Podcast
Questions and Answers
A well-prepared seedbed ensures better seed-to-soil contact and uniform emergence of seedlings.
A well-prepared seedbed ensures better seed-to-soil contact and uniform emergence of seedlings.
True
Field preparation only focuses on improving water retention, and does not impact soil fertility.
Field preparation only focuses on improving water retention, and does not impact soil fertility.
False
Secondary tillage involves the initial breaking and turning of the soil, like plowing.
Secondary tillage involves the initial breaking and turning of the soil, like plowing.
False
Applying basal fertilizer primarily helps in controlling pests that attack roots.
Applying basal fertilizer primarily helps in controlling pests that attack roots.
Signup and view all the answers
Using fences to prevent pests is an example of biological pest control.
Using fences to prevent pests is an example of biological pest control.
Signup and view all the answers
Ropes and strings are primarily used to identify different types of seeds.
Ropes and strings are primarily used to identify different types of seeds.
Signup and view all the answers
Corn is typically directly seeded into flooded fields or paddies.
Corn is typically directly seeded into flooded fields or paddies.
Signup and view all the answers
Hand-picking pests is a physical method of pest control.
Hand-picking pests is a physical method of pest control.
Signup and view all the answers
Applying basal fertilizer ensures uniform nutrient distribution, making them readily available for uptake.
Applying basal fertilizer ensures uniform nutrient distribution, making them readily available for uptake.
Signup and view all the answers
Temperature manipulation to kill pests is an example of Integrated Pest Management.
Temperature manipulation to kill pests is an example of Integrated Pest Management.
Signup and view all the answers
Soil solarization uses reflective coverings to cool the soil and kill pests.
Soil solarization uses reflective coverings to cool the soil and kill pests.
Signup and view all the answers
Enhanced root growth is achieved in compacted and poorly aerated soil.
Enhanced root growth is achieved in compacted and poorly aerated soil.
Signup and view all the answers
Reducing humidity levels to prevent mold is an example of humidity control in physical pest control.
Reducing humidity levels to prevent mold is an example of humidity control in physical pest control.
Signup and view all the answers
Monitoring pest populations involves determining acceptable pest levels before intervention.
Monitoring pest populations involves determining acceptable pest levels before intervention.
Signup and view all the answers
Herbicides are used to control weeds, not insect pests.
Herbicides are used to control weeds, not insect pests.
Signup and view all the answers
Sorting produce is done to classify crops based on size, quality, and color.
Sorting produce is done to classify crops based on size, quality, and color.
Signup and view all the answers
The 5S methodology is only used in farming industries.
The 5S methodology is only used in farming industries.
Signup and view all the answers
The term 5S refers to five Japanese words, each representing a step in a four step methodology.
The term 5S refers to five Japanese words, each representing a step in a four step methodology.
Signup and view all the answers
The 'Sort' step involves arranging tools logically for efficiency.
The 'Sort' step involves arranging tools logically for efficiency.
Signup and view all the answers
The 'Set in Order' step focuses on ensuring everything has a designated place.
The 'Set in Order' step focuses on ensuring everything has a designated place.
Signup and view all the answers
The meaning of 'Shine' is to regularly clean equipment and surroundings.
The meaning of 'Shine' is to regularly clean equipment and surroundings.
Signup and view all the answers
The 'Standardize' step involves creating a checklist for daily cleaning and tasks for management only.
The 'Standardize' step involves creating a checklist for daily cleaning and tasks for management only.
Signup and view all the answers
The 'Sustain' step involves making 5S a long-term culture, with continuous improvement and discipline.
The 'Sustain' step involves making 5S a long-term culture, with continuous improvement and discipline.
Signup and view all the answers
When recording observations, it is not important to include a detailed description of what is observed.
When recording observations, it is not important to include a detailed description of what is observed.
Signup and view all the answers
Ordinary storage for farm products involves placing items in containers at room temperature.
Ordinary storage for farm products involves placing items in containers at room temperature.
Signup and view all the answers
Refrigeration is not an effective method of storing fruits and vegetables.
Refrigeration is not an effective method of storing fruits and vegetables.
Signup and view all the answers
Controlled atmosphere storage involves very little control over environmental factors.
Controlled atmosphere storage involves very little control over environmental factors.
Signup and view all the answers
Food preservation helps ensure a continuous supply of food materials.
Food preservation helps ensure a continuous supply of food materials.
Signup and view all the answers
Field crop products are preserved by drying followed by packaging.
Field crop products are preserved by drying followed by packaging.
Signup and view all the answers
This module only covers the storage of crops.
This module only covers the storage of crops.
Signup and view all the answers
Diseases causing plant pathogens are not covered in this module.
Diseases causing plant pathogens are not covered in this module.
Signup and view all the answers
Drying is a postharvest practice used to increase the moisture content of crops.
Drying is a postharvest practice used to increase the moisture content of crops.
