Agricultural Crop Production NC II PDF

AGRICULTURAL CROP PRODUCTION NC II  COC 1 PERFORM NURSERY OPERATIONS SUPPORT NURSERY WORKS USE FARM TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT Farm tools, implements, and equipment play very important role in agricultural crop production. Their availability makes the work much easier and faster. However,...

AGRICULTURAL CROP PRODUCTION NC II  COC 1 PERFORM NURSERY OPERATIONS SUPPORT NURSERY WORKS USE FARM TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT Farm tools, implements, and equipment play very important role in agricultural crop production. Their availability makes the work much easier and faster. However, even if one may have the most sophisticated tools and implements, but does not know how to use them, they are useless. In order to do crop production operations successfully, one must have a good working knowledge of the tools, implements and equipment before using them.  COMMON FARM HAND TOOLS Hand tools are usually light and are used without the help of animals or machines. They are being used in performing farm activities which involve small yet important jobs to be done. Below are some of the examples: FARM HAND TOOLS Spade - is a tool primarily for digging, comprising a blade – typically narrower and less curved than that of a shovel – and a long handle. FARM HAND TOOLS Hoe - a long-handled gardening tool with a thin metal blade, used mainly for weeding and breaking up soil. - use a hoe to dig (earth) or thin out or dig up (plants). FARM HAND TOOLS Spading fork - is a gardening tool, with a handle and several (usually four) short, sturdy tines. It is used for loosening, lifting and turning over soil in gardening and farming. FARM HAND TOOLS Pick mattock - is a versatile hand tool, used for digging and chopping, similar to the pickaxe. It has a long handle, and a stout head, which combines an axe blade and an adze (cutter mattock) or a pick and an adze (pick mattock). FARM HAND TOOLS Trowel - is a small hand tool used for digging, applying, smoothing, or moving small amounts of viscous or particulate material. FARM HAND TOOLS Light hoe – is used for loosening and leveling soil and digging out furrows for planting FARM HAND TOOLS Hand cultivator – is used for cultivating the garden plot by loosening the soil and removing weeds around the plants FARM HAND TOOLS Water pails - for hauling water, manure and fertilizer  FARM HAND TOOLS Hand Fork – is used for inter row cultivation  FARM HAND TOOLS Sprinklers - for watering seedlings and young plants FARM HAND TOOLS Wheel barrow - is a small hand-propelled vehicle, usually with just one wheel, designed to be pushed and guided by a single person using two handles at the rear, or by a sail to push the ancient wheel barrow by wind. FARM HAND TOOLS Bolo - use for cutting grass and branches FARM HAND TOOLS Scissors - Scissors are hand-operated shearing tools. They consist of a pair of metal blades pivoted so that the sharpened edges slide against each other when the handles opposite to the pivot are closed.  FARM HAND TOOLS Pruning shear - also called hand pruners or secateurs, are a type of scissors for use on plants. They are strong enough to prune hard branches of trees and shrubs, sometimes up to two centimeters thick. FARM HAND TOOLS Pole cutter - a tool for pruning with the cutting parts on the end of a rod or pole 6 to 12 feet long. FARM HAND TOOLS Budding knife - is a small knife with a type of spatula at the other end of the handle. The rootstock or stock plant may be cut off above the bud at budding, or one may wait until it is certain that the bud is growing. FARM HAND TOOLS Grafting knife - a good knife for general grafting should have a blade and handle length of about 3 inches and 4 inches respectively.  FARM MACHINERIES Farm machinery refers to the mechanical devices used in agricultural activities to make tasks more efficient and less labor- intensive. These machines are crucial in modern farming for land preparation, planting, harvesting, and post-harvest processing. Using this machinery requires a highly skilled operator.  FARM MACHINERIES 1. Hand tractor. It is the most useful and convenient equipment of the farmers. It is used to pull a plow and harrow in preparing a wide area of land. It is also used to transport other materials from the house to the farm and a very important equipment in the mobility of most farmers.  FARM MACHINERIES 2. Four-wheel tractor. It is used to pull disc plow disc harrow and rotavator in preparing much wider area of land. It is also used to draw a trailer to transport bulk of materials, equipment, farm inputs, and harvest. It is very useful during harvest and other post-harvest activities  FARM MACHINERIES 3. Water pump. This equipment is very important to draw irrigation water from a source such as deep well, rivers and lakes. In some areas where water is scarce, second cropping of rice could be done using a water pump.  FARM MACHINERIES 4. Combine harvester. This equipment performs the harvesting and threshing at the same time. The grains are deposited in its compartment and could be easily transported to the nearest road when hauling the harvests. Farm Implements These are accessories which are being pulled by working animals or mounted to machineries (hand tractor, tractor) which are usually used in the preparation of land. These are usually made of special kind of metal.  Farm Implements 1. Plows – these are farm implements either pulled by working animal or tractor. The plow is specially used for tilling large areas, making furrows and inter row cultivation. Plows pulled by working animals are made of either a combination of metal and wood or pure metal. They are used to till areas with a shallower depth than that of the disc plows which are pulled by tractors.  Farm Implements 2. Harrow – the native wooden harrow is made of wood with a metal tooth and pulled by a carabao while the disc harrow is made of metal mounted to a tractor. Harrows are used for tilling and pulverizing the soil.  Farm Implements 3. Rotavator – the rotavator is an implement mounted to a tractor used for tilling and pulverizing the soil. FACTORS NEED TO CONSIDER IN SELECTING NURSERY SHED  FACTORS NEED TO CONSIDER IN SELECTING NURSERY SHED ACCESIBILITY: Easily accessible for transportations of materials and plants WATER AVAILABILITY: Proximity to reliable water source for irrigations SUNLIGHT: Adequate sunlight exposure, preferably partial shade for shade for delicate seedlings PROTECTION: Away from areas prone to strong winds, floods, or pests SPACE: Sufficient area for operations and future expansion.  Techniques for Breaking Seed Dormancy Scarification: Scratching or weakening the seed coat using sandpaper or mechanical means. Stratification: Exposing seeds to moist and cold conditions for a specific period. PLANT PROPAGATION TECHNIQUES Plant propagation is the process of creating new plants from a variety of sources, including seeds, cuttings, and other plant parts. There are two main categories of propagation techniques: sexual propagation and asexual propagation. PLANT PROPAGATION TECHNIQUES 1. Sexual Propagation Definition: Sexual propagation involves the fusion of male and female gametes (sex cells) to produce seeds. This method creates new plants that are genetically different from the parent plant.  Sexual Propagation Process: Pollination: In flowering plants, pollination occurs when pollen from the male part (anther) is transferred to the female part (stigma) of the flower. Fertilization: Once pollination occurs, fertilization takes place, and the male gamete (sperm) fertilizes the female gamete (egg). Seed Formation: After fertilization, the fertilized egg develops into a seed inside the fruit or flower. Seed Germination: When the seed is planted, it germinates, and the young plant (seedling) grows into a mature plant.  PLANT PROPAGATION TECHNIQUES 2. Asexual Propagation Definition: Asexual propagation involves creating new plants from a single parent without the involvement of seeds. The new plants are genetically identical to the parent plant and are clones.  Asexual Propagation Process: Cutting: A portion of a stem, leaf, or root is taken from the parent plant and planted in soil or water to grow a new plant. Layering: A stem is bent to the ground and covered with soil, where it forms roots and becomes a separate plant. Division: The plant’s root ball is divided into smaller parts, each with a root and shoot system, to grow into a new plant. Grafting: A part of one plant (scion) is joined with the rootstock of another plant, creating a new plant that benefits from the characteristics of both.  GOOD QUALITY SEEDS Good quality seeds are the foundation of successful farming and play a crucial role in achieving high agricultural productivity  CHARACTERITICS OF GOOD QUALITY SEEDS 1. High Germination Rate Definition: Seeds must have a high potential to germinate and grow into healthy plants. The BPI sets a minimum germination percentage depending on the crop, but generally, a seed should have a germination rate of at least 85% to be considered of good quality. BPI Requirement: Seed batches should meet or exceed the required germination standards for each crop as specified by BPI regulations.  2. Seed Purity Definition: The seed must be pure and free from admixture with other plant species, particularly CHARACTERITICS weeds or other crops. Purity refers to the physical OF GOOD cleanliness and uniformity of seeds. QUALITY SEEDS BPI Requirement: Purity must meet the prescribed percentage, and seed samples must be free from contamination by inert matter or foreign seeds.  CHARACTERITICS OF GOOD QUALITY SEEDS 3. Free from Disease, Pests, and Injurious Organisms Definition: Seeds must be free of diseases, pests, and other harmful organisms that could hinder germination, plant growth, or cause crop damage. BPI Requirement: Seed batches should be tested for seedborne diseases and pests. The presence of harmful organisms should not exceed the limits set by BPI standards.  CHARACTERITICS OF GOOD QUALITY SEEDS 4. Good Physical Quality Definition: Seeds should be mature, fully developed, and of good shape and size. There should be no broken, shriveled, or discolored seeds. BPI Requirement: The seed should be of the proper size, color, and shape for the species. Any seeds that are damaged, discolored, or abnormal are considered poor quality. CHARACTERITICS OF GOOD QUALITY SEEDS 5. Proper Moisture Content Definition: The moisture content of the seed should be appropriate for storage and preservation. Excess moisture can lead to mold or decay, while insufficient moisture may cause poor germination. BPI Requirement: Seeds must have the proper moisture content (usually 8-12%) depending on the crop. Proper moisture levels help maintain seed viability.  