Agriculture and Green Revolution Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What results from crossing two animals or plants of different varieties?

  • Purebred offspring
  • Hybrids (correct)
  • Transgenic organisms
  • Clones

Which crops were primarily impacted during the Green Revolution?

  • Sugarcane, cotton, and tobacco
  • Wheat, corn, and rice (correct)
  • Soybeans, oats, and barley
  • Potatoes, yams, and quinoa

Which of the following was a significant criticism of the Green Revolution?

  • Increased soil fertility
  • Displacement of tenant farmers (correct)
  • Increased crop biodiversity
  • Lower birth rates

Which farming method does NOT use synthetic pesticides?

<p>Organic farming (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor can cause fluctuations in food prices in developed countries?

<p>Price of purchased inputs fluctuating (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the environmental impacts of intensive agriculture?

<p>Soil erosion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the reliance on purchased inputs during the Green Revolution?

<p>Over-reliance (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which genetic source was corn derived from?

<p>Teosinte (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the natural inclination of plants to release seeds when mature?

<p>Natural shattering (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of soil condition is essential for crop production?

<p>Fertile (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the feed conversion ratio (FCR) primarily used to measure?

<p>The weight of the animal's output to food intake (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Agriculture that often leads to subsistence farming typically involves the use of which type of seeds?

<p>Traditional varieties (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these practices is NOT mentioned as a key aspect of crop production?

<p>Applying pesticides (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a major consequence of the rising consumption of meat in countries like China?

<p>Higher imports of soybeans for animal feed (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What challenges do farmers face with seed dispersal?

<p>Difficulty in gathering seeds after harvest (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the farming practices of smallholders?

<p>Rely on limited technology and local resources (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is considered the first step towards a developed civilization?

<p>Agriculture (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor significantly contributed to the domestication of crops?

<p>Climate with distinct wet and dry seasons (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Approximately how many years ago did agriculture begin?

<p>10000 years ago (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about farming demographics in developing countries is accurate?

<p>Over 50% of the population are farmers. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a major technological advancement utilized by H. erectus?

<p>Use of fire (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of agriculture practice leads to higher production per hectare?

<p>Science-based practices (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the biological species concept define as essential for a group to be classified as a species?

<p>Interbreeding to produce fertile offspring (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where are the centers of origin for many crop plants thought to be located?

<p>Tropical or subtropical zones (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between education and population growth?

<p>More education contributes to reducing the number of children per woman. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What concept is associated with the idea that population growth can lead to environmental issues?

<p>Malthusian theory (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about food security is most accurate?

<p>Poverty plays a significant role in food security, with many going hungry. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What potential consequence is associated with a doubling population scenario?

<p>Greater resource depletion leading to potential catastrophes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What environmental challenge is exacerbated by increasing population densities?

<p>Increased likelihood of ecological crises. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is most likely to contribute to the phenomenon of individuals going to bed hungry?

<p>Poverty levels (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What premium measure indicates a potential challenge in maintaining population growth relative to resource availability?

<p>Carrying capacity of the environment (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which proposed solution is most effective in slowing population growth according to historical patterns?

<p>Improvement in educational access (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What underlying issue is often associated with the rise of food shortages in relation to population dynamics?

<p>Environmental catastrophes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common misconception about the relationship between population growth and environmental stress?

<p>All increases in population result in linear resource depletion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Trichinosis is mostly associated with _____

<p>wars</p> Signup and view all the answers

More education leads to _____ children born to a woman in her childbearing years.

<p>less</p> Signup and view all the answers

An estimated 828 million people go to bed _____ every night.

<p>hungry</p> Signup and view all the answers

The average number of _____ per woman influences population growth.

<p>children</p> Signup and view all the answers

Geographically, population dynamics are often analyzed in relation to _____ catastrophes.

<p>environmental</p> Signup and view all the answers

Fleshy fruits are divided into three categories: simple fruit, aggregate fruit, and ______ fruit.

<p>multiple</p> Signup and view all the answers

A simple fruit is formed from ______ ovary of one flower.

<p>one</p> Signup and view all the answers

An example of an aggregate fruit is a ______.

<p>blackberry</p> Signup and view all the answers

A ______ is not considered an aggregate fruit, despite being often mistaken for one.

<p>strawberry</p> Signup and view all the answers

Many types of simple fruits are classified as ______, such as tomatoes.

<p>berries</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which category of fleshy fruit is formed from multiple ovaries of a single flower?

<p>Aggregate fruit (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following fruits is categorized as a simple fruit?

<p>Tomato (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary distinction between aggregate fruits and multiple fruits?

<p>Multiple fruits form from several flowers. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which example is not classified as an aggregate fruit?

<p>Strawberry (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of fruit is formed from many ovaries of more than one flower?

<p>Multiple fruit (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary structural difference between simple and aggregate fruits?

<p>Simple fruits form from one ovary of one flower, whereas aggregate fruits form from many ovaries of a single flower.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are multiple fruits formed and provide an example?

<p>Multiple fruits are formed from many ovaries of more than one flower, such as pineapples.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain why strawberries are not categorized as aggregate fruits.

<p>Strawberries are not considered aggregate fruits because they develop from a single flower with many seeds on its surface, rather than from multiple ovaries.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Identify and describe one type of simple fruit and provide an example.

<p>One type of simple fruit is a berry, which is fleshy and contains multiple seeds; an example is a tomato.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What common feature distinguishes dry fruits from fleshy fruits?

<p>The primary distinction is that dry fruits become hard or brittle at maturity, while fleshy fruits remain soft and juicy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Fleshy fruits are divided into three categories: simple fruit, aggregate fruit, and ______ fruit.

<p>multiple</p> Signup and view all the answers

An example of a simple fruit is a ______.

<p>tomato</p> Signup and view all the answers

Aggregate fruits are formed from many ______ on one flower.

<p>ovaries</p> Signup and view all the answers

______ is not considered an aggregate fruit, despite being often mistaken for one.

<p>Strawberry</p> Signup and view all the answers

An example of a multiple fruit is a ______.

<p>pineapple</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which fruit is correctly classified as a simple fruit?

<p>Tomato (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes an aggregate fruit from a simple fruit?

<p>Formed from multiple ovaries of one flower (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT true about a multiple fruit?

<p>It is derived from a single flower's ovary (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following fruits would be incorrectly categorized as an aggregate fruit?

<p>Strawberry (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which best represents the primary characteristic of berries?

<p>They typically develop from a single ovary (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can you differentiate between simple fruits and aggregate fruits?

<p>Simple fruits develop from a single ovary of one flower, while aggregate fruits develop from multiple ovaries of a single flower.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic defines a multiple fruit?

<p>A multiple fruit is formed from the ovaries of many flowers clustered together.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is a strawberry not classified as an aggregate fruit despite common misconceptions?