Signup and view all the answers
Transporting is not considered an important step in maintaining quality after harvesting.
Transporting is not considered an important step in maintaining quality after harvesting.
Signup and view all the answers
Control measures for rodents is not discussed in this module.
Control measures for rodents is not discussed in this module.
Signup and view all the answers
Mature crops should have the appropriate color for their variety.
Mature crops should have the appropriate color for their variety.
Signup and view all the answers
A high-quality harvest should have a lot of variation in size, shape and color.
A high-quality harvest should have a lot of variation in size, shape and color.
Signup and view all the answers
Crops like tomatoes or peppers should have a wrinkled and soft skin, indicting they are at peak quality.
Crops like tomatoes or peppers should have a wrinkled and soft skin, indicting they are at peak quality.
Signup and view all the answers
Freshly harvested crops should look very dry, and shriveled when looking for freshness
Freshly harvested crops should look very dry, and shriveled when looking for freshness
Signup and view all the answers
High-quality produce should taste like it is meant to.
High-quality produce should taste like it is meant to.
Signup and view all the answers
The presence of insect holes or bites on crops is a sign of good quality.
The presence of insect holes or bites on crops is a sign of good quality.
Signup and view all the answers
Mistletoe and Bunga ng tubo are the only parasitic flowering plants found in the Philippines.
Mistletoe and Bunga ng tubo are the only parasitic flowering plants found in the Philippines.
Signup and view all the answers
Protection control measures aim to encourage the invasion of pathogens into the plant system.
Protection control measures aim to encourage the invasion of pathogens into the plant system.
Signup and view all the answers
Physical measures for disease control involve the use of chemicals to prevent pathogen invasion.
Physical measures for disease control involve the use of chemicals to prevent pathogen invasion.
Signup and view all the answers
Chemical measures for disease control include the application of fungicides to planting materials, leaves, and harvested products.
Chemical measures for disease control include the application of fungicides to planting materials, leaves, and harvested products.
Signup and view all the answers
Disease control measures based on the principle of immunization aim to eliminate all pathogens from plants.
Disease control measures based on the principle of immunization aim to eliminate all pathogens from plants.
Signup and view all the answers
Eradication measures are aimed at getting rid of pathogens that are already present or around plants.
Eradication measures are aimed at getting rid of pathogens that are already present or around plants.
Signup and view all the answers
Heat treatment and aerobic treatment are two physical methods used to kill pathogens in plants.
Heat treatment and aerobic treatment are two physical methods used to kill pathogens in plants.
Signup and view all the answers
Systemic chemicals can change a plant's disease reaction as part of immunization disease control strategies.
Systemic chemicals can change a plant's disease reaction as part of immunization disease control strategies.
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Agricultural Crop Production NC II
- This is a curriculum for agricultural crop production.
COC 1
PERFORM NURSERY OPERATIONS
- This component covers nursery operations.
SUPPORT NURSERY WORKS
- This refers to support tasks in a nursery.
USE FARM TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT
- Farm tools, implements, and equipment are crucial in agricultural crop production.
- Availability of these tools increases work speed and efficiency.
- Proper knowledge of tools and equipment is essential for successful crop production use.
COMMON FARM HAND TOOLS
- Hand tools are lightweight and operate without animal or machine assistance.
- Used for smaller, important farm tasks.
- Examples: fertilizer, manure.
FARM HAND TOOLS - SPADE
- A digging tool.
- Blade is typically narrower and less curved compared to a shovel.
- Has a long handle.
FARM HAND TOOLS - HOE
- A long-handled tool with a thin metal blade.
- Used for weeding and breaking up soil.
- Can be used to dig or thin out/dig up plants.
FARM HAND TOOLS - SPADING FORK
- A gardening tool with a handle and several (usually four) short, sturdy tines.
- Used for loosening soil, lifting, and turning over soil.
- Used in gardening and farming.
FARM HAND TOOLS - PICK MATTOCK
- A versatile tool for digging and chopping.
- Similar to a pickaxe but with a long handle and a stout head combining an axe blade with an adze.
- Also known as a cutter mattock or a pick and adze (pick mattock).
FARM HAND TOOLS - TROWEL
- A small digging/applying/smoothing/moving tool.
- Used for digging, applying, smoothing, or moving viscous or particulate material.
FARM HAND TOOLS - LIGHT HOE
- Used for loosening and leveling soil, and digging out furrows for planting.
FARM HAND TOOLS - HAND CULTIVATOR
- Used for cultivating the garden plot by loosening the soil and removing weeds around the plants.
FARM HAND TOOLS - WATER PAILS
- Used for hauling water, manure, and fertilizer.
FARM HAND TOOLS - HAND FORK
- Used for inter-row cultivation.
FARM HAND TOOLS - SPRINKLERS
- Used for watering seedlings and young plants.
FARM HAND TOOLS - WHEEL BARROW
- A small hand-propelled vehicle used for transporting materials across the field.