CHARACTERITICS OF GOOD QUALITY SEEDS 6. Freshness and Viability Definition: Seeds should be fresh and viable, meaning they should still be capable of germinating and producing healthy plants. Older seeds may have lower germination rates. BPI Requirement: The seeds should not be older than one year, and they must meet the viability standards established by BPI for each crop  GOOD QUALITY SEEDLINGS Good quality seedlings are essential for successful agriculture and horticulture, as they significantly influence the health, productivity, and resilience of mature plants. Here are key reasons why investing in high-quality seedlings is crucial: CHARACTERITICS OF GOOD QUALITY SEEDLINGS 1. Healthy Root System Definition: A good-quality seedling should have a well-developed, vigorous root system that is capable of supporting the plant's growth after transplanting. BPI Requirement: Roots should be healthy, well-formed, and free from diseases or damage. The root mass should be extensive enough to provide support for the seedling once it's transplanted.  CHARACTERITICS OF GOOD QUALITY SEEDLINGS 2. Well-Developed, Firm Stem Definition: The seedling should have a strong, firm stem that can support the plant as it grows and sustains environmental conditions. BPI Requirement: The stem should be straight, sturdy, and free from diseases or damage. Seedlings with weak or bent stems should be rejected as they will not survive transplanting well. CHARACTERITICS OF GOOD QUALITY SEEDLINGS 3. Healthy Leaves Definition: Leaves should be vibrant, green, and well-formed, indicating the seedling is receiving proper nutrition and is growing healthily. BPI Requirement: Leaves should be free from discoloration, disease spots, or insect damage. Yellowing or wilting leaves often indicate stress or nutrient deficiencies.  CHARACTERITICS OF GOOD QUALITY SEEDLINGS 4. Uniform Size and Growth Definition: High-quality seedlings should be uniform in size and development, with no plants lagging behind in growth. BPI Requirement: Seedlings should be of similar height, leaf size, and stem thickness. Uneven growth can be a sign of poor care or irregular environmental conditions.  CHARACTERITICS OF GOOD QUALITY SEEDLINGS 5. Disease-Free Definition: The seedlings must be free from diseases, pests, or infections that could hinder their growth or spread to other plants. BPI Requirement: Seedlings must pass a disease inspection, showing no signs of fungal infections, pests, or other harmful pathogens. Any diseased seedlings should be discarded. CHARACTERITICS OF GOOD QUALITY SEEDLINGS 6. No Physical Damage Definition: Seedlings should be free from physical injuries or damage, such as broken roots, bruised stems, or torn leaves, which could hinder growth or affect transplant success. BPI Requirement: Seedlings should be handled with care during transport and storage to avoid physical harm. Any damaged seedlings are not considered of good quality.  CHARACTERITICS OF GOOD QUALITY SEEDLINGS 7. Proper Hardening and Pre-Transplanting Care Definition: Before transplanting, seedlings should be hardened gradually by reducing water and increasing exposure to sunlight to toughen them up for field conditions. BPI Requirement: Proper care should be given during the last few weeks of nursery care to ensure seedlings are ready for transplant without excessive shock.  Importance of Germination Test Determines the percentage of seeds that will sprout, ensuring efficient planting. Helps farmers estimate seed requirements and planting density. Ensures quality control and better yields  PLANTING MATERIALS Planting materials refer to the various items or substances used in the establishment of crops or plants. These materials can range from seeds, seedlings, and cuttings to bulbs, corms, and grafts. The choice of planting material depends on the type of plant or crop, the desired method of propagation (sexual or asexual), and the growing conditions.  DIFFERENT PLANTING MATERIALS 1. Seeds Definition: Seeds are the reproductive units of plants that, when planted under suitable conditions, grow into new plants. Uses: Commonly used for growing most crops such as corn, rice, vegetables, and fruits.  DIFFERENT PLANTING MATERIALS 2. Seedlings Definition: Seedlings are young plants that have already germinated from seeds and have developed to the point where they can be transplanted into the field. Uses: Used for crops that require early nurturing before being planted, such as tomatoes, peppers, and certain tree crops.  DIFFERENT PLANTING MATERIALS 3. Cuttings Definition: A cutting is a part of a plant, typically a stem, leaf, or root, that is removed and used to grow a new plant. Uses: Commonly used for propagating certain trees, shrubs, or ornamental plants (e.g., roses, grapes, cassava).  DIFFERENT PLANTING MATERIALS 4. Bulbs Definition: Bulbs are underground storage organs consisting of a short stem surrounded by fleshy leaves that store nutrients. Uses: Commonly used for ornamental flowers (e.g., tulips, lilies, onions).  DIFFERENT PLANTING MATERIALS 5. Corms Definition: Corms are thickened, fleshy underground stems used to store nutrients for the plant. Uses: Used to propagate plants like taro, gladiolus, and crocus. DIFFERENT PLANTING MATERIALS 6. Tubers Definition: Tubers are swollen underground stems or roots that store food for the plant. Uses: Commonly used for crops like potatoes, sweet potatoes, and yams. DIFFERENT PLANTING 7. Grafts and Budwood MATERIALS Definition: Grafting involves joining two plant parts (rootstock and scion) so they grow as a single plant. Budwood refers to a part of a plant with a bud that can be grafted onto another plant. Uses: Common in fruit tree production, especially for trees like citrus, mango, and apple.  8. Layering Definition: Layering is a method of asexual propagation where a stem or branch is bent DIFFERENT PLANTING and buried in soil to develop roots while still MATERIALS attached to the parent plant. Uses: Common for plants like raspberries, blackberries, and certain ornamental shrubs  DIFFERENT PLANTING MATERIALS 9. Micropropagation (Tissue Culture) Definition: A method of plant propagation that involves growing plant cells or tissues in a sterile, nutrient-rich medium to produce new plants. Uses: Used for high-value crops like bananas, pineapples, and other plants that do not propagate well from seeds or cuttings.  TYPES OF SOIL Soil can be categorized into different types based on its texture, which is determined by the proportion of sand, silt, clay it contains.  TYPES OF SOIL 1. Sandy Soil Characteristics: Coarse texture with large particles. Drains quickly and has low water retention. Often feels gritty to the touch. Advantages: Drains water quickly, preventing waterlogging. Easy to work with for gardeners. Disadvantages: Lacks nutrients as it does not retain them well. Needs frequent fertilization.  TYPES OF SOIL 2. Silty Soil Characteristics: Smooth texture, finer than sandy soil but not as sticky as clay. Retains moisture and nutrients better than sandy soil. Feels soft and soapy to the touch. Advantages: Nutrient-rich and holds moisture well. Ideal for growing crops that need steady water supply. Disadvantages: Poor drainage, especially when compacted. Prone to erosion and becomes sticky when wet.  TYPES OF SOIL 3. Clay Soil Characteristics: Fine texture with very small particles. Tends to retain water and nutrients. Can feel sticky or smooth when wet and hard when dry. Advantages: Retains nutrients well, providing good fertility. Suitable for crops that require consistent moisture. Disadvantages: Poor drainage, leading to waterlogging. Compacts easily, making it difficult for roots to grow.  TYPES OF SOIL 4.Loamy Soil Characteristics: A balanced mix of sand, silt, and clay. Ideal texture for most plants: well-draining but also retains moisture and nutrients. Rich in organic matter, which supports healthy plant growth. Advantages: Excellent for most types of plants due to its balanced characteristics. Easy to work with and retains nutrients. Disadvantages: May need amendments if the balance shifts too much toward one component.  GROWING MEDIA Growing media refers to the materials or substances used to support plant growth, providing the necessary environment for root development, nutrient absorption, and water retention. These media are used in various types of cultivation, including traditional soil-based agriculture, hydroponics, and container gardening. The choice of growing media depends on factors like plant type, cultivation method, and available resources.  GROWING MEDIA 1. Soil The most traditional and natural growing medium. Soil is composed of a mixture of sand, silt, clay, organic matter, and microorganisms. Uses: Ideal for field crops, gardens, and large-scale farming.  GROWING MEDIA 2.Compost A rich organic material created from the decomposition of plant and animal matter. Uses: Can be used as a soil amendment or as a base for potting mixes. Often used for enriching the soil in garden beds.  GROWING MEDIA 3.Peat Moss Peat moss is a type of sphagnum moss harvested from peat bogs. It is often used in potting mixes for its ability to retain moisture and improve soil structure. Uses: Commonly used in potting mixes and as a soil amendment for moisture-loving plants.  GROWING MEDIA 4.Perlite A lightweight, volcanic glass that is heated and expanded to form small, white, granular particles. Uses: Used to improve aeration and drainage in potting mixes and hydroponic systems.  GROWING MEDIA 5. Vermiculite A hydrated magnesium aluminum silicate mineral that expands when heated, forming a spongy material. Uses: Often used in potting mixes to improve moisture retention and provide aeration.  GROWING MEDIA 6. Coco Coir (Coconut Coir) Made from the fibrous husk of coconuts, coco coir is an environmentally friendly alternative to peat moss. Uses: Often used in hydroponics, container gardening, and as a soil amendment for improving aeration and water retention.  GROWING MEDIA 7.Sand Sand is a granular material that is often used in combination with other media to improve drainage. Uses: Commonly used in seed starting mixes or to improve soil drainage in heavy soils.  GROWING MEDIA 8.Rice Hulls Rice hulls are the outer husks of rice grains that are removed during the milling process. They are a lightweight, sustainable growing medium. Uses: Often used as a soil amendment to improve aeration and drainage in garden beds or in potting mixes.  GROWING MEDIA 9.Sawdust Sawdust is the fine, granular material produced as a byproduct of cutting, grinding, drilling, or sanding wood. Uses: Can be used as a mulch, soil amendment, or as a component in potting mixes.  GROWING MEDIA 10.Worm Castings Worm castings are the nutrient-rich excrement of earthworms, commonly used as an organic fertilizer and soil conditioner. Uses: Added to soil or potting mixes to provide essential nutrients and improve soil structure.  Components of a Growing Medium Garden soil(Topsoil): Provides structure and nutrients. Compost: Adds organic matter and improves fertility. Carbonized rice hull: Improves drainage and aeration  GROWING MEDIUM A growing medium, also known as a substrate or potting mix, is a material other than soil that supports plant growth by providing physical support, facilitating root development, and delivering essential nutrients, water, and air to the plant roots  Characteristics of a Good Growing Medium Good drainage-Prevents waterlogging and root rot. Nutrient-rich-Supplies essential nutrients for plant growth. Good Water-Holding Capacity-While drainage is important, a good growing medium should also retain sufficient moisture to meet the needs of the plants, especially in dry conditions. It should balance water retention and drainage.  