<p>A strawberry is classified as a fleshy accessory fruit because it develops from a single flower but is derived from the receptacle, not from multiple ovaries.</p> Signup and view all the answers

List one example of a simple fruit and explain why it fits this category.

<p>A tomato is a simple fruit because it develops from one ovary of one flower and is classified as a berry.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Discuss how the classification of fruits can impact agricultural practices.

<p>The classification of fruits informs growers about their cultivation, harvesting techniques, and market value, which is crucial for effective agriculture.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are essential amino acids and why are they important?

<p>Essential amino acids are nine amino acids that must be obtained from food due to the body's inability to synthesize them. They are crucial for protein synthesis and overall health.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some methods to prevent vitamin deficiencies?

<p>Methods to prevent vitamin deficiencies include maintaining a balanced diet, taking vitamin supplements, consuming fortified foods, and using genetically engineered plants. These strategies help ensure adequate intake of necessary vitamins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the role of protein digestibility in protein scores.

<p>Protein scores are determined by the digestibility of proteins and their content of essential amino acids. The more digestible a protein is and the more essential amino acids it contains, the higher its protein score.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are essential amino acids, and why are they important for human health?

<p>Essential amino acids are those that cannot be synthesized by the human body and must be obtained through diet. They are crucial for protein synthesis and various metabolic processes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is Vitamin D considered both a vitamin and a hormone?

<p>Vitamin D, or cholecalciferol, is produced from cholesterol via sunlight and acts more like a chemical messenger rather than assisting enzyme functions, which is characteristic of hormones. Its dual role complicates its classification.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name two micronutrients that are commonly deficient in diets and the potential health implications of these deficiencies.

<p>Iron and vitamin D are two important micronutrients that, when deficient, can lead to anemia and weakened bone health, respectively.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are micronutrients, and how do they differ from macronutrients?

<p>Micronutrients are small, organic molecules required in minute quantities for various biological functions, while macronutrients (like carbohydrates, proteins, and fats) are needed in larger amounts for energy and structural functions. Micronutrients include vitamins and minerals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Discuss the significance of the intestinal microbiome in human health.

<p>The intestinal microbiome comprises beneficial probiotic bacteria that aid digestion, help synthesize vitamins, and support the immune system. A healthy microbiome is vital for maintaining overall health and preventing diseases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does a deficiency in vitamin C affect human physiology?

<p>A deficiency in vitamin C can lead to scurvy, characterized by symptoms such as fatigue, gum disease, and weakened immunity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What cultural practices can improve protein assimilation using complementary foods?

<p>Cultural practices that combine different food sources, such as grains and legumes, can enhance protein assimilation by providing a complete set of essential amino acids. This approach can improve overall protein quality in the diet.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the process of protein assimilation in the human body.

<p>Protein assimilation involves the digestion of proteins into amino acids, which are then absorbed in the intestines and transported to cells for various functions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can cooking and mastication impact protein digestibility?

<p>Cooking denatures proteins, making them easier to digest, while mastication breaks down food into smaller pieces, increasing the surface area for digestive enzymes. Both processes enhance protein availability for absorption.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the intestinal microbiome play in nutrient absorption and overall health?

<p>The intestinal microbiome aids in the digestion and absorption of nutrients and plays a crucial role in maintaining gut health and immune function.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between antioxidants and free radicals?

<p>Antioxidants are substances that help eliminate free radicals, which are highly reactive molecules that can cause oxidative damage. Although antioxidants are believed to reduce DNA damage, research shows inconsistent evidence for their role in cancer risk reduction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some dietary sources of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids, and their significance?

<p>Omega-3 can be found in flaxseeds and fatty fish, while omega-6 is present in plant oils and chicken, both essential for brain function and cell growth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do genetically engineered plants play in nutrition?

<p>Genetically engineered plants can be fortified with essential vitamins and minerals to address deficiencies in populations. This innovation aims to improve the nutritional quality of food and enhance food security.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe how trans fats are formed and their impact on health.

<p>Trans fats are created through the hydrogenation of unsaturated fats, making them more stable; they are linked to increased risk of heart disease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do the functions of saturated and unsaturated fats differ in the body?

<p>Saturated fats are primarily used for energy storage and structural functions, while unsaturated fats are involved in cell membrane fluidity and inflammation modulation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended approach to incorporating more plant-based foods in accordance with health guidelines?

<p>The recommended approach is to 'Eat food. Not too much. Mostly plants,' focusing on whole foods to improve nutrient intake and reduce health risks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What metabolic processes are affected by an imbalance in energy expenditure?

<p>Imbalances can lead to excess energy storage as fat, resulting in obesity and associated disorders such as metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular diseases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are essential amino acids and why are they important for human health?

<p>Essential amino acids are amino acids that the body cannot synthesize and must be obtained from food. They are crucial for protein synthesis, tissue repair, and overall metabolism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

List two major micronutrients and their primary roles in human nutrition.

<p>Vitamin D is critical for calcium absorption, and iron is essential for the formation of red blood cells. Both are vital for maintaining various bodily functions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the common symptoms of vitamin C deficiency?

<p>Common symptoms of vitamin C deficiency include scurvy, fatigue, and gum disease. It may also lead to impaired wound healing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the intestine assimilate proteins and what influences this process?

<p>Proteins are broken down into amino acids in the intestine, which are then absorbed into the bloodstream. Factors influencing this process include enzyme activity and gut health.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the intestinal microbiome play in human nutrition?

<p>The intestinal microbiome aids in the digestion of complex carbohydrates and synthesis of certain vitamins. It also plays a role in maintaining gut health and immune function.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to consume a varied diet in relation to amino acids?

<p>Consuming a varied diet ensures intake of all essential amino acids, preventing deficiencies. This is especially important for those on vegetarian or vegan diets.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some consequences of micronutrient deficiencies on health?

<p>Micronutrient deficiencies can lead to anemia, weakened immunity, and impaired cognitive function. These can significantly affect overall health and wellbeing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Identify one method to enhance protein absorption in the body.

<p>Cooking proteins can enhance their digestibility and absorption in the body. Additionally, combining protein sources can provide a complete amino acid profile.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can a diverse intestinal microbiome affect protein assimilation?

<p>A diverse intestinal microbiome can enhance protein digestion and absorption by breaking down complex proteins into absorbable forms. It can also promote a healthier gut environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the potential effects of vitamin D deficiency on bone health?

<p>Vitamin D deficiency can lead to weakened bones, increased risk of fractures, and conditions like osteoporosis. It affects calcium absorption negatively.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are essential amino acids and why are they crucial for humans?

<p>Essential amino acids are the amino acids that cannot be synthesized by the body and must be obtained through diet. They are crucial for protein synthesis, tissue repair, and overall metabolic functions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do micronutrient deficiencies impact human health?