- Often has a single wheel and guided by a single person.
- Some come with a sail to push the ancient wheelbarrow.
FARM HAND TOOLS - BOLO
- Used for cutting grass and branches.
FARM HAND TOOLS - SCISSORS
- Hand-operated shearing tools.
- Consist of a pair of metal blades that pivot to allow the sharpened edges to slide against each other.
FARM HAND TOOLS - PRUNING SHEAR
- A type of scissors used on plants.
- Strong enough to prune hard branches on trees and shrubs, sometimes up to two centimeters thick.
FARM HAND TOOLS - POLE CUTTER
- A tool for pruning with a cutting part on the end of a rope or pole, typically 6-12 feet long.
FARM HAND TOOLS - BUDDING KNIFE
- A small knife with a spatula on the other end of the handle.
- Used for cutting above the bud at budding or waiting for the bud to grow.
FARM HAND TOOLS - GRAFTING KNIFE
- Good for general grafting.
- Has a blade of about 3 inches and a handle of about 4 inches.
FARM MACHINERIES
- Refers to mechanical devices used in agriculture.
- Makes tasks more efficient and less labor-intensive.
- Crucial for land preparation, planting, and post-harvest processing.
- Requires a highly skilled operator.
FARM MACHINERIES - HAND TRACTOR
- Most useful and convenient equipment for farmers.
- Used for pulling plows and harrows to prepare a wide area of land.
- Important for farm mobility.
FARM MACHINERIES - FOUR-WHEEL TRACTOR
- Used to pull disc plows, disc harrows, and rotavators, for preparing wider areas.
- Ideal for transporting bulk materials, equipment, and farm inputs during harvest.
FARM MACHINERIES - WATER PUMP
- Used to draw irrigation water from sources like deep wells, rivers, and lakes.
FARM MACHINERIES - COMBINE HARVESTER
- Combines harvesting and threshing in one operation.
- Grains get deposited in the compartment, and are easily transported.
GOOD WORKING EQUIPMENT + ABLE AND AWARE OPERATOR = SAFE
- A safe working environment for farm operations needs good equipment maintenance.
- Workers who are knowledgeable and skilled in proper equipment usage ensure safety.
FARM IMPLEMENTS
- Accessories pulled or mounted on working animals or machinery, essential for land preparation.
- Mainly made of specific metal alloys.
- Examples : Plows, Harrows, Rotavator,
FARM IMPLEMENTS - PLOWS
- Used in land tillage for large areas and row cultivation.
- Either pulled by animals or tractor.
- Combination of metal and/or wood.
FARM IMPLEMENTS - HARROWS
- Used for tilling, leveling, and pulverizing soil.
- Native harrows use wood with a metal tooth, pulled by a carabao.
- Disc harrows are metal, mounted on a tractor.
FARM IMPLEMENTS - ROTAVATOR
- Tractor-mounted implement for tilling and pulverizing soil.
FACTORS NEED TO CONSIDER IN SELECTING NURSERY SHED
- Accessibility: Easy access for material and plant transport.
- Water Availability: Proximity to a reliable water source for irrigation.
- Sunlight: Sufficient sunlight exposure, possibly partial shade for seedlings.
- Protection: Away from strong winds, floods, or pests.
- Space: Enough room for operations and future expansion.
TECHNIQUES FOR BREAKING SEED DORMANCY - SCARIFICATION
- Scratching or weakening the seed coat.
TECHNIQUES FOR BREAKING SEED DORMANCY - STRATIFICATION
- Exposing seeds to moist and cold conditions for a specific period.
PLANT PROPAGATION TECHNIQUES
- Creating new plants from a variety of sources (seeds, cuttings, parts).
- Two categories:
- Sexual propagation (from seeds)
- Asexual propagation (from cuttings/parts).
SEXUAL PROPAGATION IN PLANTS
- Involves the fusion of male and female gametes (sex cells) to produce seeds.
- Creates new plants genetically different from the parent plant.
- Process:
- Pollination: Pollen transfer from the male part (anther) to the female part (stigma) of the flower.
- Fertilization: Male gamete (sperm) fertilizes the female gamete (egg).
- Seed formation: Fertilized egg develops into seed inside the fruit.
- Seed germination: The newly planted seed develops into a seedling and then a mature plant.
ASEXUAL PROPAGATION
- Creating new plants from a single parent without seeds.
- Results in genetically identical plants (clones).
- Methods:
- Cutting: A part of the stem, leaf or root is planted to grow a new plant.
- Layering: A stem is bent to the ground and covered with soil to grow roots while attached.
- Division: The plant's root ball is divided into smaller parts, each with a root and shoot system.
- Grafting: Joining a part of one plant (scion) onto another plant (rootstock) to create a united plant.
GOOD QUALITY SEEDS
- Good quality seeds are the foundation of successful farming, essential for high agricultural productivity.