Caharacteristics of a Good Growing Medium Nutrient-Retaining Ability - The medium should be able to hold essential nutrients (like nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium) and release them to the plants as needed. This is known as its Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC). pH Level - The growing medium should have a suitable pH level (usually slightly acidic to neutral, around 6.0- 7.0) to ensure that plants can effectively absorb nutrients. Some plants may have specific pH preferences. Sterility - A good growing medium should be free from pathogens, diseases, and weed seeds that could harm plants or interfere with their growth.  Characteristics of a Good Growing Medium Texture and Structure - The texture should be loose and crumbly, allowing for easy root penetration. It should not be too compacted or too coarse. The ideal structure allows for root expansion and movement of water and air. Low Salinity - The medium should have a low salt concentration to prevent the build-up of harmful salts that can damage plants or inhibit their ability to absorb water.  Characteristics of a Good Growing Medium Organic Matter Content - A good growing medium should contain a certain amount of organic material (e.g., compost or peat moss) to improve nutrient content, moisture retention, and overall soil structure.  Tools and Equipment for Land Preparation Manual Tools 1. Spade: Used for digging, turning, and mixing soil manually. 2. Hoe: For breaking soil clumps, digging trenches, and removing weeds. 3. Rake: To level the soil, remove debris, and spread materials like compost. 4. Shovel: For moving soil, sand, or organic matter.  Tools and Equipment for Land Preparation 5. Pickaxe: To break hard or compacted soil and rocks. 6. Hand Fork: For loosening soil in small areas and uprooting weeds. 7. Mattock: A versatile tool for digging and chopping through roots or hard soil. 8.Wheelbarrow: To transport soil, compost, or other materials across the field.  Tools and Equipment for Land Preparation 9. Garden Line and Stakes: For marking straight planting rows or beds. 10. Land Leveler: Used for manually leveling the field surface  COC 2 PLANT CROPS  PLANTING SYSTEM In agriculture and horticulture, various planting systems are employed to optimize space, light, and resources, thereby enhancing crop yield and quality. The selection of an appropriate planting system depends on factors such as crop type, land topography, and climatic conditions. Below is an overview of common planting systems:  DIFFERENT PLANTING SYSTEM 1. Square System In the square system, plants are positioned at the corners of squares, forming a grid pattern. This arrangement facilitates uniform spacing and simplifies intercultural operations like plowing and irrigation. It's particularly advantageous for orchards and plantations.  DIFFERENT PLANTING SYSTEM 2. Rectangular System Similar to the square system, the rectangular system arranges plants at the corners of rectangles. The spacing between rows is greater than the spacing within rows, allowing for better air circulation and sunlight penetration. This system is suitable for crops requiring more space between rows for machinery movement or manual operations.  DIFFERENT PLANTING SYSTEM 3. Triangular System In this system, plants are arranged in equilateral triangles, providing more efficient use of space compared to square or rectangular systems. The triangular layout allows for a higher planting density, which can lead to increased yields. However, it may complicate mechanized farming operations.  DIFFERENT PLANTING SYSTEM 4. Hexagonal System The hexagonal system places plants at the corners of hexagons, enabling the accommodation of more plants per unit area. This dense planting is beneficial for maximizing yield but requires careful management to prevent overcrowding and ensure adequate resource availability for each plant  DIFFERENT PLANTING SYSTEM 5. Quincunx System Also known as the diagonal or diamond system, the quincunx system involves planting four trees at the corners of a square and a fifth tree in the center. This method increases the number of plants without significantly reducing the space available for each, optimizing land use. It's commonly used in orchards to introduce temporary filler crops.  DIFFERENT PLANTING SYSTEM 6. Contour System Employed on sloped terrains, the contour system involves planting along the natural contours of the land. This practice helps in reducing soil erosion and water runoff, conserving soil moisture, and maintaining soil fertility. It's particularly useful in hilly areas and for crops sensitive to waterlogging.  DIFFERENT PLANTING SYSTEM 7. Broadcasting Broadcasting is the method of scattering seeds uniformly over the soil surface. It's a quick and cost- effective technique suitable for small-seeded crops like rice, wheat, and millets. However, it may result in uneven plant distribution and requires subsequent thinning  Activities in Land Preparation Clearing: Remove weeds, stumps, and debris from the field. Plowing: Break and turn over the soil. Harrowing: Level the soil and break clods. Field layout: Mark planting rows or beds. Raising beds: Make raise beds in lay-outed field. Sterilization: Sterilize soils in extreme temperature. Leveling: Final Leveling of soil.  Benefits of Preparing the Field Before Planting 1. Improved Soil Structure Proper field preparation breaks up compacted soil, allowing better root penetration and aeration, which promotes healthy plant growth. 2. Weed Control Field preparation helps remove existing weeds and prevents their growth, reducing competition for nutrients, water, and sunlight. Benefits of Preparing the Field Before Planting 3. Better Water Retention By loosening the soil and improving its structure, water can be better absorbed and retained, ensuring plants have consistent access to moisture. 4. Enhanced Nutrient Availability Preparing the soil allows for the even distribution of fertilizers and organic matter, ensuring that plants have easy access to the nutrients they need.  Benefits of Preparing the Field Before Planting 5. Prevention of Soil Erosion Proper land preparation helps stabilize the soil, reducing the risk of erosion by wind and water, especially in sloped areas. 6. Improved Seed Germination A well-prepared seedbed provides an optimal environment for seed germination, ensuring better seed-to-soil contact and uniform emergence of seedlings.  Benefits of Preparing the Field Before Planting 7. Better Pest and Disease Management Field preparation may involve eliminating crop residues, tilling the soil, or applying pesticides, reducing the likelihood of pest infestations and disease outbreaks. 8. Increased Yield By improving soil fertility, water retention, and nutrient availability, field preparation directly contributes to higher crop yields and better-quality produce.  Benefits of Preparing the Field Before Planting 9. Easier Planting A well-prepared field provides a level, loose, and uniform surface for planting, making it easier to plant seeds or transplant seedlings, saving time and labor. 10. Enhanced Root Growth When the soil is loosened and well-aerated, plant roots can grow freely and deeper, improving the plant’s stability and access to nutrients. Two Forms of Tillage Operations Primary tillage: Involves initial breaking and turning of the soil, such as plowing. Two Forms of Tillage Operations Secondary tillage: Involves finer soil preparation, such as harrowing and leveling Applying Basal Fertilizer helps to: Provide essential nutrients at planting: Supplies immediate nutrients like nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) for early root and shoot development. Enhance root establishment: Ensures proper root growth, which is critical for nutrient and water absorption. Applying Basal Fertilizer helps to: Promote early plant vigor: Encourages healthy initial growth, giving crops a strong start. Reduce nutrient deficiencies: Corrects potential soil nutrient imbalances right at the beginning. Ensure uniform nutrient distribution: Places nutrients close to seeds or seedlings, making them readily available for uptake.  Materials Needed in Field Lay-outing Measuring tape: For marking accurate distances. Rope or string: For straight rows or planting lines. Wooden stakes: To mark boundaries and planting points.  Crops That Are Direct Seeded 1. Corn (Maize) - Sown directly into the soil after soil preparation, especially in rows. 2. Rice - Typically direct-seeded in flooded fields or paddies. 3. Beans (e.g., Mung Beans, Kidney Beans, Soybeans) - Seeds are sown directly into well-prepared soil for a strong and healthy crop.  Crops That Are Direct Seeded 4. Peas - Sown directly in the soil for optimal germination and growth. 5. Sunflower - Direct-seeded for oil or ornamental purposes. 6. Carrots - Seeded directly into the soil, usually in well-drained, loose soil. 7. Radishes - Direct seeding is ideal for this fast- growing root crop.  Crops That Are Direct Seeded 8. Lettuce - Can be direct-seeded for certain varieties, though some growers prefer starting in trays. 9. Spinach - Seeds are direct-seeded in the soil for early spring or fall harvests. 10. Cucumber - Direct seeding is often done in well-prepared soil, particularly for early varieties.  Crops That Are Direct Seeded 11. Squash (e.g., Zucchini, Butternut) - Direct- seeded for summer and winter squash varieties. 12. Pumpkin - Often direct-seeded after the last frost in the spring. 13. Melons (e.g., Watermelon, Cantaloupe) - Sown directly into the soil for optimal growth, especially when the weather is warm.  Crops That Are Transplanted 1. Rice - Manual transplanting is the dominant rice crop establishment method in the Philippines. 2. Tomato - Seedlings are grown in seed trays or pots before being transplanted into the field or garden. 3. Pepper (Bell, Chili, etc.) - Typically started indoors or in a nursery and then transplanted once seedlings are strong enough. 4. Cabbage - Grown in a nursery bed and then transplanted to allow for proper spacing in the field.  Crops That Are Transplanted 5. Broccoli - Started as seeds in trays or seedbeds and then transplanted for proper spacing and growth. 6. Cauliflower - Grown initially in a controlled environment and then transplanted to the field once the seedlings are ready. 7. Eggplant - Transplanted from seed trays to the field once seedlings have established roots and growth.  Crops That Are Transplanted 8. Lettuce - Often started in greenhouses or seed trays and then transplanted for better control of spacing. 9. Cucumber - Cucumber seedlings are often grown in nurseries and then transplanted to avoid root disturbance during sowing. 10. Melons (e.g., Cantaloupe, Watermelon) - Seedlings are transplanted after growing in seed trays, providing early growth advantages. 11. Kale - Typically started in trays or seedbeds and then transplanted into the field to ensure even spacing.  COC 3 CARE AND MAINTAIN CROPS  IRRIGATION Irrigation is essential for supplying water to crops, especially in areas with insufficient rainfall. Various irrigation methods have been developed to meet the diverse needs of agriculture, each with its own advantages and considerations.  