<p>Micronutrient deficiencies can lead to a variety of health issues, including weakened immune function, stunted growth, and complications in chronic diseases. Specific deficiencies can result in critical ailments, such as anemia from iron deficiency or scurvy from vitamin C deficiency.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is vitamin B12 particularly challenging for vegetarians and vegans?

<p>Vitamin B12 is primarily found in animal products, making it difficult for vegetarians and vegans to obtain adequate amounts from their diet. They may face risks of deficiency unless they consume fortified foods or supplements.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the role of the intestinal microbiome in protein assimilation.

<p>The intestinal microbiome aids in the breakdown and fermentation of proteins and fibers, producing short-chain fatty acids that enhance nutrient absorption and gut health. A diverse microbiome can improve protein assimilation and overall nutritional status.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can nutritional deficiencies trigger chronic health conditions?

<p>Nutritional deficiencies can compromise immune function, disrupt hormonal balance, and lead to metabolic disorders, ultimately contributing to chronic conditions like diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Long-term deficiencies create systemic imbalances that exacerbate health issues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the connection between vegetarian diets and protein sources?

<p>Vegetarians often rely on legumes as a primary source of protein, which makes up approximately 13% of humanity's protein intake. However, plant-based proteins may lack certain essential amino acids, requiring careful dietary planning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the health implications of a diet low in micronutrients.

<p>A diet low in micronutrients can lead to deficiencies that compromise health, resulting in issues like impaired immune response, fatigue, and anemia. Chronic low micronutrient intake can also increase the risk of developing serious illnesses over time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the intestinal microbiome play in vitamin absorption?

<p>The intestinal microbiome helps ferment undigested food, releasing compounds that enhance the bioavailability of certain vitamins and minerals. A balanced microbiome can therefore improve vitamin absorption and contribute to overall health.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is adequate protein intake essential for maintaining muscle mass?

<p>Adequate protein intake is crucial for muscle protein synthesis, which helps maintain and repair muscle tissues. Insufficient protein can lead to muscle wasting, reduced strength, and functional decline.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can dietary choices influence the development of vitamin deficiencies?

<p>Dietary choices that exclude a variety of food groups can lead to unintentional vitamin deficiencies, as certain vitamins are abundant only in specific foods. For example, excluding animal products can result in a lack of vitamin B12 and possibly iron.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are essential amino acids primarily obtained from?

<p>Protein-rich foods (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement regarding protein digestibility is true?

<p>Digestibility of proteins varies based on their structures. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method is NOT listed as a way to prevent vitamin deficiencies?

<p>Regular exercise (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a potential consequence of vitamin D deficiency?

<p>Rickets (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does cholecalciferol primarily play in the body?

<p>Chemical messenger (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one primary function of antioxidants in the human body?

<p>Eliminate free radicals (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following substances is classified as a micronutrient?

<p>Vitamins (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is cited as influencing the complexity of plant biochemistry compared to animal biochemistry?

<p>Animal mobility (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of bacteria are essential for proper health as part of the intestinal microbiome?

<p>Probiotic bacteria (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common misconception about antioxidants?

<p>They consistently reduce DNA damage. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of lipids are formed by combining glycerol and fatty acids?

<p>Triglycerides (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of hydrogenation in food processing?

<p>To improve texture and shelf life (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following fatty acids is classified as essential for human metabolism?

<p>Linoleic acid (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Basal metabolism comprises which component of total energy expenditure?

<p>Resting metabolic rate (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the main concerns regarding the modern diet and energy consumption?

<p>Increased risk of heart disease (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the basic structural components of proteins?

<p>Amino group, carboxyl group, and R group (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding the revised Canada Food Guide of 2019?

<p>It promotes eating mostly plant-based foods. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of fats can result from the artificial process of hydrogenation?

<p>Trans fats (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the R group in amino acids?

<p>It provides distinctive traits to each amino acid. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the metabolic breakdown of nutrients during daily activities?

<p>Active metabolism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant health risk associated with nutritional deficiencies?

<p>Organ damage (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common dietary source of protein for vegetarians and vegans?

<p>Legumes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is vitamin B12 difficult for vegetarians and vegans to obtain?

<p>It is primarily derived from microorganisms. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What essential role does nitrogen play in human health?

<p>It is crucial for forming proteins. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key distinction between organic foods and conventional foods?

<p>Organic foods are primarily focused on ecosystem health. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the relationship between macromolecules and human health?

<p>Specific macromolecule classes are essential for various bodily functions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is a consequence of a diet lacking in essential nutrients?

<p>Growth of chronic diseases (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of carbohydrates in human nutrition?

<p>To serve as a major source of energy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes vitamins from macromolecule classes?

<p>Vitamins are organic compounds required in small amounts. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which dietary choice can help prevent health issues associated with nutritional deficiencies?

<p>Diverse consumption of specific food types (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best defines macromolecules?

<p>Large chains formed by the bonding of individual molecules (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential drawback of relying solely on organic food production?

<p>Organic farming may yield less produce than conventional methods. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes starch from cellulose at the molecular level?

<p>The type of bond comprised in their polymers; starch has alpha 1,4 bonds versus cellulose's beta 1,4 bonds (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines the structure of monosaccharides?

<p>They often form ring structures with oxygen (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following nutrients must be specifically obtained from food for the body’s growth and function?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are energy requirements in nutrition primarily measured?

<p>In calories from chemical bonds (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of bond predominantly characterizes the storage molecule starch?

<p>Alpha 1,4 bond (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do bioactive molecules play in nutrition?

<p>They play a role in health but are not classified as nutrients (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In terms of nutrient requirements, what does it mean for a value to be above the established minimum?

<p>It refers to optimal intake for health benefits (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is understanding the structure of lipids crucial in human nutrition?

<p>They are critical for hormone production and absorption of fat-soluble vitamins (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where was rice primarily domesticated?

<p>Southeast Asia and Western Africa (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the traits included in the domestication syndrome?

<p>Seed retention (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What describes the gradual decrease in genetic diversity within crop plants?

<p>Genetic erosion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process leads to the introduction of new traits and increased genetic diversity in crops?

<p>Hybridization (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true about polyploidy in plants?

<p>Polyploidy results in larger plants with larger edible parts. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant disadvantage of decreased genetic diversity in crops?

<p>Susceptibility to pests and diseases (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the loss of genetic diversity driven by the replacement of older varieties with higher-yielding options?

<p>Genetic displacement (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which trait is defined as the ability of a crop to not release seeds when mature?

<p>Seed retention (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential outcome of hybridization between crops and their wild relatives?

<p>Introduction of weeds that are difficult to control (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the significance of landraces in crop cultivation.

<p>Landraces are important as they maintain genetic variability, adapting well to local conditions and contributing to resilience against pests and climate change.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the key features that characterize the domestication syndrome in crops?

