Air Transport and Pavement Structures

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of highway pavement?

To distribute vehicle loads to the sub-grade (correct)

To provide aesthetic appeal

To enhance vehicle speed

To reduce traffic congestion

Which of the following is NOT a requirement of a good pavement?

Adequate skid resistance

High reflectivity for lighting (correct)

Dust proof surface

Long design life with low maintenance cost

What categorizes roads into highways, arterial roads, collector roads, and local roads?

Traffic volume

Number of lanes

Length of the road

Function and level of importance (correct)

Which type of pavement is designed to flex and distribute stresses?

Flexible pavement Signup and view all the answers

What is one characteristic of rigid pavement?

It has high strength and stiffness Signup and view all the answers

Which requirement helps prevent skidding of vehicles on the pavement?

Adequate coefficient of friction Signup and view all the answers

Which pavement type is known for its low maintenance cost and long design life?

Rigid pavement Signup and view all the answers

How is air transport characterized in India?

Fastest means of transportation Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of Continuous Reinforced Concrete Pavement?

It entirely eliminates joints. Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical lifespan range for flexible pavement?

10 to 20 years Signup and view all the answers

Which type of pavement reflects deformations onto the surface?

Flexible pavements Signup and view all the answers

What helps to maintain the integrity of reinforced concrete slabs after cracking?

Reinforcement Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of rigid pavements?

Reflects subgrade deformations Signup and view all the answers

What is a distinct feature of Pre-stressed Concrete Pavement (PCP)?

Fabricated off-site and then transported Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the stability of flexible and rigid pavements?

Flexible pavements rely on interlocking and friction. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of pavement has a higher maintenance cost?

Flexible pavement Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of a good harbour?

Surrounding land should be fertile and densely populated. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of harbour is protected by natural land contours?

Natural Harbour Signup and view all the answers

What is an essential facility that a port must include?

Marine terminal facilities Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of breakwaters in a harbour?

To protect against destructive wave action Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a component of a harbour?

Cargo Warehouse Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is crucial during the site selection for a harbour?

Availability of cheap land and construction material Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of an artificial harbour?

Chennai Harbour Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the requirements for ship channels in a good harbour?

Must have sufficient depth for the vessel's draft Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of contour bunds in water conservation?

To conserve soil moisture in a watershed. Signup and view all the answers

How is the spacing between contour bunds determined?

It depends on the slope of the area and soil permeability. Signup and view all the answers

What materials are typically used to construct a gabion structure?

Boulders enclosed in a steel wire mesh. Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical height of gabion structures?

0.5 meters. Signup and view all the answers

What is a critical feature of check dams to ensure effective water recharge?

They require a permeable bed or weathered formation. Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the silt content of the stream water in gabion structures?

It is deposited in the interstices of the boulders. Signup and view all the answers

What is a common construction method for small check dams?

Creating a barrier with clay-filled cement bags. Signup and view all the answers

Why are water cushions provided on the downstream side of check dams?

To prevent scouring from excess run off. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of a dam?

To control and manage water flow Signup and view all the answers

What is a reservoir?

A large body of water accumulated behind a dam Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a disadvantage of constructing dams?

Displacement of local communities Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following does NOT describe an effect of dams?

Promotes biodiversity in river ecosystems Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the benefits of a reservoir?

Support for hydroelectric power generation Signup and view all the answers

How do dams impact aquatic life?

They restrict fish migration Signup and view all the answers

What role do dams play in the development of a region?

Improving industrial development and living standards Signup and view all the answers

What is one challenge associated with reservoirs?

They can result in the displacement of communities Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Air Transport

Air transport is the fastest mode of transportation in India.
It is a relatively recent development in India.
Air transport is the costliest means of transportation, but it provides safe travel over long distances.
The Indian aviation sector is one of the fastest growing in the world.

Pavement

A pavement is a structure made up of layers of processed materials above the natural soil sub-grade.
It distributes loads from vehicles to the sub-grade.
A good pavement should have sufficient thickness to distribute loads, be structurally strong, provide skid resistance, be smooth, produce low noise, be dust-proof, be impervious, and have a long design life with low maintenance costs.

Types of Pavements

Flexible pavement: A multi-layer structure with high-quality materials near the surface. It reflects the deformations of the subgrade, sub-base, and base courses on the surface.
Rigid pavement: Consists mainly of a cement concrete slab with flexural strength, which also serves as a wearing course. It can bridge over local weak spots and deformations without reflecting them on the surface.

Advantages of Flexible Pavements

Lower initial cost.
Easy to construct.
Can be easily repaired.

Disadvantages of Flexible Pavements

Shorter lifespan.
Higher maintenance costs.
Susceptible to rutting and cracking.

Advantages of Rigid Pavements

Longer lifespan
Lower maintenance costs
Greater load-bearing capacity

Disadvantages of Rigid Pavements

Higher initial costs.
More complex construction.
Susceptible to cracking due to temperature changes.

Harbours

A harbour is a partly enclosed area providing safe accommodation for ships.
Harbours provide facilities for refueling, repair, cargo loading and unloading, and supply.

Requirements of a Good Harbour

Road and railway connections.
Fertile and densely populated surrounding land.
Sufficient depth for ships in the channels.
Breakwaters to protect against wave action.
Secure anchorage for ships.
Sufficient quays, piers, and wharfs for loading and unloading.
Fueling, repair, and other facilities for ships.
Large enough area.
Cold storage facilities

Types of Harbours

Natural harbour: Protected by natural land contours, rocky outcrops, or islands.
Semi-natural harbour: Protected by land contours and requires manmade protection at the entrance.
Artificial harbour: Manmade with engineered protection from storms and waves.

Harbour Components

Entrance Channel: Allows ships to enter the harbour.
Breakwater: Protects the harbour from waves.
Turning Basin: Provides space for ships to maneuver.
Shelter Basin: A protected area for ships to anchor or dock.
Pier: A structure extending from the shore into the water for loading and unloading.
Wharf: A similar structure to a pier, designed for cargo handling.
Quay: A concrete or paved waterfront for berthing ships.
Dry Dock: A basin that can be emptied for ship repairs.
Wet Dock: A basin with enclosed water for ships to dock.
Jetty: A structure extending from the shore into the water for access to ships.

Water Conservation Techniques

Contour Bunds: Built along contour lines to capture rainwater and slow runoff.
Gabion Structures: Stone-filled cages used to create small check dams across streams.
Check Dams/Cement Plugs/Nala Bunds: Barriers constructed across streams to slow down runoff.

Dams

Definition: Structural barriers constructed across rivers, streams, or valleys to store and manage water flow.
Benefits:
- Hydroelectric power generation.
- Water storage for consumption and agriculture.
- Flood control.
Drawbacks:
- Displacement of people.
- Environmental impacts (habitat disruption, oxygen levels).

Reservoirs

Definition: A large body of water created behind a dam.
Functions:
- Store water for various uses (drinking, irrigation, industry)
- Regulate water flow for flood control.
- Recreational opportunities.

Rainwater Harvesting

Definition: Collecting and storing rainwater for later use.

Domestic Water Quality Requirements

Safe to drink.
Free from harmful bacteria and contaminants.
Pleasant taste and odor.

Urban Roads

Highways: Major roads connecting cities and towns.
Arterial roads: Important roads within cities, carrying traffic between major destinations.
Collector roads: Connect local roads to arterial roads.
Local roads: Provide access to homes and businesses

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Description

This quiz covers the essential aspects of air transport in India, highlighting its rapid growth and characteristics. It also delves into pavement structures, discussing the layers, types, and qualities needed for effective performance in transportation.