TYPES OF IRRIGATIONS 1.Sprinkler Irrigation Sprinkler systems mimic natural rainfall by spraying water over the crops through a network of pipes and sprinkler heads. This method is suitable for various terrains and provides uniform water distribution. However, it can be affected by wind and may lead to water loss through evaporation  TYPES OF IRRIGATIONS 2.Drip irrigation delivers water directly to the plant roots through a system of tubes and emitters, minimizing water waste. This highly efficient method reduces evaporation and runoff, making it ideal for water-scarce regions and high-value crops. The initial setup cost can be higher, but it offers long-term water savings  TYPES OF IRRIGATIONS 3.Manual Irrigation Manual irrigation involves the use of watering cans, buckets, or hoses to apply water directly to plants. While labor- intensive and suitable for small-scale gardening, it allows for targeted watering but may not be practical for larger agricultural operations.  TYPES OF IRRIGATIONS 4.Surface irrigation involves distributing water over the soil surface by gravity flow. This traditional method includes techniques such as furrow, basin, and border irrigation. While simple and cost-effective, it can be less efficient due to water loss from evaporation and runoff.  TYPES OF IRRIGATIONS 5.Subsurface Irrigation Subsurface irrigation supplies water to crops through underground pipes or drip lines, directly hydrating the root zone. This method minimizes evaporation and surface runoff, enhancing water use efficiency. However, it requires precise installation and maintenance to prevent clogging and ensure uniform water distribution.  FERTLIZER APPLICATION Fertilizer application is crucial for supplying essential nutrients to plants, promoting healthy growth and optimal yields. Various methods exist to apply fertilizers, each suited to specific crops, soil types, and environmental conditions.  METHODS OF APPLYING FERTILIZER 1. Broadcasting This method involves uniformly spreading fertilizers over the entire soil surface. It is suitable for crops with dense stands, where plant roots permeate the whole volume of the soil. Large doses of fertilizers are applied, and insoluble phosphatic fertilizers such as rock phosphate are used. Broadcasting can be done at sowing (basal application) or during the growing season (top dressing).  METHODS OF APPLYING FERTILIZER 2. Banding Fertilizers are applied in bands near the seed or plant roots, either below, beside, or above the seed. This method ensures that nutrients are readily available to the developing root system, enhancing nutrient uptake efficiency. Banding is particularly effective for phosphorus fertilizers.  METHODS OF APPLYING FERTILIZER 3. Side-Dressing This technique involves applying fertilizers in a band beside the crop rows during the growing season. It provides nutrients directly to the crop when demand is highest, making it particularly useful for crops with high nutrient requirements during specific growth stages.  METHODS OF APPLYING FERTILIZER 4. Foliar Feeding Foliar feeding entails applying liquid fertilizers directly to the leaves of plants. This method is used for micronutrient supplementation or to address nutrient deficiencies. It provides a quick nutrient boost to plants but is not a substitute for soil-applied fertilizers.  METHODS OF APPLYING FERTILIZER 5.Fertigation Fertigation involves applying fertilizers through irrigation systems, allowing for precise nutrient delivery directly to the root zone. This method is efficient and reduces nutrient losses, making it ideal for high-value crops.  METHODS OF APPLYING FERTILIZER 6. Basal Application Basal application involves incorporating fertilizers into the soil before or during planting. This method ensures that essential nutrients are readily available to plants from the outset, promoting strong initial growth. Fertilizers are typically mixed with the soil during the final ploughing or tilling before sowing or planting. This technique is particularly effective for supplying nutrients that are less mobile in the soil, such as phosphorus and potassium.  METHODS OF APPLYING FERTILIZER 7.Top dressing involves applying fertilizers to the soil surface after the crop has been established. This method is commonly used for supplying nutrients that are more mobile in the soil, such as nitrogen, during the growing season. Fertilizers are broadcasted over the soil surface or applied in bands near the plant roots  FERTILIZER Fertilizers are substances added to soil or plants to supply essential nutrients, promoting healthy growth and improving crop yields. They are primarily categorized based on their nutrient content and origin:  CLASSIFICATION OF FERTILIZER BASE ON FORM 1. Inorganic (Chemical) Fertilizers These are synthesized through chemical processes and provide nutrients in readily available forms. Nitrogen Fertilizers: Supply nitrogen, a vital nutrient for plant growth. Common types include ammonium nitrate, urea, and ammonium sulfate. Phosphorus Fertilizers: Provide phosphorus, essential for root development and energy transfer. Examples are single superphosphate and triple superphosphate. Potassium Fertilizers: Offer potassium, which aids in disease resistance and water regulation. Potassium chloride and potassium sulfate are commonly used.  CLASSIFICATION OF FERTILIZER OF FERTILIZER BASE ON FORM 2. Organic Fertilizers Derived from natural sources, these fertilizers improve soil structure and provide nutrients over time. Animal Manure: Includes feces from livestock such as cows, chickens, and horses. Manure varies in nutrient content depending on the animal source. Wikipedia Compost: Decomposed organic matter from plant residues, food scraps, and other organic materials. Compost enriches soil fertility and enhances microbial activity. Green Manure: Crops like clover or alfalfa are grown specifically to be plowed back into the soil, adding organic matter and nutrients.  CLASSIFICATION OF FERTILIZER BASE ON ELEMENT PRESENT 1. Single Fertilizers These fertilizers supply only one primary nutrient: Nitrogen Fertilizers: Provide nitrogen, essential for vegetative growth. Examples: Urea, ammonium sulfate. Agritech TNAU Phosphorus Fertilizers: Supply phosphorus, vital for root development and flowering. Examples: Single superphosphate (SSP), triple superphosphate (TSP). Fertilizers Europe Potassium Fertilizers: Provide potassium, important for overall plant health and disease resistance. Examples: Potassium chloride (KCl), potassium sulfate (K₂SO₄). CLASSIFICATION OF FERTILIZER BASE ON ELEMENT PRESENT 2. Incomplete Fertilizers These contain two primary nutrients out of 3 major fertilizers: Examples: Diammonium phosphate (DAP): Contains nitrogen and phosphorus. Monoammonium phosphate (MAP): Contains nitrogen and phosphorus. Ammonium polyphosphate: Contains nitrogen and phosphorus CLASSIFICATION OF FERTILIZER BASE ON ELEMENT PRESENT 3. Complete Fertilizers These fertilizers contain all three primary nutrients (N, P, K) in varying proportions. They are used when soil tests indicate deficiencies in multiple nutrients. Examples: 10-10-10 fertilizer (10% nitrogen, 10% phosphorus, 10% potassium). 16-4-8 fertilizer (16% nitrogen, 4% phosphorus, 8% potassium). CLASSIFICATION OF FERTILIZER BASE ON ELEMENT PRESENT Mixed Fertilizers Contain 2 or more of the major fertilizer elements that are supplied by 2 or more fertilizer materials: Examples: A blend of ammonium nitrate (N) and superphosphate (P). A mixture of potassium chloride (K) and ammonium sulfate (N).  FERTLIZER AND THEIR FERTILIZER GRADES Urea(46-0-0) Ammonium sulfate(21-0-0) Muriate of potash(0-0-60) Calcium nitrate(16-0-0) Complete(14-14-14) Ammonium phosphate( 16-20-0) Duofus (0-22-0) Sulfate of potash(0-0-50) Solophos(0-18-0) Diammonium phosphate(18-46-0)  PEST Pests are organisms that cause harm to human health, agriculture, or the environment. They can be broadly categorized into several types based on their nature and the damage they cause:  TYPE OF PEST 1. Insect Pests Insects are among the most diverse and numerous pests in agriculture. They can cause direct damage by feeding on plant tissues, transmit plant diseases and pathogens, and serve as vectors for various crop pests  TYPE OF PEST 1. Insect Pests Aphids: Small, sap-sucking insects that can transmit plant viruses. Whiteflies: Tiny, winged insects that feed on plant sap and can transmit diseases. Spider Mites: Microscopic arachnids that cause stippling and leaf discoloration. Grasshoppers: Large insects that can consume entire fields of crops. Cutworms: Larvae that cut down young plants at the soil surface.  TYPE OF PEST 2. Rodents Rodents can cause extensive damage to crops, stored food, and structures. Rats: Known for contaminating food supplies and spreading diseases. Mice: Cause damage by gnawing on materials and contaminating food.  TYPE OF PEST 3. Mollusks Mollusks, such as snails and slugs, can be pests in gardens and agricultural fields. Snails: Feed on plant leaves, leading to significant damage. Slugs: Similar to snails, they consume plant material, causing harm to crops.  TYPE OF PEST 4. Nematodes Microscopic worms that infest plant roots, leading to reduced plant health and yield. Root-Knot Nematodes: Cause galls on roots, impairing nutrient and water uptake.  TYPE OF PEST 5. Weeds Unwanted plants that compete with crops for resources. Grasses: Such as crabgrass, which compete with crops for nutrients and space Sedges: like purple nutsedge and yellow nutsedge. Broadleaf: Like dandelions, which can overtake garden spaces.  TYPE OF PEST 6.Pathogens organisms that cause diseases in plants—are a significant concern. They can lead to reduced crop yields and quality. The primary types of plant pathogens include:  TYPE OF PEST 6.Pathogens a. Fungi Fungi are among the most prevalent plant pathogens, causing a variety of diseases. Powdery Mildew: A fungal disease characterized by white, powdery spots on leaves and stems.  TYPE OF PEST 6.Pathogens b. Bacteria Bacterial pathogens can infect various plant parts, leading to diverse symptoms. Bacterial Blight: Causes water-soaked lesions on leaves, stems, and fruits.  TYPE OF PEST 6.Pathogens c. Viruses Plant viruses can stunt growth and cause discoloration. Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV): Leads to mottled, yellowing leaves and stunted growth. CONTROLLING PEST Effective pest control is essential for maintaining healthy crops and ensuring sustainable agriculture. Various methods are employed to manage pest populations, each with its advantages and considerations.  METHODS IN CONTROLLING PEST 1. Cultural Control This approach involves modifying farming practices to reduce pest establishment, reproduction, and survival. Crop Rotation: Alternating different crops in the same field disrupts pest life cycles and reduces pest populations. Sanitation: Removing plant debris and weeds eliminates habitats and food sources for pests. Adjusting Planting Times: Timing planting to avoid peak pest populations can minimize damage.  METHODS IN CONTROLLING PEST 2. Biological Control Utilizing natural predators, parasites, or pathogens to control pest populations. Predators: Introducing or encouraging natural enemies like ladybugs to feed on aphids. Parasitoids: Releasing organisms that lay eggs on pests, leading to their death. Pathogens: Applying beneficial microbes, such as certain bacteria or fungi, that infect and kill pests.  