<p>Key features include seed retention, loss of seed dormancy, increased yield, and reduction in levels of toxic compounds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the difference between autopolyploidy and allopolyploidy.

<p>Autopolyploidy involves chromosome duplication within a single species, while allopolyploidy results from hybridization between different species leading to chromosome duplication.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does decreased genetic diversity affect crop evolution?

<p>Decreased genetic diversity can lead to crop uniformity, making them more susceptible to pests and diseases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Discuss the implications of hybridization of crops with their wild relatives.

<p>Hybridization can lead to improved traits and increased genetic diversity, but it may also create difficult-to-control weeds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does genome sequencing play in understanding plant evolution?

<p>Genome sequencing helps identify genetic variations and evolutionary adaptations, providing insights into how crops have evolved over time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

List two advantages and two disadvantages of decreased genetic diversity in crops.

<p>Advantages include uniformity and potentially higher yields; disadvantages are increased vulnerability to disease and pests.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Identify the regions where rice and maize were domesticated.

<p>Rice was domesticated in Southeast Asia and Western Africa, while maize was domesticated in central Mexico.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is genetic erosion and how does it occur?

<p>Genetic erosion refers to the loss of genetic diversity in crops, often due to the displacement of traditional varieties by modern high-yielding ones.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the implications of polyploidy in agricultural crops?

<p>Polyploidy can lead to larger plants with greater edible parts, but it is a complex process that may not be viable for all species.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Rice was domesticated in _____ and Western Africa

<p>Asia</p> Signup and view all the answers

Maize and beans were domesticated in the ________________

<p>Americas</p> Signup and view all the answers

Domestication syndrome includes traits such as seed retention and loss of sensitivity to ____________

<p>environmental cues</p> Signup and view all the answers

Crop evolution was marked by genetic ________ that decreased diversity

<p>drift</p> Signup and view all the answers

Genetic ___________ represents the loss of genetic diversity in a crop plant

<p>erosion</p> Signup and view all the answers

Hybrids often arise from the hybridization of crops and their wild relatives, leading to ________

<p>new traits</p> Signup and view all the answers

Polyploidy in plants is described as _________: having more than two complete chromosome sets

<p>polyploid</p> Signup and view all the answers

Decreased genetic diversity in crops can lead to susceptibility to ________ and disease

<p>pests</p> Signup and view all the answers

In some cases, hybridization has led to weeds that are difficult to ________

<p>control</p> Signup and view all the answers

Wheat was domesticated in the ________ East

<p>Near</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic feature of simple fruits?

<p>They develop from a single ovary of a single flower. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a multiple fruit?

<p>Pineapple (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which fruit is commonly misidentified as an aggregate fruit but is not?

<p>Strawberry (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes aggregate fruits from simple fruits?

<p>Simple fruits develop from one ovary of one flower only. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of fleshy fruit is most likely to be confused due to its structural characteristics?

<p>Aggregate fruit (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which crop is primarily categorized as a root or tuber type?

<p>Cassava (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following crops is most correctly associated with its geographical origin?

<p>Potatoes - Andes Mountains (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which major food crop is known for providing primarily protein and fiber?

<p>Soybeans (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The majority of sweet potatoes are believed to have originated in which geographic region?

<p>South America (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which crop is highlighted as a significant source of carbohydrates and energy?

<p>Potatoes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following crops is recognized for its high demand for flooded farming conditions?

<p>Rice (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary distinguishing feature of legumes compared to other food crops?

<p>They provide significant protein and fiber. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which crop is known to have originated from Mesoamerica?

<p>Maize (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which food crop type primarily supplies vitamins and minerals?

<p>Fruits and Vegetables (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which crop is attributed to having originated in sub-Saharan Africa?

<p>Yams (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Identify two major food crop types and provide a brief description of each.

<p>Grains are staple foods like wheat and rice essential for nutrition. Legumes, such as soybeans and peanuts, are high in protein and often used in various diets.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary region believed to be the origin of wheat?

<p>Wheat originated in the Fertile Crescent, near the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Discuss the significance of maize's origin and its primary region of domestication.

<p>Maize, or corn, is primarily derived from Mesoamerica, which highlights its role in the diets and cultures of indigenous peoples in that region.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Outline the geographic origin of sorghum and its adaptability to climates.

<p>Sorghum is believed to have originated in parts of Africa and is well-adapted to arid and semi-arid climates.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the challenges associated with the soil conditions needed for barley cultivation?

<p>Barley requires suitable rainfall and well-drained soils, posing challenges in regions with poor drainage or inadequate precipitation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the historical significance of the region believed to be the origin of rice.

<p>Rice is believed to have originated in several regions of East Asia, making it a fundamental food source for billions of people in this area.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Briefly describe the two primary regions from which potatoes and sweet potatoes are derived.

<p>Potatoes are primarily derived from South America, while sweet potatoes most likely also originated from South America.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What climatic conditions are essential for the successful cultivation of rice?

<p>Rice requires flooded or regularly irrigated fields, typically thriving in tropical and subtropical climates.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Identify the primary regions where maize is predominantly grown and explain why these areas are suitable.

<p>Maize is predominantly grown in the Americas, particularly the United States and South America, due to suitable soil conditions and temperature ranges.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Discuss the ideal growing conditions for cassava and its significance as a staple crop.

<p>Cassava thrives in warm temperatures and well-drained soils, serving as a major carbohydrate source in tropical regions, especially Africa and Latin America.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the environmental requirements for successful soybean cultivation.

<p>Soybeans require moderate temperatures and fertile soils for optimal growth, mostly cultivated in the United States and South America.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the critical soil and climate conditions necessary for potato cultivation?

<p>Potatoes prefer cool climates and well-drained soils, mainly cultivated in Europe and South America.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the significance of sugarcane cultivation and the conditions necessary for its growth.

<p>Sugarcane requires a hot and humid climate with ample water, primarily grown in tropical and subtropical regions like Brazil and India.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What unique climatic requirements must be met for the cultivation of cocoa?

<p>Cocoa requires specific temperature and rainfall conditions, mainly grown in tropical regions such as West Africa.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary distinguishing factor for the cultivation of bananas compared to other major crops?

<p>Bananas need specific soil types, temperature, and rainfall conditions for optimum yield, predominantly grown in tropical countries.</p> Signup and view all the answers

______ is a staple grain crop that originated in the Fertile Crescent.

<p>Wheat</p> Signup and view all the answers

______ is a major source of calories for a significant portion of the world's population, particularly in Asia.

<p>Rice</p> Signup and view all the answers

______ is a highly important cereal grain, native to the Americas.

<p>Maize (Corn)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Andes Mountains in South America are known for the origin of ______, a key root vegetable.

<p>Potatoes</p> Signup and view all the answers

Originally domesticated in East Asia, ______ is widely used as a protein source.

