Aluminum alloys are anodized to create a protective layer.
- Cadmium Plating, Chrome Plating, Phosphate Process: Steel parts are treated to prevent corrosion.
Stress
- Force or combination of forces exerting a load or pressure.
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