METHODS IN 3.Mechanical Control This method involves direct human CONTROLLING PEST intervention to physically remove or kill pests. Examples include: Trapping: Setting up devices to capture pests, such as pheromone traps for insects. Wisconsin Horticulture Barriers: Using physical structures like fences or nets to prevent pests from accessing crops. Hand-Picking: Manually removing pests from plants, such as picking off caterpillars from leaves.  METHODS IN CONTROLLING PEST 4.Physical Control This method involves altering environmental conditions to make them unfavorable for pests. It doesn't directly involve human intervention but relies on natural processes. Examples include: Temperature Manipulation: Using heat or cold to kill pests. For instance, soil solarization involves covering soil with clear plastic to trap solar energy, raising the temperature to levels lethal to pests. Humidity Control: Adjusting moisture levels to deter pests. For example, reducing humidity can prevent mold growth, which in turn reduces fungal pests. Light Exposure: Utilizing light to attract or repel pests. Certain pests are attracted to light, so using light traps can help control their populations.  METHODS IN CONTROLLING PEST Integrated Pest Management (IPM) A holistic approach combining multiple control methods to manage pests sustainably. Monitoring: Regularly assessing pest populations to make informed decisions. Thresholds: Determining acceptable pest levels before intervention. Combination Strategies: Integrating cultural, biological, physical, and chemical methods as needed.  METHODS IN CONTROLLING PEST 6. Chemical Control Applying chemical substances to kill or repel pests. Insecticides: Targeting specific insect pests. Herbicides: Controlling unwanted weeds. Fungicides: Preventing or treating fungal infections.  Common Indices of Crop Maturity Physical changes: Change in color, size, or shape of fruits, seeds, or leaves. Moisture content: Grains or seeds achieve a specific moisture level. Time to maturity: Number of days after planting, based on the crop's growth cycle. Aroma or smell: Ripened fruits emit specific smells, e.g., mango. Textural changes: Hardening or softening of the produce, e.g., softening of fruits like avocado.  Postharvest Practices in Crop Production Cleaning: Removing dirt, debris, and unwanted materials. Sorting and grading: Classifying produce based on size, quality, and color. Packaging: Placing the harvested produce in containers for protection and transport.  Postharvest Practices in Crop Production Drying: Reducing moisture content to prevent spoilage, especially for grains. Storage: Placing the produce in appropriate storage facilities to maintain quality. Transporting: Ensuring proper handling during delivery to avoid damage  COC 4 CARRY-OUT HARVEST AND POSTHHARVEST OPERATIONS  Determining Quality of Harvest 1. Appearance Color: Mature crops should have the proper color for their variety. For example, ripe tomatoes should be bright red, and bell peppers should be fully colored (red, yellow, or orange). Size and Shape: The crop should have the expected size and shape for its variety. Crops that are too small or misshapen may indicate problems with growing conditions or disease. Determining Quality of Harvest 1. Appearance Uniformity: A quality harvest should be uniform in size, shape, and color, especially for market- ready produce. Surface Condition: The outer surface should be free from blemishes, cuts, or bruises. Any damage may lead to a decrease in quality and shelf life. Determining Quality of Harvest 2. Texture Firmness: The texture of the crop should be firm but not too hard. For example, fruits like apples, cucumbers, or melons should be firm to the touch but not rock-hard. Smoothness: Crops like tomatoes or peppers should have a smooth, unwrinkled skin. Wrinkling or softness can indicate over-ripeness or poor handling during harvest.  Determining Quality of Harvest 3. Freshness Turgidity: Freshly harvested crops should look crisp and plump, especially vegetables like lettuce, spinach, or herbs. Lack of freshness often results in wilting or shriveling. Leaf and Stem Health: In leafy vegetables, the leaves should be green and vibrant, and the stems should be intact without signs of disease or rot. Determining Quality of Harvest 4.Taste and Flavor Flavor: High-quality produce should taste like it is meant to. For example, ripe fruits and vegetables should be flavorful and have the right balance of sweetness, acidity, or bitterness. Aroma: A fresh, strong aroma is often an indicator of quality, especially for herbs, fruits, and vegetables like tomatoes or melons. Determining Quality of Harvest 5. Absence of Disease or Pest Damage Pests: High-quality crops should be free of pests, such as insect holes, bites, or presence of insects. Disease: Look for any signs of disease such as mold, mildew, or discoloration, which can affect the quality of the harvest.  Determining Quality of Harvest 6.Harvest Timing Maturity: The crop should be harvested at the right time of maturity. Overripe or underripe crops often lack the proper texture, flavor, and appearance. Ripeness: For fruits, the right balance of ripeness is key to quality. For example, fruits like bananas or avocados should be harvested when mature but not fully ripe to allow proper post-harvest ripening.  Determining Quality of Harvest 7.Cleanliness Free from Contaminants: The harvested crops should be clean, with no dirt, chemicals, or foreign matter on the surface. This ensures better marketability and reduces the risk of contamination. Washing: For certain crops, proper washing and handling after harvest can improve the overall quality.  Materials, Tools, and Equipment Used in Harvesting Hand tools: Sickles, pruning shears, and knives for manual cutting. Harvesting baskets: For collecting and transporting harvested crops. Threshing machines: For separating grains from stalks. Picking poles: For harvesting fruits from tall trees. Tarpaulins: For drying and collecting harvested crops. How to Differentiate and Segregate Farm Waste Biodegradable waste: Includes crop residues, leaves, and animal manure; can be composted. Non-biodegradable waste: Plastic containers, packaging materials, and metal tools; should be recycled or properly disposed of. Hazardous waste: Includes pesticide containers and expired chemicals; should be disposed of following environmental regulations Recyclable waste : Includes plastic mulch, containers, seedling bag, green house cover, pipes etc.  3 R’s The 3Rs refer to the three principles of waste management aimed at reducing the environmental impact of waste:  3 R’s 1. Reduce Meaning: Minimizing the amount of waste produced by using fewer resources and reducing consumption. This can involve designing products with longer life spans, choosing products with less packaging, and being more mindful about what is purchased and used.  3 R’s 2. Reuse Meaning: Finding ways to use products or materials again instead of throwing them away. This helps extend the life of products and reduce the need for new resources.  3 R’s 3. Recycle Meaning: The process of collecting materials that would otherwise become waste and turning them into new products. Recycling helps conserve raw materials and reduces energy consumption.  The 5S system is a workplace organization method designed to improve efficiency, safety, and productivity. It originated in Japan and is widely used in industries, including farming, manufacturing, and offices. The term 5S refers to five Japanese words, each representing a step in the methodology, translated into English as:  5S 1. Sort (Seiri) Meaning: Eliminate unnecessary items from the workspace and keep only what is essential. Goal: Reduce clutter, improve focus, and make tools/materials easily accessible. Example: Remove unused farm tools, expired seeds, or broken equipment from storage.  5S 2. Set in Order (Seiton) Meaning: Arrange tools, materials, and equipment logically for efficiency. Goal: Ensure that everything has a designated place, making it easy to find and return items. Example: Organize farm tools by type and frequency of use, labeling storage areas for quick access.  5S 3. Shine (Seiso) Meaning: Keep the workplace clean and tidy. Regularly clean equipment and surroundings to prevent damage or accidents. Goal: Maintain cleanliness to ensure safety and improve morale. Example: Clean tractors, irrigation systems, and farm pathways regularly to prevent rust or blockages.  5S 4. Standardize (Seiketsu) Meaning: Establish standard practices and routines to maintain organization and cleanliness. Goal: Ensure consistency and accountability in maintaining the 5S practices. Example: Create a checklist or schedule for daily cleaning and organizing tasks for all workers.  5S 5. Sustain (Shitsuke) Meaning: Develop habits to sustain the 5S principles over time. Encourage continuous improvement and discipline. Goal: Make 5S a long-term culture, not just a one-time activity. Example: Train farm workers on 5S, conduct regular inspections, and reward consistent implementation.  How to Record Observations Use standard templates: For consistency, such as crop health or pest monitoring forms. Date and time stamping: Ensure records are accurate and time-specific. Photographic evidence: Capture clear pictures of crop conditions and problems. Detailed descriptions: Include all relevant information like size, color, and symptoms observed. Regular updates: Keep records updated after each assessment or observation. Sector: AGRICULTURE AND FISHERIES Qualification Title: AGRICULTURAL CROPS PRODUCTION NC II Unit of Competency: CARRY-OUT HARVEST AND POSTHARVEST OPERATIONS Module Title: CARRYING-OUT HARVEST AND POSTHARVEST OPERATIONS Date Developed: Agricultural Crop December 2021 Production NC II Developed by: Page 1 of 5 PORTFOLIO Clegine V. Madriaga  HARVESTING AND POST HARVEST HANDLING INTRODUCTION This module discusses the proper harvesting and post harvest handling of field crops. OBJECTIVES After completing this module, you should be able to: 1. define harvesting and post harvest handling; 2. explain the importance of minimizing losses during harvest; 3. identify and describe the two types of maturity and maturity indices; 4. explain the method of harvesting; 5. understand and apply the considerations in harvesting; and 6. discuss the importance of post harvest handling; and post harvest techniques. CONTENT Definition of Harvesting Harvesting may be defined as the removal of plant or detachment of its parts (e.g. grains, fruits, leaves, tubers, etc). The quality of harvested product is affected by crop maturity, time, and the method of harvesting. Following the proper techniques in harvesting is likewise important. Types of Maturity a. Physiological maturity - It applies only to fruits and vegetables. It is the end of the development stage of a fruit or fruit vegetable. When it has developed the ability to ripe normally after harvest, the stage at which the external and internal characteristics of the fruit allow normal ripening after harvest. b. Commercial or horticultural maturity - it is the stage of development when the plant parts possess the necessary characteristics preferred by consumers. It is used as a basis for deciding when to harvest for commercial purposes. Maturity Indices Maturity indices are signs or indications of the readiness of the plant for harvest. It is the basis for determining harvest date. Types of Indices a. Subjective type - uses the senses, thus could be visual or physical means. Date Developed: Agricultural Crop December 2021 Production NC II Developed by: Page 2 of 5 PORTFOLIO Clegine V. Madriaga  1) Visual - color, size, angularity or fullness, change in appearance, presence of corky spots and drying of the plant or its parts. 