<p>Soybeans</p> Signup and view all the answers

______ is a primary source of sugar and originated in areas of Southeast Asia.

<p>Sugarcane</p> Signup and view all the answers

Originating in South America, ______ serves as a significant source of carbohydrates and vitamins.

<p>Sweet Potatoes</p> Signup and view all the answers

______ is a root crop considered a calorie source for millions, especially in tropical climates.

<p>Cassava</p> Signup and view all the answers

Native to the Americas, ______ is a widely farmed legume providing protein.

<p>Beans</p> Signup and view all the answers

______ is a crucial fruit source, which originated in Southeast Asia or New Guinea.

<p>Bananas/Plantains</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

6 Major Centers of Origin

Geographic areas where many important food crops first evolved.

Seed Dispersal

The process of seeds being moved from the plant to other locations.

Natural Shattering

Plants naturally releasing seeds when ripe.

Shatter-Resistant Plants

Plants that keep their seeds instead of naturally releasing them.

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Subsistence Farming

Farming done by smallholder farmers to primarily meet their own needs.

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Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR)

Measure of how much feed an animal needs to produce a unit of product (e.g., meat, eggs).

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Major Food Crops

Important crops grown around the world as a source of food, typically grains.

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Domesticated Plants

Plants that have been selectively bred and adapted to be used by humans.

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Hybrids in Agriculture

Offspring of plants or animals with different varieties, possessing traits of both parents.

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Green Revolution

High-yielding crop varieties (wheat, corn, rice) increased food production in the 1940s-60s, preventing widespread starvation in developing countries.

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Green Revolution Problems

While improving quality of life, displaced tenant farmers, local economies struggled to keep up, birth rates increased, reliance on purchased inputs grew, and sustainability was questionable.

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Organic Farming

Farming that avoids synthetic pesticides, GMOs, and herbicides; often uses crop rotation.

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Farming Demographics

The distribution of farmers around the world; broken down by region and country

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Industrial vs. Organic Farming

Industrial farming focuses on maximizing yields through purchased inputs, while organic farming prioritizes natural methods and often has lower yields.

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Agricultural Economic Impacts

Fluctuations in global economy affect agricultural prices due to fluctuating prices for inputs like oil, fertilizer, electricity, and machinery.

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Science-based practices

Agricultural methods based on scientific understanding, resulting in higher crop yields per unit of land.

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Agriculture

The practice of cultivating plants and raising animals for food.

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Intensive Agriculture Impacts

Modern agriculture significantly impacts the environment with potential for negative effects, which can be partially lessened.

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Sustainability Concerns about intensive agriculture

Modern farming practices affect the environment potentially creating limitations for future sustainability.

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Neolithic Revolution

The transition from hunting and gathering to farming, leading to settled societies.

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Hunter-gatherers

People who hunt animals and gather plants for food; nomadic lifestyle.

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Biological Species Concept

Defines a species as a group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring.

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Agriculture Origin

The locations where crops were first cultivated before domestication.

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Centers of Origin

Locations where plants were cultivated before domestication.

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Trichinosis

A parasitic disease caused by eating improperly cooked pork containing Trichinella worms.

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Malthus's Theory

Population growth will eventually outpace food production, leading to famine and suffering.

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Population Growth/Decrease

The increase or decline of a human or animal population over time.

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Food Production & Poverty

The need to increase food production to combat poverty and hunger.

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Education/Children

Education is correlated with lower birth rates.

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Trichinosis cause

A parasitic disease caused by eating undercooked pork containing Trichinella worms.

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Malthus's Theory

Population growth surpasses food production, leading to famine.

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Population growth/decrease

Change in human population size over time.

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Food Production & Poverty

Increased food production helps reduce poverty and hunger.

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Education/Children

Education correlates with lower birth rates.

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Trichinosis

A parasitic disease transmitted by eating undercooked pork containing Trichinella worms.

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Malthus's Theory

The idea that population growth will surpass food production, leading to crises.

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Population Growth/Decrease

The change in the size of a population over time.

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Food Production & Poverty

The connection between enough food and reducing poverty.

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Education/Children

The correlation between education levels and lower birth rates.

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Simple Fruit

A fruit formed from a single ovary of a single flower.

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Aggregate Fruit

A fruit formed from many ovaries of a single flower.

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Multiple Fruit

A fruit developed from the ovaries of multiple flowers.

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Berry

A type of simple fruit, like a tomato.

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Strawberry (Classification)

Not an aggregate fruit; unlike blackberries and raspberries.

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Simple Fruit

A fruit formed from a single ovary of a single flower.

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Aggregate Fruit

A fruit formed from many ovaries of a single flower.

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Multiple Fruit

A fruit formed from the ovaries of multiple flowers.

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Strawberry Classification

A strawberry is not considered an aggregate fruit.

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Berry (fruit type)

A type of simple fruit, like a tomato.

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Simple Fruit

A fruit formed from a single ovary of a single flower.

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Aggregate Fruit

A fruit formed from many ovaries of a single flower.

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Multiple Fruit

A fruit developed from the ovaries of multiple flowers.

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Strawberry (type)

A strawberry is not classified as an aggregate fruit.

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Berry (fruit type)

A type of simple fruit, like a tomato.

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Simple Fruit

A fruit formed from a single flower's ovary.

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Aggregate Fruit

Fruit formed from multiple ovaries of a single flower.

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Multiple Fruit

Fruit formed from many flowers' ovaries.

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Strawberry (classification)

A type of fruit that isn't an aggregate fruit, despite its appearance.

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Berry (type)

A category of simple fruit, including tomatoes.

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Simple Fruit

A fruit formed from a single flower's ovary.

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Aggregate Fruit

A fruit formed from multiple ovaries of a single flower.

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Multiple Fruit

A fruit formed from the ovaries of many flowers.

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Strawberry (classification)

A type of fruit that isn't an aggregate fruit, despite its appearance.

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Berry (type)

A category of simple fruit, including tomatoes.

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Simple Fruit

A fruit formed from a single flower's ovary.

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Aggregate Fruit

A fruit formed from multiple ovaries of a single flower.

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Multiple Fruit

A fruit formed from the ovaries of many flowers.

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Strawberry (classification)

A type of fruit that isn't an aggregate fruit, despite its appearance.

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Berry (fruit type)

A category of simple fruit, including tomatoes.

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Macromolecules

Large complex chains of molecules formed by joining smaller units.

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Carbohydrates

Organic molecules containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio. They are a source of energy.

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Lipids

Macromolecules that are not soluble in water; fats, oils, and steroids.

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Monosaccharides

The simplest form of carbohydrates (e.g., glucose, fructose).

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Polysaccharides

Complex carbohydrates formed by linking many monosaccharides (e.g., starch, cellulose).

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Starch

A polysaccharide used by plants for energy storage.