- Characteristics:
- High Germination Rate: Ability to germinate into healthy plants. (The BPI sets minimum percentages depending on the crop.)
- Seed Purity: Free from other plant species (especially weeds), and physically clean/uniform. (BPI requires specific purity percentages.)
- Free from Diseases, Pests & Injurious Organisms: Needs checks and testing per seed batch for seed- borne diseases and pests to fit BPI standards.
- Good Physical Quality: Matured, fully developed, good shape & size. No damaged, shriveled, or discolored seeds.
- Proper Moisture Content: Should be appropriate for storage and preservation (usually 8-12% based on the crop preventing mold or decay).
- Freshness and Viability: Must be fresh, viable, and capable of germinating into healthy plants. (Must not be older than one year.)
GOOD QUALITY SEEDLINGS
- Essential for successful agriculture & horticulture.
- Influences health, productivity and resilience of mature plants.
- Key Characteristics:
- Healthy Root System: Well-developed, strong, free from diseases or damage.
- Well-developed, Firm Stem: Straight, sturdy, and free of diseases or damage.
- Healthy Leaves: Vibrant green, well-formed, free of discoloration, disease spots, or insect damage.
- Uniform Size and Growth: Uniform in height, leaf size, and stem thickness.
- Disease-Free: Free from diseases, pests, and other harmful organisms.
- No Physical Damage: Free from physical injuries (broken roots, bruised stems, or torn leaves).
- Proper Hardening and Pre-Transplanting Care: Hardened gradually (less water, more sunlight) prior to transplanting to avoid excessive shock to the seedling.
IMPORTANCE OF GERMINATION TEST
- Determines the percentage of seeds that will sprout, impacting planting efficiency.
- Helps farmers estimate seed and planting density requirements.
- Ensures quality control and better crop yields.
PLANTING MATERIALS
- Items or substances used to establish crops or plants.
- Can range from seeds, seedlings and cuttings to bulbs, corms, and grafts.
- Choice depends on the plant type, the desired propagation method (sexual or asexual), and growing conditions.
DIFFERENT PLANTING MATERIALS - SEEDS
- Reproductive units of plants
- Can grow into new plants under suitable conditions.
- Commonly used for corn, rice, vegetables, and fruits.
DIFFERENT PLANTING MATERIALS - SEEDLINGS
- Young plants that have germinated from seeds.
- Developed to the point of being transplanted to the field.
- Used for crops that require early nurturing. (e.g., tomatoes, peppers).
DIFFERENT PLANTING MATERIALS - CUTTINGS
- A part of a plant (usually a stem, leaf or root) used to grow a new plant.
- Used to propagate various trees, shrubs, and ornamental plants.
DIFFERENT PLANTING MATERIALS - BULBS
- Underground storage organs with short stems surrounded by fleshy leaves.
- Used in ornamental flowers (e.g., tulips, lilies, onions).
DIFFERENT PLANTING MATERIALS - CORMS
- Thickened, fleshy underground stems.
- Used for storing nutrients for the plant.
- Used to propagate plants like taro, gladiolus, and crocus.
DIFFERENT PLANTING MATERIALS - TUBERS
- Swollen underground stems or roots that store food for the plant.
- Commonly used in crops like potatoes, sweet potatoes, and yams.
DIFFERENT PLANTING MATERIALS - GRAFTS AND BUDWOOD
- Joining two plant parts (rootstock and scion) to grow as a single plant.
- Budwood refers to a part of a plant with a bud that can be grafted.
- Used in fruit tree production, especially for citrus, mango, and apple trees.
DIFFERENT PLANTING MATERIALS - LAYERING
- A method of asexual propagation.
- A stem or branch is bent and buried in soil to develop roots while still attached to the parent plant.
- Used with plants like raspberries, blackberries, and certain ornamental shrubs.
DIFFERENT PLANTING MATERIALS - MICROPROPAGATION (TISSUE CULTURE)
- Growing plant cells or tissues in a sterile, nutrient-rich medium to produce new plants.
- Used with plants that don't propagate well from seeds or cuttings, (e.g., bananas, pineapples.)
TYPES OF SOIL
- Soil is categorized by texture: proportion of sand, silt, and clay.
- Main types:
- Sandy Soil
- Silty Soil
- Clay Soil
- Loamy Soil
TYPES OF SOIL - SANDY SOIL
- Coarse texture, high drainage but low water retention.
- Gritty to the touch, lacks nutrients.
- Needs frequent fertilization.
TYPES OF SOIL - SILTY SOIL
- Smooth texture, finer than sandy soil, but less sticky than clay.
- Good moisture and nutrient retention but prone to drainage.
- Often feels soft and soapy to the touch.
TYPES OF SOIL - CLAY SOIL
- Fine texture, high water retention and low drainage.
- Can feel sticky when wet and hard when dry.
- Compacts easily, making it difficult for roots to grow.