2) Physical means - uses feel, force sound and smell to determine maturity. b. Objective means - these are measurable indices. 1) Measurement of chemical constituents - determine the total soluble solids (TSS), titratable acid (T) ratio between solids (or sugar) and acid, and oil content. 2) Computation of the age of the fruit in terms of number of days to harvest from a point of reference such as bud break, anthesis (flower opening), shooting (appearance of inflorescence) for bananas, flower induction and heat units. 3) Determination of rate of respiration and ethylene production - used only for experimental purposes. 4) Measurement of the dimensional fullness or diameter of fruits. Harvesting Methods General methods of harvesting 1) Manual method - most primitive method of harvesting. e.g., hand picking, pulling, cutting, digging 2) Mechanical method - utilize tools and equipment, machineries. e.g., mechanical harvesters, combines the high cost of machinery limits its use to big corporations in the country. Postharvest Handling Post harvest losses on field crop is estimated to range from 10-37% in our country today. This is an indication of poor harvest practice being employed by our farmers or not paying attention to such practices. For better quality of products and higher profits therefore, proper postharvest must be followed. Postharvest Handling of Field Crops 1. Drying - the removal of moisture content usually at 14% MC for cereals and lower for legumes. 2. Threshing - process of separating the grains from other plant parts. 3. Cleaning or winnowing - separation of grain/beans from other fruit debris or other foreign materials. 4. Shelling/husking - separating the grain or kernels from cubs and husks or seeds from pods. Date Developed: Agricultural Crop December 2021 Production NC II Developed by: Page 3 of 5 PORTFOLIO Clegine V. Madriaga  5. Storage-preserving the quality of farm products before disposing them. Merits of Postharvest Handling 1. For higher income or profit, farm command better price in the market. products of good quality 2. To minimize losses during drying, thru shelling. 3. It is essential for efficient marketing. 4. Facilitate better storage and preservation Criteria for classifying field crop products: 1. size - small, medium, large 2. weight - heavy, light 3. color - shiny, fine, (for different color 4. shape - oblong, round 5. cleanliness - free from foreign materials 6. free from mechanical and insect damage Important factors to consider in packaging, handling and transporting 1) appropriateness of packaging materials 2) suitability of container size Benefits derived from proper packaging, handling and transporting 1) minimize damages of products 2) command higher price 3) efficient marketing 4) longer storage life and preservation Types of Packaging 1. baskets- e.g. rattan, bamboo baskets 2. crates – 3. wood sacks – burlap, jute, straw 4. cartoons - for fresh fruits e.g. banana, mango 5. metal containers - for processed farm products 6. glass container - for preserved products 7. paper 8. plastics 9. aluminurn foil 10. others STORAGE - preserves the quality of farm products Date Developed: Agricultural Crop December 2021 Production NC II Developed by: Page 4 of 5 PORTFOLIO Clegine V. Madriaga Types and methods of storage commonly used or practiced in the Philippines are: 1. Open storage - Farm products are spread on the floor, usually practiced by farmers in the farm: not good 2. Ordinary storage - Farm products are placed in sacks, cans, cartoons, boxes, baskets and placed under room temperature storage: not so bad 3. Refrigeration -Effective method of storing fruits and vegetables: good 4. Controlled atmosphere storage - sophisticated form of storage where factors of environment are controlled: best Food Preservation 1. One of the ways of ensuring a steady or continuous supply of food materials within our homes and neighborhood is through food preservation. 2. Field crop products such as grain, nuts and beans are stored and preserved by first drying to the desired moisture content and then packaging. Date Developed: Agricultural Crop December 2021 Production NC II Developed by: Page 5 of 5 PORTFOLIO Clegine V. Madriaga Sector: AGRICULTURE AND FISHERIES Qualification Title: AGRICULTURAL CROP PRODUCTION NC II Unit of Competency: CARE AND MAINTAIN CROPS Module Title: CARING AND MAINTAINING CROPS Date Developed: Agricultural Crop DECEMBER 2021 Production NC II Developed by: Page 1 of 10 PORTFOLIO Clegine V. Madriaga  CROP PROTECTION INTRODUCTION This module discusses the pest attacking field crops. It also includes insect pest, diseases, field rats and weeds, and their control measures. OBJECTIVES After completing this module, you should be able to: 1. identify and characterize the different types of pests; 2. identify the insect pests and diseases and their control; 3. identify and characterize diseases causing plant pathogens; 4. describe the symptoms and control measures of plant diseases 5. identify the types of weeds and their characteristics; 6. explain control measures of weeds; and 7. discuss the methods of controlling rodents. Types of Pests and Their Control 1. Insect Pest Insects are the most abundant form of animal on Insect pests may be harmful to human and cause great e loss by damaging or destroying agricultural crops a valuable plants; by aiding the spread and devel bacteria, fungi and viruses that produce diseas destroying or lowering the value of stored farm prodi On the other hand, insects may be helpful to human by producing directly or indirectly materials of economic value, such as silk, honey, beeswax and dyes; by aiding in the pollination process and, by destroying injurious insects and mites as a predators and parasites. Identification/Classification of Insect Pests There are many harmful insects which may cause considerable damage to crops. These may be grouped into two: a. Chewing insects – with chewing mouth parts. Ex., Grasshoppers, crickets, weevils, beetles, and the larvae of moths. b. Sucking insects - with sucking mouth parts. Ex., Aphid, leaf hoppers and true bags. Control Measures 1. Natural Control Natural control is defined as any condition of the environment that checks insect populations and cannot be altered at will by man, at least on an extensive scale. A number of factors acting in nature Date Developed: Agricultural Crop DECEMBER 2021 Production NC II Developed by: Page 2 of 10 PORTFOLIO Clegine V. Madriaga that limit or destroy insect population include: climatic, topography, and biotic factors. a. Climatic factors - Extremes of temperature, moisture, atmospheric humidity, soil moisture, and rainfall act as checks or as favorable factors, depending on the insect species. Air currents or high winds, sunlight or atmospheric pressures also affect the distribution, behavior and size of insect population. b. Topographic factors - Natural barriers that interfere with free irrigation from one region or place to another include oceans, mountain ranges, deserts broad rivers and zones with prohibitively unfavorable climate. Likewise, the physical and chemical nature of the soil has a direct bearing not only on the suitability of the environment for insects but also no their food and supply. 2. Applied Control Applied control measures are those methods employed by man to bring about reduction of insect damage. These are mechanical, cultural, biological, and legislative control. These methods may be used when an economic pest threshold is reached that will justify the expenses of operation. a. Mechanical Control - It involves the employment of special equipment or operations for the specific purpose of reducing insect populations or preventing attacks by them 1. Use of Barriers - use of devices to keep insects away from plants such as screens, nets, metal shields, etc. 2. Collection of insects - hand picking of egg masses, larval nests or large insects, use of traps, trap crops. 3. Direct mechanical destruction - may be accomplished by ensilage cutters, husker, shredders, heavy rollers, plows and soil pulverizers. Flooding and provision of drainage ditches also control pest population. 4. Artificially raising or lowering of the temperature. 5. Exposing the insect to gamma radiation adults with normal mating behavior. results in sterile 6. Use of microwave and other radio frequency energy. b. Cultural Control - Cultural control measure reduce insect populations but results are not immediate. These involve the best cropping practices known for a given crop that may incidentally check possible insect populations from developing. 1. Tillage - Control results partly from mechanical injury to the insects and their exposure to unsuitable environmental conditions. Date Developed: Agricultural Crop DECEMBER 2021 Production NC II Developed by: Page 3 of 10 PORTFOLIO Clegine V. Madriaga  2. Sanitation - Destroying or removal of weeds which serve as hosts for insects. 3. Frequent and proper timing of cultivation life stages such as larvae and pupae. will kill insect 4. Adjusting the time of planting and harvesting may lessen insect damage. 5. Crop rotation - Prevents a build up of insect population peculiar to that crop. 6. Other cultural practices that may be unfavorable to the development of insect pests are the choice of good seed, proved varieties, proper seed-bed preparation, proper fertilizing and soil conservation practices. c. Biological Control - It is defined as the artificial manipulation of the natural biological phenomena for the purpose of reducing or checking destructive populations of insects. 1. Use of resistant varieties of plants. 2. Introduction, mass rearing and liberation of large numbers of predacious or parasitic animals or disease- producing animals. d. Legislative Control - Legislation authorizes quarantines and provides funds for their support; regulates pesticides: establishes tolerances for poisonous residues on foods; authorizes and supports extermination campaigns; and provides facilities and funds for research work needed to establish proper control practices. e. Chemical control - It involves the use of pesticides to control insect populations. Chemicals for insect control are classified in various ways. One method of classification is based on their chemistry, that is inorganic and organic compounds. A common method is to group them according to their mode of action, e.g. stomach poisons, contact poisons, fumigants, repellants, attractants and chemosterilants. 2. Diseases 2.1 Disease Causing Plant Pathogens Disease is a harmful alteration of the normal physiological and biochemical development of a plant (National Academy of Science, Washington DC 1968). In a more lengthy definition Agrios (1978) defined disease as “any disturbance brought about by a pathogen or an environmental factor which interferes with the manufacture, translocation or utilization of food, mineral, nutrients and water. Symptoms of Diseases Date Developed: Agricultural Crop DECEMBER 2021 Production NC II Developed by: Page 4 of 10 PORTFOLIO Clegine V. Madriaga  Symptoms are marks or manifestation of abnormal conditions which distinguish diseased plants from healthy ones. 1. Blight - a sudden discoloration and death of tissues over certain portions of plants. This usually results in the general killing of shoots, blooms and stems (e.g. blight of corn and beans, and Phytoptera blight of citrus). 