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Cellulose

A polysaccharide that provides structural support in plants.

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Energy requirements

The amount of energy an individual needs to function.

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Nutrient requirements

Amount of each nutrient needed by most people.

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Nutrients

Substances needed for growth, maintenance and function obtained from food.

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Essential Amino Acids

Amino acids that the body cannot produce and must be obtained from food.

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Protein Assimilation

The process of the body absorbing and using the proteins from food.

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Protein Score

A measure of a protein's digestibility and its content of essential amino acids.

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Vitamins

Small, organic molecules needed for various bodily functions, not macromolecules.

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Vitamin Deficiencies Prevention Methods

Ways to prevent vitamin deficiencies include a balanced diet, supplements, fortified foods, and genetically engineered plants.

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Vitamin D

A vitamin that acts as a hormone, crucial for calcium absorption and health.

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Minerals

Nutrients obtained from food and water, essential for various bodily processes.

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Bioactive Molecules (Plants)

Plants use bioactive molecules due to their immobility to counteract environmental stressors and find nutrients.

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Antioxidants

Substances that help to reduce the damage from highly reactive oxygen molecules (free radicals).

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Functional Foods

Foods that may be fortified with additional nutrients or ingredients intended to have health-related benefits beyond basic nutrition.

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Macromolecule Classes

The four main types of large molecules (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids) used by living organisms.

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Nutritional Deficiencies

Lack of essential nutrients leading to health problems, ranging from mild to severe.

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Vegetarian/Vegan Diets

Dietary patterns excluding animal products, often relying on plant-based proteins and nutrients.

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Vitamin B12

A vitamin crucial for red blood cell production and nerve function; primarily found in animal products.

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Organic Foods vs. Health

Organic food production methods are designed to avoid synthetic chemicals, not necessarily to improve health.

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Carbohydrates

Macromolecules formed by simple sugar monomers (like glucose), providing energy.

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Protein Monomers

Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins.

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Nitrogen in Proteins

Proteins need nitrogen for their structure; It's an essential element.

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Health Implications of Macronutrients

Proper balance of macronutrients (carbs, protein, fat) is crucial to maintain good health; deficiencies or excesses can cause problems.

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Importance of Diet

Food choices influence health by providing or lacking essential nutrients.

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Triglycerides

A type of lipid, composed of glycerol and fatty acids, that stores energy.

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Cholesterol

A type of lipid, an essential component of cell membranes and precursor to certain hormones.

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Phospholipids

Lipids with a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tails; crucial for cell membranes.

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Hydrogenation

A process used to convert oils into more solid fats, making them more stable.

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Trans-fats

Artificial fats created during hydrogenation, potentially harmful to health.

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Essential Fatty Acids

Fatty acids humans cannot synthesize and must obtain from diet.

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Basal Metabolism

The energy used by an individual at rest for daily maintenance.

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Active Metabolism

Energy used for physical activity, conscious movements.

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Amino Acids

The building blocks of proteins, each with a distinct structure influencing protein function.

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Protein Polymer

Long chains of amino acids, which form complex structures.

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Nutrients

Substances required for body growth, maintenance, and function, sourced from food.

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Macromolecules

Large, complex molecules composed of smaller units (monomers).

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Carbohydrates

Organic molecules containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (1:2:1 ratio), primarily for energy.

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Lipids

Macromolecules insoluble in water, storing energy and forming cell structures.

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Monosaccharides

Simple sugars, the basic building blocks of carbohydrates.

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Polysaccharides

Complex carbohydrates formed by linking many monosaccharides.

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Starch

A polysaccharide used by plants for energy storage.

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Cellulose

A structural polysaccharide found in plant cell walls.

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Energy requirements

The amount of energy needed by an organism for its functions.

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Nutrient requirements

The amount of each nutrient needed by the body for optimal health.

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Triglycerides

A type of lipid composed of glycerol and fatty acids; stores energy.

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Cholesterol

A type of lipid crucial for cell membranes and hormone production.

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Phospholipids

Lipids with a phosphate group; major component of cell membranes.

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Fatty Acids

Chains of carbon and hydrogen atoms that form part of triglycerides and phospholipids.

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Saturated/Unsaturated

Describes the type of bonding in fatty acids; saturated has no double bonds, unsaturated has some.

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Hydrogenation

Converting liquid oils to solid fats by adding hydrogen.

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Trans-fats

Unsaturated fats that have been altered through hydrogenation; unhealthy fats.

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Essential Fatty Acids

Fatty acids the body cannot produce and must be obtained from diet.

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Basal Metabolism

Energy used for basic bodily functions at rest.

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Active Metabolism

Energy used during physical activity.

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Macromolecule Classes

Four main types of large molecules (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids) vital to life.

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Nutritional Deficiencies

Lack of essential nutrients causing health problems.

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Vegetarian/Vegan Diets

Dietary choices avoiding animal products, often relying on plant-based sources.

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Vitamin B12

Essential vitamin for red blood cell production & nerve function, primarily found in animal products.

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Organic Foods

Foods produced using methods that avoid synthetic chemicals, often focused on ecological practices.

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Macronutrients

The essential large molecules(carbs, protein, fat) for creating energy or building body components.

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Protein Monomers

Amino acids are the basic units that link together to form proteins.

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Nitrogen in Proteins

Nitrogen is a vital component needed for the structures of proteins.

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Carbohydrates

Macromolecules made from simple sugar monomers, like glucose, supplying energy.

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Vitamins

Small organic molecules needed for bodily functions, NOT macromolecules.

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Essential Amino Acids

Amino acids our bodies can't make and must get from food.

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Protein Assimilation

Body's process of absorbing and using dietary proteins.

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Protein Score

Measure of protein digestibility and essential amino acid content.

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Vitamins

Small, organic molecules, not macromolecules, needed for bodily functions.

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Vitamin D

Vitamin acting as a hormone, crucial for calcium absorption and health.

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Minerals

Nutrients from food and water, crucial for body functions.

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Bioactive Molecules (Plants)

Compounds plants use to compensate for immobility, like finding nutrients and preventing threats.

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Antioxidants

Substances that help prevent damage from reactive oxygen molecules.

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Probiotic Bacteria

Beneficial bacteria essential for proper health, found in the microbiome.

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Functional Foods

Foods fortified or supplemented to have health benefits beyond basic nutrition.

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Domestication of crops

The process of selectively breeding plants to adapt them to human use, changing their traits over time.

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Centers of origin

Geographic areas where many important food crops were first domesticated.

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Domestication syndrome

A set of traits that appear in domesticated plants, including seed retention, increased yield, and loss of seed dormancy.

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Landraces

Locally adapted varieties of crops with high genetic variability.

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Decreased genetic diversity

The reduction in the range of genetic variations in crops due to breeding for specific traits.

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Hybridization

The breeding of crop plants with their wild relatives to introduce new traits and improve the crop.

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Polyploidy

Having more than two sets of chromosomes, often leading to larger crops with new traits.

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Genetic erosion

The loss of genetic diversity in a crop plant through the increased use of high-yielding varieties.

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Advantages of decreased genetic diversity

Uniformity and higher yields are potentially easier to manage for farmers.

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Disadvantages of decreased genetic diversity

Increased susceptibility of crops to diseases and pests.

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Domestication of wheat

Wheat was domesticated in the Near East.

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Rice domestication region

Rice was domesticated in East Asia and Western Africa.

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Maize and bean domestication

Maize and beans were domesticated in Central America.

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Domesticated maize ancestor

The ancestor of domesticated maize (corn) is teosinte, a wild plant native to central Mexico.

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Domestication syndrome

A set of traits that occur in domesticated plants, accelerated evolution involving relatively few genes. Examples include seed retention, loss of seed dormancy, increased yield, and reduced sensitivity to environmental stresses.

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Genetic diversity decrease in crop evolution

Crop evolution is often marked by a decrease in genetic diversity as higher-yielding varieties replace existing ones.

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Decreased genetic diversity advantages

Crop uniformity can help in easier management, reducing crop failure risk during harvest, etc.

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Decreased genetic diversity disadvantages

Reduced genetic diversity makes crops more susceptible to pests and diseases.

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Crop hybridization benefits

Hybridization with wild relatives can lead to crop improvement, increased genetic diversity, and new traits. This is often known as hybrid vigor.

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Polyploidy

Having more than two complete sets of chromosomes; occurs in two ways: autopolyploidy and allopolyploidy ; leads to new crops and traits.

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Domestication of Wheat

Wheat was domesticated in the Near East.

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Domestication of Rice

Rice was domesticated in Southeast Asia and Western Africa.

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Domestication of Maize and Beans

Maize and beans were domesticated in Central America.

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Domestication Ancestor (Maize)

The ancestor of domesticated maize (corn) is teosinte, a wild plant found in central Mexico.

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Domestication Syndrome

Domestication involves the evolution of particular traits, including increased yield, seed retention, loss of seed dormancy, loss of sensitivity to a factor, gigantism, reduced toxic compounds.

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Decreased Genetic Diversity

Crop evolution involves the loss of genetic diversity as higher yielding varieties replace existing ones.

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Genetic Uniformity Advantages

Uniformity can simplify agricultural practices, but also makes crops more susceptible to pests and disease.

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Hybridization Advantages

Hybridization with wild relatives can lead to crop improvement, increased diversity, and hybrid vigour.

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Hybridization Disadvantages

Hybridization can sometimes lead to the creation of weeds that are hard to manage.

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Polyploidy

Having more than two complete sets of chromosomes; plants can survive this readily.

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Simple Fruit

A fruit derived from a single flower's ovary.

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Aggregate Fruit

A fruit formed from many ovaries of a single flower.

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Multiple Fruit

A fruit formed from the ovaries of numerous flowers.

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Strawberry (classification)

Doesn't belong to the aggregate fruit category, despite visual similarities.

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Berry (fruit type)

A type of simple fruit, like a tomato.

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Major Food Crops

Important crops grown worldwide providing significant portions of the world's food needs.

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Grain Crops

Food crops like rice, wheat, and maize primarily providing carbohydrates for energy.

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Legume Crops

Food crops like beans, peas, and lentils providing protein and fiber.

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Root/Tuber Crops

Food crops like potatoes, cassava, and sweet potatoes primarily used as a source of carbohydrates and energy.

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Crop Origins

The geographic locations where major food crops were first cultivated.

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Rice Origin

Rice originated in Southeast Asia.

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Climate Considerations

Different crops thrive in various climate conditions; for example, rice needs flooded fields, and wheat prefers drier areas.

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Global Crop Production

Factors such as agriculture technology, access to resources, and policy influence global production.

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Crop Adaptations

Modern farming practices have led to crop adaptations for varied climates through selective breeding.

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Major Crop Types

Different food crops are categorized into grains, legumes, roots/tubers, and fruits/vegetables based on their nutritional components.

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Sorghum

A cereal grain crop, commonly grown in Africa, India and other arid climates.

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Barley Origins

Primarily grown in temperate regions like Europe, Canada and parts of Asia, related to suitable rainfall amounts and soil.

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Major Grain Crops

Important crops worldwide such as wheat, rice, maize (corn), barley, and sorghum, used as a food source.

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Wheat Origin

The Fertile Crescent is where wheat originated near the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers.

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Rice Origin

Several regions in East Asia, Southeast Asia, and parts of India are where rice originated.

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Maize (Corn) Origin

Mesoamerica is the region where maize (corn) is believed to have originated.

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Sorghum Origin

Sorghum likely originated in certain parts of Africa.

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Wheat

A staple grain crop, important in Northern Hemisphere regions like Europe and North America.

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Rice

A crucial grain crop, extensively grown in tropical and subtropical regions, primarily in Asia.

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Maize (Corn)

A significant carbohydrate source, primarily grown in the Americas.

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Potato

A crucial starchy root vegetable, significant in Europe and South America.

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Sweet Potato

A starchy root vegetable cultivated in tropical and subtropical areas, including Asia and parts of Africa.

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Cassava

A major carbohydrate source, a staple in tropical regions, like Africa and Latin America.

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Soybean

A legume, primary source of protein, important in the US, South America, and China.

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Sugarcane

A crop used for sugar production, widely cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions.

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Wheat

A staple grain crop, important in many cultures, and often grown in temperate climates.

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Rice

A major calorie source for a large part of the global population, mostly cultivated in Asian countries.

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Maize (Corn)

An important cereal grain, originating in the Americas, grown extensively globally.

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Potatoes

A key root vegetable, a significant carbohydrate source, grown in many countries.

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Soybeans

A legume used for protein and oil, primarily grown in North and South America.

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Sugarcane

A primary source of sugar, grown in tropical and subtropical regions.

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Sweet Potatoes

A significant source of carbohydrates and vitamins, originating from South America.

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Cassava

A root crop, a major food source in tropical areas, primarily grown in South America.

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Bananas/Plantains

Crucial fruit source, originating in Southeast Asia, widely consumed in tropical regions.

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Peanuts

A legume crop used for oil and protein, originating in South America, now grown widely globally.