- Retains nutrients well.
TYPES OF SOIL - LOAMY SOIL
- Balanced mix of sand, silt, and clay.
- Ideal for most plants; good drainage, moisture and nutrient retention.
- Rich in organic matter, which supports healthy plant growth.
- May need amendment if the composition shifts too much towards a single component.
GROWING MEDIA
- Materials or substances used to support plant growth, nutrient absorption, and water retention.
- Used in different cultivation methods (traditional soil-based agriculture, hydroponics, container gardening).
- Choice depends on the plant type, cultivation method, and available resources.
- Examples: soil, compost, peat moss, perlite, vermiculite, coco coir, sand, rice hulls, and sawdust.
COMPONENTS OF A GROWING MEDIUM
- Garden soil/Topsoil: Provides structure and nutrients.
- Compost: Adds organic matter and improves fertility.
- Carbonized rice hull: Improves drainage and aeration.
CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD GROWING MEDIUM
- Good drainage: Prevents water logging and root rot.
- Nutrient-rich: Supplies essential nutrients for plant growth.
- Good water-holding capacity: balances water retention and drainage.
- Organic Matter Content: Improves nutrient content, moisture retention, and soil structure.
- pH Level: Suitable for optimal nutrient absorption.
- Sterility: Free from pathogens, diseases, and weed seeds
CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD GROWING MEDIUM - TEXTURE AND STRUCTURE
- Loose and crumbly, allowing for easy root penetration.
- Not too compacted or too coarse.
- Ideal structure allows for root expansion.
CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD GROWING MEDIUM - LOW SALINITY
- Low salt concentration to prevent build-up of harmful salts, protecting plants.
- Inhibits their ability to absorb water.
MANUAL TOOLS FOR LAND PREPARATION
- Spade: Digging, turning, and mixing soil.
- Hoe: Breaking soil clumps, digging trenches, and removing weeds.
- Rake: Leveling soil, removing debris, and spreading material like compost.
- Shovel: Moving soil, sand, or organic matter.
TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT FOR LAND PREPARATION
- Pickaxe: Breaking hard or compacted soil.
- Hand Fork: Loosening soil in small areas and uprooting weeds.
- Mattock: Versatile tool for digging and chopping through roots or hard soil..
- Wheelbarrow: Transporting soil, compost, or other materials.
- Garden Line and Stakes: Marking planting rows or beds.
- Land Leveler: Manual leveling of the field surface.
COC 2
PLANT CROPS
- This component describes different types of planting systems used in agriculture and horticulture.
PLANTING SYSTEM
- Various planting systems are employed for better cultivation practices using space, light, and resources to maximize crop yield and quality.
- Factors: Crop type, land topography, climatic conditions.
- Examples: Square system, rectangular system, triangular system, hexagonal system, quincunx system, and contour system.
DIFFERENT PLANTING SYSTEM - SQUARE SYSTEM
- Plants positioned at the corners of squares, forming a grid pattern.
- This facilitates uniform spacing, and simplifies intercultural operations (e.g., plowing, irrigation).
- Ideal for orchards and plantations.
DIFFERENT PLANTING SYSTEM - RECTANGULAR SYSTEM
- Similar to the square system but arranged as rectangles.
- Plant spacing is typically wider within rows to allow for better air circulation and sunlight penetration.
- Ideal for crops requiring larger spacing between rows. (e.g., for machinery movement.)
DIFFERENT PLANTING SYSTEM - TRIANGULAR SYSTEM
- Plants are positioned in equilateral triangles, often preferred over the square method in certain areas with a higher desired planting density.
- Allows for a higher planting density, which can lead to increased yields.
- Can be more labor-intensive for mechanized operations.
DIFFERENT PLANTING SYSTEM - HEXAGONAL SYSTEM
- Positions plants at the corners of hexagons.
- Enables the accommodation for more crops in the same area and maximizes yield. Requires meticulous management to prevent overcrowding.
DIFFERENT PLANTING SYSTEM - QUINCUNX SYSTEM
- A diagonal planting system.
- Four trees are planted at the corners of a square in the center. This system effectively maximizes land use.
DIFFERENT PLANTING SYSTEM - CONTOUR SYSTEM
- Plant crops along natural contours of the land.
- Reduces soil erosion and water runoff while maintaining moisture and soil fertility.
- Primarily used in hilly areas for crops sensitive to water-logging.
DIFFERENT PLANTING SYSTEM - BROADCASTING
- Uniformly scattering seeds over the soil surface.
- Quick and affordable for small-seeded crops (e.g. rice, wheat, millet).
- Results in uneven plant distribution, requiring subsequent thinning.
ACTIVITIES IN LAND PREPARATION
- Clearing, Plowing, Harrowing ,Field layout, Raising beds, Sterilization, Leveling.
BENEFITS OF PREPARING THE FIELD BEFORE PLANTING
- Improved Soil Structure: Breaks up compacted soil, allowing better root penetration and aeration.
- Weed Control: Removes existing weeds, reducing competition.
- Better Water Retention: Loosening soil and improving its structure allows for better absorption and retention.
- Enhanced Nutrient Availability: Prepared soil allows for even distribution of fertilizers and organic matter.
- Prevention of Soil Erosion: Stabilizes the soil, reducing risk in sloped areas.
- Improved Seed Germination: Optimal environment for seed germination.
- Better Pest and Disease Management: Eliminates crop residues, tilling the soil, or applying pesticides.
- Easier Planting: Level, loose, uniform surface for planting and transplant.
- Enhanced Root Growth: Loosened and well-aerated soil allows plant roots to grow freely and deeper; improves plant stability and nutrient access.
TWO FORMS OF TILLAGE OPERATIONS
- Primary Tillage (Plowing): Initial breaking and turning of soil, useful for tilling large areas.
- Secondary Tillage (Harrowing): Finely preparing the soil, useful to enhance aeration, weed, and pest elimination.
APPLYING BASAL FERTILIZER
- Provides essential nutrients at planting. (Nitrogen(N), Phosphorus(P), Potassium(K))
- Enhances root establishment.
- Promotes uniform nutrient distribution.
MATERIALS NEEDED IN FIELD LAY-OUT
- Measuring Tape: Accurate distances.
- Rope or String: Straight rows or planting lines.
- Wooden Stakes: Marking boundaries and planting points.
CROPS THAT ARE DIRECT SEEDED
- Corn (Maize): Directly seeded into rows after soil preparation.
- Rice: Typically direct-seeded in flooded fields or paddies.
- Beans (Mung Beans, Kidney Beans, Soybeans): Seeds are directly sown into well-prepared soil.
- Peas: Sown directly into the soil for optimal germination and growth.
- Sunflower: Direct-seeded for oil or ornamental purposes.
- Carrots: Seeded directly into well-drained, loose soil.
- Radishes: Direct seeding is ideal given their fast growing trait.
- Lettuce: Can be direct-seeded for certain varieties.
- Spinach: Direct-seeded in the soil for early spring or fall harvests.
- Cucumber: Usually direct-seeded in well-prepared soil , particularly for early varieties.
- Squash (e.g., Zucchini, Butternut): Direct-seeded for summer and winter varieties.
- Pumpkin: Often direct-seeded after the last frost in the spring.
- Melons (e.g., Watermelon, Cantaloupe): Sown directly into the soil, especially when the weather is warm.
CROPS THAT ARE TRANSPLANTED
- Rice: Manual transplanting is dominant in the Philippines.
- Tomato: Seedlings are first grown in trays or pots then transplanted to the field or garden.
- Pepper (Bell, Chili) typically started indoors or in nurseries before being transplanted later.
- Cabbage: Grown in nursery beds then transplanted to allow for spacing in field.
- Broccoli: Started as seeds in trays or seedbeds before being transplanted.
- Cauliflower: Initially grown in controlled environments then transplanted later.
- Eggplant: Transplanted once seedlings are strong enough.
- Lettuce: Often started in greenhouses or seed trays and later transplanted for precise spacing.
- Cucumber: Seedlings are often grown in nurseries then transplanted to avoid root disturbance.
- Melons (e.g., Cantaloupe, Watermelon): Seedlings are transplanted after growing in seed trays.
- Kale: Typically started in trays or seedbeds, transplanted into the field for spacing.
COC 3: CARE AND MAINTAIN CROPS
- This component covers the care and maintenance of crops.
IRRIGATION
- Essential for supplying water to crops, especially in areas with insufficient rainfall.
- Various methods are developed for diverse agricultural needs.
TYPES OF IRRIGATION
- Sprinkler Irrigation: Mimics natural rainfall by spraying water. Suitable for various terrains and provides uniform distribution, but can be affected by wind.
- Drip Irrigation: Delivers water directly to plant roots through tubes and emitters. Minimizes water waste, making it ideal for water-scarce regions.
- Manual Irrigation: Labor-intensive, using watering cans, buckets, or hoses to apply water directly to plants.
- Suitable primarily for small-scale gardening, but practical for larger operations.
- Surface Irrigation: Distributes water over the soil by gravity flow. Includes techniques like furrow, basin, and border irrigation. Cost-effective, but can have water loss.
- Subsurface Irrigation: Delivers water through underground pipes or drip lines directly to the root zone. Efficient in use by reducing evaporation.
FERTILIZER APPLICATION
- Crucial for supplying essential nutrients to plants, encouraging healthy growth and optimal yields.
- Various methods to apply fertilizer, tailored to crop type, soil conditions.
METHODS OF APPLYING FERTILIZER
- Broadcasting: Uniformly spreading fertilizers over the entire soil surface, suitable for dense stands, where roots permeate the soil volume. Used for large nutrient doses like insoluble phosphatic fertilizers.