2. Bleeding - chronic flow of sap from wounds or other injuries usually accompanied by odor of fermentation (e.g. stem bleeding of coconut) 3. Chlorosis - yellowing of normally green tissues due to partial failure of chlorophyll to develop (e.g. vein clearing in abaca bunchy-top) 4. Curl - distorting, fluting and puffing of a leaf due to the unequal development of its sides (e.g. leaf curl of tobacco). 5. Damping off - decay of seeds in the soil before seedling emergence, or rapid rotting usually at the soil line of recently emerged seedlings (e.g. damping-off of vegetables). 6. Die-back - dying backwards from tip to twigs and branches of trees to the rots (e.g. die-back of citrus) 7. Dwarfing - the failure of any part of the plant or of the entire plant to develop to normal size. 8. Gall - a pronounced localized swelling on roots, stems or branches (e.g. orange galls of calamismis) 9. Knot - an imperfectly vascularized knob like overgrowth on stems. A term sometimes used to describe a small gall (e.g. root-knot of vegetable). 10. Lesion- a localized spot of diseased area (e.g. spots, blisters and scabs). 11. Mosaic - a disarrangement of the chlorophyll content of tissues causing the green and yellow areas to form variegated patterns (e.g. abaca mosaic) 12. Rosetting - the internodes of shoots or branches fail to elongate normally, causing the foliage to be crowded into clusters (e.g. abaca bunchy top). 13. Rot - abnormal thickening of the outer layer of tissues resulting from local irritation (citrus scab) 14. Wilt - the loss of plant tissues (e.g. bacterial wilt of solanaceous plants 2.2 Causes of Plant Diseases Parasitic diseases may be grouped according to the different organisms which cause infectious diseases of plants: namely: fungi, bacteria, viruses, mycoplasma, nematodes and parasitic flowering plants. Date Developed: Agricultural Crop DECEMBER 2021 Production NC II Developed by: Page 5 of 10 PORTFOLIO Clegine V. Madriaga  1. Fungi - Fungi are non-chlorophyll-bearing, spore forming microorganisms which depend upon living host plants for food. Under moist conditions, a spore landing on a susceptible plant may germinate and produce thread-like filaments which can penetrate into the plant directly or through the plants natural openings (stomata, hydathodes, lenticels). Symptoms caused by fungi are rots, spots, blights, leaf curl, yellowing, scab, canker, anthracnose, powdery mildew, downy mildew, leaf streak or stripe, mummification, etc. 2. Bacteria - Bacteria are unicellular organisms which multiply by cell division in about 10-15 minutes. These enter their host through wounds or natural openings and multiply rapidly, break down the plant tissues and usually move throughout the plant. Bacteria are rapidly spread by animals, insect driving rain, irrigation water and windblown dust. Diseased plant materials such as seeds, nursery stocks, and transplants also spread bacteria. Bacteria affect plants in various ways and their symptoms may be expressed as galls, wilt, leaf spots, soft rot, streak or blight. 3. Viruses - Viruses are infectious parasites that attack many forms of life, including bacteria and plants. Some plant viruses are very infectious and can be transmitted easily from diseased to healthy plants by mere contact, or by animals, men and machines. Others are spread only by the feeding and plant to plant movement of insects, by asexual propagation of virus infected planting stocks, or virus infected seeds. The symptoms include stunting, yellowing, curling, molting and overgrowths. 4. Mycoplasma - these are tiny organisms whose size is between that of viruses and bacteria which cause several cases of "yellow diseases". Mycoplasma (meaning "fungus" form) have no rigid cell walls but can assume many shapes because of their fragile membranes. Majority of the mycoplasma diseases are transmitted in nature by leafhoppers. 5. Nematodes - plant parasitic nematodes are active, slender, thread-like round worms about 1/70 of an inch long. Their mouth part is equipped with a tiny spear or styled which they use to puncture plant cells to obtain plant juices. The root knot nematodes are the most common type, of which these causes abnormal swelling or galling of the roots. 6. Parasitic flowering plants - these are seed plants that grow on trees, gardens, plants and field crops to obtain all food materials and water from the host pants through tiny sucker like structures at points of contact with the host. "Mistletoe” and "Bunga ng tubo" are the two common parasitic flowering plants in the Philippines 2.3 Disease Control Measures Date Developed: Agricultural Crop DECEMBER 2021 Production NC II Developed by: Page 6 of 10 PORTFOLIO Clegine V. Madriaga  a. The Principle of Protection. Protection control measures aim to prevent the invasion or entry of pathogens in the plant system. This can be achieved by physical or chemical means. 1. Physical Measures - These include any non-chemical ways which aim to achieve the following: (1) prevent the pathogen from reaching the suscept; (2) prevent the pathogen from developing to the stage where it can invade and cause disease; an (3) prevent the pathogen from entering the plants. 2. Chemical measures - protecting plants with chemicals (protection fungicides) is an effective means of controlling many fungal diseases. Fungicides may be applied to planting materials (seeds, cuttings, bulbs, tubers, etc) to leaves and sometimes to harvested products. Therefore, fungicides must be applied to the plant before it is planted. while it is being grown, and after it is harvested to prevent fungal diseases. Some ways of applying fungicides are: (1) spraying of foliage (2) dusting of foliage (3) treatment of planting material b. The Principles of Immunization. Disease control measures that aim at changing the disease reaction of plants may be grouped into non-genetic and genetic methods. These are: Changing the nutrition of the plants Changing disease reaction with systemic chemicals Genetic ways of altering diseases reaction The use of disease-resistant varieties c. The Principle of Eradication Eradicant measures are aimed at getting rid of pathogens which are already present in or on plants, in the soil, or equipment, in storage and in shipping containers, or on any article which is exposed to pathogens. Three approaches may be followed in eradicating pathogens. 1. Killing of pathogens in or on the plant.By means of chemicals By means of physical (non-chemical) methods ► Heat treatment > Anaerobic (without free oxygen) treatment 2. Killing of pathogens in the environment a. By means of chemicals Fumigants Non-volatile soil fungicides Systemic insecticides against nematodes Disinfectants b. By physical (non-chemical) means Date Developed: Agricultural Crop DECEMBER 2021 Production NC II Developed by: Page 7 of 10 PORTFOLIO Clegine V. Madriaga  Steam Dry heat c. Removal of pathogens Removal of entire plants Removal of plant parts d. The Principle of Exclusion Control measures are legally imposed or voluntarily adopted to keep pathogens out of a country, province, field, storage house, market or any such unit of space. 1. Compulsory measures which are imposed by law 2. Physical or chemical treatment planting materials 3. Production of planting stocks on areas where the environment does not favor the occurrence of certain pathogens 4. Removal of obviously diseased planting stocks 3. Rodents and Their Control Rodents are one of the most destructive pests of crops. The damage that they cause to crops may even result to total crop failure. Effective eradication of this pest should therefore be given the necessary attention. Methods of Controlling Rodents a. Environmental Manipulations 1) Reducing food source - reducing available food requires clean culture and avoiding spilled grains and leaving unharvested grains. 2) Rat-proofing of farm plots, farm house, and "bodegas” reduces food source for rats. Example: installation of metal collars around each house post or coco tree at least two feet above the ground 3) Reducing harborage - cutting weeds, avoiding dense piles of farm wastes and others. b. Mechanical Means 1) Snap trapping - Snap trap baited with materials any palatable bait 2) Blanket (Grass trap) system - Men surrounds the area and then cut the grasses/crops from the margins towards the center. As the area is cleared and the rats are killed. This process can be repeated in another area and so on. Date Developed: Agricultural Crop DECEMBER 2021 Production NC II Developed by: Page 8 of 10 PORTFOLIO Clegine V. Madriaga  c. Chemical method employs the use of poison 1) Acute poison - those that cause death after ingestion ex. Sodium flouroacetate, zinc phosphate and other 2) Slow acting poisons - those that induce death after several days from ingesting the poison. Ex., Warfarin, racumin, tomarin, etc. d. Biological control involves the use of: 1) Predators-wild carnivores which commonly prey on rats. Ex., cats, hawks owls, monitor lizards and snakes 2) Parasites - Example: bacteria and viruses 4. Weeds and Their Control Weeds play a very important role in field crops and cereals production. They can determine the kind of production system the farmer can have. It is therefore important to have knowledge of weeds and adequate information on their control. Economic Importance of Weeds 1. Some beneficial roles checks soil erosion supplies organic matter to the soil furnishes food and protection to wildlife 2. Some harmful roles serve as hosts for insect pests and diseases compete with crops for light, nutrient, water and gas utilization compete with crops for space Classification of Weeds 1. Grass - with nodes, leaf sheath and long narrow leaves 2. Sedges - with triangular shaped stem 3. Broadleaf - all weeds that do not belong under grasses and sedges Methods of Weed Control 1. Physical/Mechanical Method a. Tillage - The act of plowing under a sod crop in preparation for planting destroys many weedy plants. This method s also called turning under. b. Mowing/Cutting - mowing or cutting weeds before they produce seed is a means of control and elimination of certain types. c. Use of mechanical device. Ex. Rotary weeder Date Developed: Agricultural Crop DECEMBER 2021 Production NC II Developed by: Page 9 of 10 PORTFOLIO Clegine V. Madriaga 2. Other Cultural Management Practices a. Crop rotation - with continuous planting of land to one crop or monocropping, the serious weeds of the crop tend to increase. b. Use of other crops - the proper combination of crops is helpful in weed control. The weeding of legumes and grasses with a grain crop is helpful in controlling competing weeds. called smother crops do not smother weeds. Smother crops help prevent weeds from getting a start by shutting off light and competing with the weeds for water and nutrients. 