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Study Notes

A Changing Global Food System

  • 40% of the global workforce is involved in farming (1.3 billion people)
  • There are 570 million farms worldwide
  • Developing countries have smaller farms (<1 hectare), 50% of their population works or lives on farms
  • In the US, farms are larger (2,000 hectares), only 1% are farmers and 2% live on farms
  • Farmers have direct knowledge of food practices, regardless of the location or size of the farm

Farming Demographics

  • Globally, 9% of farms are in sub-Saharan Africa (41 countries)
  • 4% of farms are in high-income countries (46)
  • 9% of farms are in East Asia and the Pacific, excluding China (14 countries)
  • 24% of farms are in India
  • 35% of farms are in China
  • 6% are in South Asia, excluding India (6)
  • 3% are in Middle East and North Africa (12)
  • 4% are in Latin America and the Caribbean (26)
  • 7% are in Europe and Central Asia (14)
  • 47% are in upper middle-income countries (47)
  • 36% are in lower middle-income countries (38)

Science-Based Practices

  • Science-based farming practices in both developed and developing countries increase production per hectare
  • Agriculture started years ago, and was the first step towards a developed civilization

Hunters and Gatherers

  • Humans originated 4 million years ago
  • Homo (2.5 million years ago): increase in brain capacity; oldest known stone tools
  • Homo erectus (2-0.5 million years ago): evidence and use of fire and cooking
  • Homo neanderthalensis (250,000 - 30,000 years ago): shaped tools, evidence of starch consumption (grains) found on fossilized teeth, bitters and medicinal compounds
  • Homo sapiens (50,000 years ago): grinding seeds; wider range of foods

H. neanderthalensis

  • The term “species” has different meanings
  • The biological species concept defines a species as a group that can interbreed to produce fertile offspring
  • Neanderthals and Homo sapiens did not interbreed.
  • Humans have Neanderthal DNA in their genome
  • One theory is that humans exterminated Neanderthals.

H. sapiens Developed Advanced Tools

  • H. sapiens developed a sickle made of deer antler with embedded flint chips to cut grain stalks

A Modern Experiment

  • A wild wheat ancestor was harvested using a scythe vs. an electric weed trimmer to show efficiency in harvesting techniques.

Agriculture Arose Multiple Times

  • Centers of origin were locations where crop plants originated prior to domestication
  • Agriculture is generally in tropical or subtropical regions
  • These regions had distinct wet and dry seasons, to favour plant life cycles and efficient harvests

6 Major Centers of Origin

  • Near East ("Fertile Crescent"): wheat, barley, peas, lentils, grapes, olives, figs, date palms, onions, lettuce, safflower, flax.
  • China: japonica rice, millets, soybeans, adzuki beans, cabbage, oranges, limes, grapefruits, tea.
  • Mesoamerica: maize, common beans, squash, sweet potatoes, peppers, tomatoes, vanilla, upland cotton, sisal.
  • South America: potato, common beans, groundnut, peppers, pineapple, cassava, coca, yerba maté, pima cotton.
  • Sub-Saharan Africa: sorghum, African rice, pearl millet, teff, cowpeas, Bambara groundnuts, coffee, okra, melons, kenaf
  • India: indica rice, mung beans, pigeon peas, ricebeans.

Plants Make Seeds for Dispersal

  • Seeds contain nutrients to aid germination
  • Starch (in wheat) and oils (in canola) are two of these nutrients
  • The method of releasing seeds when ripe (shattering) is a difference between domesticated and wild plants. Domesticated crops require "threshing" from stalks

Natural Shattering vs. Shatter-Resistant Plants

To Make a Crop

  • Plough/clear land
  • Plant the crop
  • Control weeds
  • Constant care of crop (leads to non-nomadic life)
  • Agriculture involves cultivation of soil and planting
  • Note other technologies: selective breeding, plows, harvesting, canals, pumps for irrigation, removing seeds, and separating chaff.

Major Food Crops / The World's Twelve Major Food Crops

  • The twelve most important food crops in the world include maize, wheat, rice, soybeans, barley, tomatoes, sweet potatoes, bananas, sorghum, yams, and potatoes
  • Various regions where those crops are grown.

Livestock

Even Dedicated Carnivores Eat Plants

  • Livestock are raised on plants
  • Grain-fed livestock is more economical.
  • Feedlots supplement food provided to livestock
  • Meat consumption is correlated with soybean imports
  • Farmers need to know the feed conversion ratio. (The feed conversion ratio is the amount of feed needed to produce one kilogram of product/animal protein)

Crop Production Takes Several Forms

  • Requires human or animal labor. (Till the soil/sow the seeds/harvest)
  • Requires fertile soil, water (rain or irrigation)
  • These needs lead to subsistence farming (80% of farmers in China and Africa)
  • Industrial farming uses equipment (tractors), and supplements (fertilizers)

Different Crop Production Systems

  • Forest fallow (slash-and-burn, shifting cultivation)
  • Short fallow
  • Annual cultivation
  • Multiple cropping
  • Precision Agriculture

Hybrids in Agriculture

  • Combining genetics is powerful.
  • Offspring from different varieties show characteristics of both parents
  • Artificial selection enhances desirable features by controlled breeding
  • Corn was derived from teosinte, and hybrids are more powerful.

Corn Yield

  • Corn yields started to increase around 1935 with the introduction of hybrid corn.

The Green Revolution

  • The Green Revolution was an increase in the productivity of crops, particularly in wheat, corn, and rice
  • Starting in the 1940s-60s, this led to a decrease in widespread starvation, especially in developing nations like Mexico, Brazil, India, Pakistan, and the Philippines.

Not Everyone Was Thrilled With the Green Revolution

  • Improved quality of life for many
  • Displaced tenant farmers
  • Local economies couldn't absorb new manpower
  • Birth rates remained high
  • Over-reliance on purchased inputs

Problems with the Green Revolution

Organic Farming

  • Uses mechanization and improved/hybrid seeds
  • Crop rotation is used
  • Avoids synthetic pesticides, GMO seeds, and herbicides
  • Has a large yield gap compared to industrial farming to meet world food demand.

Agriculture and Food Production in Developed Countries

  • Food prices are affected by fluctuations in the price of purchased inputs (e.g., oil, fertilizer, electricity, machinery)
  • Food prices are affected by global economic factors

Intensive Agriculture

  • Modern farming practices have a significant impact on the environment.
  • Detrimental effects can be mitigated (e.g. precision agriculture)

Summary of Agriculture

  • Primitive (10,000-1,000 years ago): domestication, hand tools
  • Industrial Agriculture (300-200 years ago): improvements, pumps, engines, fertilizers, educational programs
  • Industrial Revolution (100 years ago): genetics, transport, refrigeration, gasoline replaces steam and animal power
  • Genetics, biochemistry and intensification (1940-2000): large-scale irrigation, synthetic pesticides, synthetic fertilizers, more genetic alteration, precision agriculture
  • Advanced genomics and sustainability (now): cooperation, new concepts, new consumer demands

Next Class

  • Guns, Germs, and Steel

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Description

Test your knowledge on agriculture, its impacts, and the significant changes brought about during the Green Revolution. Explore various farming methods, environmental effects, and the evolution of crop production. This quiz covers essential concepts in agricultural science.

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