- Banding: Fertilizers are applied in bands near the seed or roots, ensuring nutrients are easily available for root development. Best for phosphorus fertilizers.
- Side-dressing: Applying fertilizers in a band beside the crop rows during the growing season when crop demand is high, especially for high-nutrient crops.
- Foliar Feeding: Applying liquid fertilizers directly to plant leaves. This is a quick nutrient boost for plants with nutrient deficiencies.
- Fertigation: Applying fertilizers through irrigation systems for precise nutrient delivery. Efficient, reducing losses, making it ideal for high-value crops.
- Basal Application: Incorporating fertilizers into the soil before or during planting. Prompts robust early growth which is particularly useful for nutrients such as phosphorus and potassium.
- Top Dressing: Applying fertilizers on the soil surface after crop establishment. Commonly used in supplying nutrients like nitrogen during the growing season.
CLASSIFICATION OF FERTILIZER BASE ON FORM
- Inorganic/Chemical Fertilizers: Synthesized through chemical processes; provides readily available nutrients. Examples: urea, ammonium sulfate, single superphosphate, and triple superphosphate.
- Organic Fertilizers: Derived from natural sources; improves soil structure and provides nutrients over time. Examples: animal manure, compost, and green manure.
CLASSIFICATION OF FERTILIZER BASE ON ELEMENT PRESENT
- Single Fertilizers: Supplies only one primary nutrient.
- Examples: -Nitrogen: Urea, ammonium sulfate. -Phosphorus: Single superphosphate, triple superphosphate. -Potassium: Potassium chloride, potassium sulfate.
- Incomplete Fertilizers: Contains two primary nutrients.
- Examples:
-Diammonium phosphate (DAP)
-Monoammonium phosphate (MAP)
- Ammonium polyphosphate.
- Examples:
-Diammonium phosphate (DAP)
-Monoammonium phosphate (MAP)
- Complete Fertilizers: Contains all three primary nutrients (N, P, K). Used when soil tests show
deficiencies.
- Examples: 10-10-10, 16-4-8.
- Mixed Fertilizers: Contains two or more major fertilizer elements.
- Examples: Blend of ammonium nitrate and superphosphate; Potassium chloride and ammonium sulfate.
FERTILIZER AND THEIR FERTILIZER GRADES
- Examples of chemical fertilizers and their grades (N-P2O5-K2O).
PESTS
- Organisms causing harm to human health, agriculture, or the environment.
- Categories: insects, rodents, mollusks, nematodes, weeds, and pathogens.
TYPE OF PEST - INSECT PESTS
- Diverse and numerous pests in agriculture.
- Cause direct damage by feeding on tissues.
- Transmit plant diseases and pathogens.
- Serve as vectors for crop pests.
- Examples: Aphids, whiteflies, spider mites, grasshoppers, and cutworms.
TYPE OF PEST - RODENTS
- Cause extensive damage to crops, food storage, and structures.
- Examples: Rats and mice.
TYPE OF PEST - MOLLUSKS
- Include snails and slugs, often pests in gardens and agricultural fields.
- Damage crops by consuming plant material.
TYPE OF PEST - NEMATODES
- Microscopic worms that infest plant roots.
- Examples are root-knot nematodes.
TYPE OF PEST - WEEDS
- Unwanted plants that compete for resources.
- Examples: Grasses (like crabgrass), Sedges, and Broadleaf (like dandelions).
TYPE OF PEST - PATHOGENS
- Organisms causing diseases in plants (e.g. fungi, bacteria, viruses).
- Often lead to reduced yields and quality issues.
METHODS IN CONTROLLING PEST
- Cultural Control: Modifying farm practices to reduce pest establishment, reproduction, and survival. (e.g., crop rotation and sanitation)
- Biological Control: Utilizing natural predators, parasites, or pathogens to control pest populations (e.g., introducing beneficial insects).
- Mechanical Control: Direct human intervention to physically remove or kill pests (e.g., trapping, barriers, hand picking)
- Physical Control: Altering environmental conditions to make them unfavorable for pests (e.g., using heat or cold, adjusting humidity).
- Chemical Control: Applying chemical substances to kill or repel pests (e.g., insecticides, herbicides, fungicides).
- Integrated Pest Management (IPM): Holistic approach combining multiple methods.
COMMON INDICES OF CROP MATURITY
- Physical Changes: Changes in color, size, or shape of fruits, seeds, or leaves.
- Moisture Content: Specific moisture level achieved by grains or seeds.
- Time to Maturity: Number of days from planting to the growth cycle of maturity of the crop.
- Aroma or Smell: Characteristic smells emitted by ripened fruits (e.g., mango).
- Textural Changes: Hardening or softening of produce (e.g., softening of avocado).
POSTHARVEST PRACTICES IN CROP PRODUCTION
- Cleaning: Removing dirt, debris, and unwanted materials.