3. Use of Chemicals a. Herbicides - These are grouped according to time of application. Ex. Pre-plant, pre-emergence, post emergence. Date Developed: Agricultural Crop DECEMBER 2021 Production NC II Developed by: Page 10 of 10 PORTFOLIO Clegine V. Madriaga Planting Crops  UNIT 1: Preparing the Land for Planting At the end of this unit, you must be able to: 1. Perform basic methods of land preparation; 2. Conduct soil sampling using Soil Testing Kit (STK); 3.Interpret field layout plan according to the recommended planting system; and 4.Perform digging of holes and application of basal fertilizer. LESSON 1: Land Preparation Activities  Introduction Soil is considered as one important component in the success of crop production.  Introduction In this lesson, you will be introduced to the different activities of land preparation including methods of land clearing, proper way of using Soil Testing Kit, and what are the different methods of Tillage operations.  Topic 1: Clearing Operations Land Clearing is the removal of bushes, stones, trash, unwanted plants, and other unnecessary materials in the planting area that could hamper the growth of a new plant. It is the first step in making your planting area or plot.  Topic 1: Clearing Operations Before you could start with the land preparation, you must prepare the needed tools and materials. Below are steps to undertake before using your tools, implement and equipment:  Topic 1: Clearing Operations How to Perform Land Clearing? There are many ways on how to conduct land clearing. It will depend on the land, materials available and other factors but the following are the basic steps to perform it: First, clear the area by cutting tall grasses. Then, cut the unnecessary trees and remove heavy bushes and tree stumps. Pick or dig the stones and other obstacles in the field. The field should look like it is ready for plowing. Avoid burning bushes because it can cause soil erosion and loss of soil nutrients.  Activity Direction: Identify if the following statements are TRUE or FALSE. 1. Wear your gloves when operating a machine. 2. Sharpen all cutting tools before using and frequently thereafter. A sharp tool is a safer tool. 3. When clearing the land, burn the bushes so that it will be eliminated easily and quickly. 4. Wear long sleeves and long pants when working with dense plant materials. 5. Avoid wearing safety glasses when sharpening tools with powder grinder for it hinders the sight.  Activity Direction: Identify if the following statements are TRUE or FALSE. FALSE 1. Wear your gloves when operating a machine. TRUE 2. Sharpen all cutting tools before using and frequently thereafter. A sharp tool is a safer tool. 3. When clearing the land, burn the bushes so that it will be eliminated FALSE easily and quickly. FALSE 4. Wear long sleeves and long pants when working with dense plant materials. FALSE 5. Avoid wearing safety glasses when sharpening tools with powder grinder for it hinders the sight.  Topic 2: Soil Sampling and Testing When you are done in clearing the land, the next step would be to identify whether the soil has adequate nutrients for your plants. A soil testing is done in order to identify the nutrients and defects in the planting area or plot. If defects have been found, it should be addressed with necessary actions.  Below is a common way of conducting soil testing: Soil sample collection >>> The first step is to get a small sample piece of soil from the land and this would represent the whole land. It is a critical step because the soil from different areas differ. The most common way to attain a good sample is to use composite sampling. Composite sampling is done by getting small soil samples in the different areas and then mixing them. Laboratory analysis >>> Next, the sample soil is mixed with an extracting solution(acids or combination of acids) then the soil will react with the solution and eventually release nutrients. Interpretation of results >>> After the laboratory procedure, you can now identify the components of the soil such as its Ph level, phosphorus, nitrogen, sulfur, etc. Fertilizer or other management recommendation >>> Based on the results and analysis, you will evaluate what are the problems in the soil and provide a solution just like adding the right fertilizer to the land.  Topic 2: Soil Sampling and Testing Getting Soil Sample To get a soil sample, follow the procedure below: 1. Clear unnecessary objects in the plot. This may be stones, trash, rubbish or grass. 2. Divide the plot into lots that are uniform in slope, texture, depth, drainage and crop raised. Each lot of the farm should be represented. 3. Remove any plant and grasses in the area where you will get the soil sample. Topic 2: Soil Sampling and Testing Getting Soil Sample 4. Collect soil samples from different areas. Using a shovel, push it down into the soil in a slanting position making a V- shape hole to a depth of 12 inches and get a slice of 2 inches thick and 4 inches wide. Then, place each collected sample in a container. Make sure it does not contain animal manure. 5. Get a 1.5 to 2.5 kl composite soil sample to represent the unit area. A soil unit area is any section of the farm where the soil type, its topography and vegetation are more or less similar. Take the same samples at random from at least 10 sites and mix it. Topic 2: Soil Sampling and Testing Getting Soil Sample 6. For orchards, get subsoil samples below 25 cm deep. For fruit trees, the soil sample should be taken directly below the rim of the crown of the tree. For shallow rooted plants like rice, corn and vegetables, a 0-25 cm deep soil sample. For fruit trees or permanent crops like the coconut, the depth should be 25 to 35 cm. 7. Pour the soil into the laid plastic or sack and remove stones, grasses or any trashes. Topic 2: Soil Sampling and Testing Getting Soil Sample 8. Then crush the clods until it turns into a fine-grained soil. Make sure that there is no large compacted soil. 9. Transfer the soil into the pail. Then, pour and spread it out to a new container. Topic 2: Soil Sampling and Testing Getting Soil Sample 10. Perform air drying for 1 week. Place the soil in a shaded area. Protect the samples from any contamination, dirt or foreign matters like cigarette ash. 11. Filter the soil using a 2mm sieve. The particles that do not go through the sieve should be discarded. Topic 2: Soil Sampling and Testing Getting Soil Sample 12. Then, take at least 1 kl of composite soil samples. Divide the soil sample into four. Get the 2 and 4 soil parts and remove 1 and 3. Continue doing the process until you get 1 kilo of soil sample. This is done to attain 1 kilo of soil sample while retaining an equal portion of the taken soil. A 1 kl air dried-soil is equivalent to 3 cans of condensed milk-full of soil. 13. Place the soil into a bag and label it properly. You may write the name of the farmer, farm location, area, crop type, topography, average previous crop yield, type and amount of fertilizers used in previous cropping and type of crop to be planted  Topic 2: Soil Sampling and Testing Different Soil Testing Kit Despite having to go for an intensive soil test, BSWM also introduces some soil testing kits that can provide immediate results, cheaper and easy-to- use materials. This is a simple method of identifying the nutrients and deficiencies present in your soil.  DIFFERENT SOIL TESTING KIT A Soil Testing Kit is a set of materials that can be used in analyzing soil nutrients. Although it can give immediate results, it might be inaccurate sometimes. However, this is still sometimes used by the farmers/gardeners.  Soil Testing Kit that has been developed by BSWM and this can also be bought in their office. This STK can be conducted directly in the planting area. It helps identify the levels of Ph and other soil components in the soil.  Rapid Soil Test Kit(RST), this kit is developed by BSWM. It can identify the micro and macro-nutrients deficiencies present in the soil. It provides recommendation for a specific fertilizer to be used and it includes field analysis for Zinc, Calcium and Magnesium.  3 in 1 Soil tester, a digital device attached with a metal stick. The stick is then buried in the ground. This device can test the level of soil pH, light intensity ,and moisture levels. This would help you identify the level of pH, light, and moisture present in the soil.  Topic 2: Soil Sampling and Testing Soil Testing using Soil Speed Detector To test the soil accurately using this device, follow the procedure below: 1. Pour at least 1 kg of soil sample into the container. 2. The soil must be moist to let the device run the test. 3. Use the designated device to measure the Nitrogen, Potassium and Phosphorus level in the soil successively. Topic 2: Soil Sampling and Testing Soil Testing using Soil Speed Detector 4. Turn the device on and insert the prongs two to three inches deep in the soil. 5. Wait for the reading on the screen to stabilize. 6. Check and record the value shown on the screen. Topic 2: Soil Sampling and Testing Soil Testing using Soil Speed Detector 7. Remove the device and wipe the prongs with a clean dry cloth. 8. Do the same to test for the other soil components. 9. Place the device back to its container and ensure proper storage. Topic 2: Soil Sampling and Testing Soil Testing using Soil Speed Detector You may also use the Soil Speed Detector in the field or in the garden. 1. First, identify the area to be tested. 2. Turn on and insert the prongs two to three inches deep in the soil. 3. Wait for the reading on the screen to stabilize. Topic 2: Soil Sampling and Testing Soil Testing using Soil Speed Detector 4. Check and record the value shown on the screen. 5. Remove the device and wipe the prongs clean with a dry cloth. 6. Return the device to its container and ensure proper storage. For more accurate results, perform multiple tests at the same and different areas of the plot. Get the average of all the reading for the final result.  Topic 2: Soil Sampling and Testing Soil Testing using 4 in 1 Soil Meter In using your 4 in 1 soil meter, follow the steps below: 1. Place first the battery at the back of the soil meter. 2 Identify the area where you want to test your soil. This soil meter can be used indoors and outdoors. 3 Click the “ON” button and wait to see a value on the small screen. This is usually zero. Topic 2: Soil Sampling and Testing Soil Testing using 4 in 1 Soil Meter 4 Turn the device back and turn the switch to the right when testing for pH and left when testing for the temperature. In this video, we look into the pH level of the soil first. The result for moisture and sunlight will be shown automatically on the screen. 5 Check the value shown in the screen first then insert the prong of the soil meter into the soil vertically. Topic 2: Soil Sampling and Testing Soil Testing using 4 in 1 Soil Meter 6 Wait for several seconds then check the value shown on the screen. 7 Record the result. Do the test multiple times to get the average result.  Topic 2: Soil Sampling and Testing Soil Amendments The required level of each component (Ph, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium) present in the soil may vary depending on the plants to be planted. There are plants that grow well in less acidic soil while others cannot. Other plants do not need too much nitrogen to grow, below are ways of providing adequate soil nutrients into the soil:  Topic 2: