Podcast
Questions and Answers
How did the introduction of machinery, such as Tull's seed drill, impact agricultural labor during the Agricultural Revolution?
How did the introduction of machinery, such as Tull's seed drill, impact agricultural labor during the Agricultural Revolution?
- It led to an increase in the demand for agricultural laborers as farms expanded their operations.
- It encouraged communal ownership of land, allowing more families to benefit from technological advancements.
- It contributed to unemployment in rural areas, prompting people to seek work in urban centers. (correct)
- It resulted in a decrease in crop yields due to the unfamiliarity of farmers with the new technology.
Which of the following best describes the key difference between the three-field open farming system and the four-field closed farming system?
Which of the following best describes the key difference between the three-field open farming system and the four-field closed farming system?
- The three-field system rotated wheat, rye/barley, and a fallow field, while the four-field utilized a grazing field, wheat, turnips and barley/rye. (correct)
- The three-field system produced surplus crops for sale, while the four-field system focused on subsistence farming.
- The three-field system involved communal land ownership, while the four-field system promoted individual ownership.
- The three-field system relied on livestock grazing to fertilize the soil, while the four-field system used chemical fertilizers.
How did communal land ownership impact agricultural practices before the Agricultural Revolution?
How did communal land ownership impact agricultural practices before the Agricultural Revolution?
- It limited the opportunity to grow new, and different crops, and made it harder to prevent spread of disease among livestock. (correct)
- It facilitated the efficient use of machinery and technological advancements in farming.
- It encouraged experimentation with new farming techniques, leading to higher crop yields.
- It allowed for specialized cultivation of different crops based on individual farmer preferences.
What were the major consequences of overcrowding and poor living conditions in urban areas during the Industrial Revolution?
What were the major consequences of overcrowding and poor living conditions in urban areas during the Industrial Revolution?
What was the role of 'piecers' and 'scavengers' in the textile industry during the Industrial Revolution, and what risks did they face?
What was the role of 'piecers' and 'scavengers' in the textile industry during the Industrial Revolution, and what risks did they face?
How did the increased food production during the Agricultural Revolution contribute to changes in population health and mortality rates?
How did the increased food production during the Agricultural Revolution contribute to changes in population health and mortality rates?
What role did coal play in the Industrial Revolution, and what were the environmental consequences of its use?
What role did coal play in the Industrial Revolution, and what were the environmental consequences of its use?
How effective were the trade unions in improving working conditions during the Industrial Revolution?
How effective were the trade unions in improving working conditions during the Industrial Revolution?
Consider the work conditions for children in factories during the Industrial Revolution. What were some of the biggest issues they faced?
Consider the work conditions for children in factories during the Industrial Revolution. What were some of the biggest issues they faced?
What action was taken to specifically address the exploitation of children in the mining industry, and what did it entail?
What action was taken to specifically address the exploitation of children in the mining industry, and what did it entail?
Flashcards
Three-field open farming system
Three-field open farming system
Farming system with rotating fields: one fallow, one for wheat, one for rye/barley.
Subsistence farming
Subsistence farming
Farming that produces just enough food to feed the farmer's family.
Cottage industry
Cottage industry
The production of goods, typically textiles, at home as a small-scale industry.
Four-field closed farming system
Four-field closed farming system
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Surplus farming
Surplus farming
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Urbanization
Urbanization
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Industrial Revolution
Industrial Revolution
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Trade Unions
Trade Unions
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Piecers
Piecers
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Scavengers
Scavengers
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Study Notes
- A summary of changes in farming and working conditions from before the agricultural revolution to the industrial revolution
Pre-Agricultural Revolution
- Farming followed a three-field open system involving crop rotation of fallow, wheat, and rye/barley.
- New and diverse crops were limited.
- Farming was primarily for subsistence, producing enough for family needs only.
- Land was communally owned.
- Fields were separated by pathways.
- Livestock diseases spread easily.
- Seeds were scattered for planting.
- There was minimal population movement from rural villages.
- Cottage industry involved homemade textile production, including:
- Carding: Brushing wool/cotton fibers.
- Spinning: Spinning fibers into thread on a spinning wheel.
- Weaving: Weaving thread on a loom to make fabric cloth.
Post-Agricultural Revolution
- Farming shifted towards a business-oriented approach.
- Improved stock-breeding methods were adopted.
- The four-field closed farming system rotated fallow grazing, wheat, turnips, barley, or rye.
- Surplus farming became common, producing more than needed for sale.
- Wealthy aristocrats owned land and leased/hired peasants.
- Land was enclosed by stone walls.
- Livestock diseases declined.
- Food production quality improved, leading to a decline in rickets, scurvy, and infant mortality.
- Advances in medicine contributed to health improvements.
- Increased machinery use (Tull’s seed drill, Rotherham’s plough) resulted in:
- Five times larger crop production.
- Unemployment, leading to urbanization.
Industrial Revolution
- Great Britain in the 1700s saw the start of the industrial revolution.
- Air pollution was caused by burning coal in machinery and factories.
- Steam-powered trains and machinery transformed the transportation and mining industries.
- Water pollution was due to mass disposal of feces and rubbish into the streets and waterways.
Living Conditions & Population Growth
- Rural-to-urban migration for employment caused:
- Overcrowding with 4-5 families in a single small-town house.
- Children born to enter the workforce.
- Mass inflation.
- Limited resources and accommodation.
- Poor housing, sanitation, and water quality.
- Dung heaps on the streets.
- Overfilled cesspits for excrement disposal.
Workforce & Child Labor
- Approximately 50% of workers were 14 or younger.
- Exposure to toxic chemicals and explosive gases occurred.
- Working conditions included:
- Excessive heat, poor ventilation, and limited light.
- 60+ hour work weeks, amounting to 12+ hours per day (except Sundays).
- Dangerous machinery.
- Pregnant women compelled to work, leading to miscarriages.
- Manchester was the textile industry center.
- Trade unions were introduced to improve working conditions but had little effect.
- Children were highly exploited with long hours and low pay (as much as $2/week for the time).
- Predominantly employed in the textile & mining sectors.
- Suffered numerous injuries and long-term health issues like rickets and malnutrition.
- Chimney boys swept chimney chutes, inhaling soot, dust, and debris.
- Textile industry jobs included:
- Operating machinery like the spinning jenny and water frame.
- High mortality rates due to climbing under and between machinery.
- Piecers: Children repairing broken threads in spinning machines.
- Scavengers: Children collecting loose threads and waste from under machines.
- Mining industry:
- The Mines Act of 1842 prohibited children under 10 from working underground in coal mines.
- Fathers/sons hewed coal.
- Mothers/daughters hurried coal which involved:
- Heaving coal in large baskets on their backs.
- Risk of coal falling off ladders during climbs, injuring those below.
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Description
Explore the transformation from the agricultural to the industrial revolution. Changes in farming practices and working conditions are described. Discover the shift from subsistence farming to business-oriented agriculture and the rise of cottage industries.