- Sorting & Grading: Classifying produce by size, quality, and color.
- Packaging: Placing harvested produce in protectant containers.
POSTHARVEST PRACTICES IN CROP PRODUCTION - DRYING
- Reducing moisture content to prevent spoilage, especially for grains.
POSTHARVEST PRACTICES IN CROP PRODUCTION - STORAGE
- Placing produce in appropriate storage facilities for quality maintenance.
POSTHARVEST PRACTICES IN CROP PRODUCTION - TRANSPORTING
- Proper handling during delivery to avoid product damage.
COC 4: CARRY-OUT HARVEST AND POSTHARVEST OPERATIONS
- This component covers harvest and postharvest operations.
DETERMINING QUALITY OF HARVEST
- Appearance:
- Color: Mature crops have the proper color for their variety. (e.g. bright red tomatoes)
- Size & Shape: Crops have the expected size and shape for their variety. (e.g. misshapen crops might indicate problems).
- Uniformity: Uniformity in size, shape, and color, necessary for market-ready produce.
- Surface Condition: Free from blemishes, cuts, or bruises that diminish quality.
- Texture:
- Firmness: Firm but not rock-hard. (e.g. apples, cucumbers, melons).
- Smoothness: Smooth, unwrinkled skin; wrinkling or softness can indicate over-ripeness.
- Freshness:
- Turgidity: Crisp, plump appearance.
- Leaf and Stem Health: In leafy vegetables or herbs, the leaves are green/vibrant, and stems should be intact.
- Taste & Flavor: Appealing taste and aroma per crop variety.
- Absence of Disease or Pest Damage: No pests, disease-related blemishes/discoloration.
- Harvest Timing: Harvested at the right stage of maturity - neither overripe nor underripe.
- Cleanliness: Crops are clean, free from dirt, foreign matter, preserving marketability.
- Washing: Crops may require washing to ensure good quality prior to market.
MATERIALS, TOOLS, AND EQUIPMENT USED IN HARVESTING
- Hand tools: Sickles, pruning shears, knives for manual cutting.
- Harvesting baskets: Collecting and transporting harvested crops.
- Threshing machines: Separating grains from stalks.
- Picking poles: Harvesting fruits from tall trees.
- Tarpaulins: Drying and collecting harvested crops.
HOW TO DIFFERENTIATE AND SEGREGATE FARM WASTE
- Biodegradable Waste: Crop resides, leaves, and animal manure. (Compostable.)
- Non-biodegradable Waste: Plastic containers, packaging materials, and metal tools. (Recycle.)
- Hazardous Waste: Pesticide containers and expired chemicals. (Dispose following regulations.)
- Recyclable Waste: Plastic mulch, containers, seedling bags, green house cover & pipes.
3 R'S
- Principles of waste management:
- Reduce: Minimizing waste by using fewer resources.
- Reuse: Finding ways to use products/materials repeatedly.
- Recycle: Collecting materials to produce new goods.
5S SYSTEM
- Workplace organizational method.
- Enhances efficiency, safety, and productivity.
- Steps:
- Sort: Eliminating unnecessary items.
- Set in Order: Arranging tools and equipment logically.
- Shine: Maintaining cleanliness.
- Standardize: Creating consistent practices.
- Sustain: Continuously implementing 5S principles .
HOW TO RECORD OBSERVATIONS
- Use standard templates: For consistency.
- Date & Time Stamping
- Photographic Evidence: Capture clear pictures of conditions.
- Detailed Descriptions: Include relevant info like size, color, and symptoms observed.
- Regular Updates: Keep records updated after each assessment/observation.
HARVESTING AND POST HARVEST HANDLING
- Definition: Harvesting is the removal of plant parts (fruits, leaves, etc). Postharvest handling refers to caring for those removed products.
- Importance of minimizing losses: Ensuring profitability, efficient marketing, and quality products.
TYPES OF MATURITY
- Physiological Maturity: The stage where fruits can ripen normally after harvest.
- Commercial/Horticultural Maturity: The stage where the plant part possesses characteristics the consumer prefers.
HARVESTING METHODS
- General Harvesting Methods: Manual and Mechanical methods.
- Postharvest Handling of Field Crops: Drying, threshing, cleaning, and other techniques.
CRITERIA FOR CLASSIFYING FIELD CROPS
- Size (small, medium, large)
- Weight (heavy, light)
- Color (shiny, dull, specific colors)
- Shape (oblong, round)
- Cleanliness and damage (free/damage from foreign materials.)
BENEFITS OF PROPER POST HARVEST HANDLING
- Higher income and profits due to good product quality.
- Efficiency in marketing.
- Improved storage & preservation.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Related Documents
Description
Test your knowledge on key agricultural practices including seedbed preparation, soil management, and pest control methods. This quiz covers essential techniques and their impacts on crop health and yield. Engage with questions about fertilizers, biological controls, and Integrated Pest Management.
