Agricultural Extension and Communication Notes

• Study notes on agricultural extension and communication

History of Extension

• The term "extension" first described adult education programs by Oxford and Cambridge in England, starting in 1867.
• These programs extended university work into neighboring communities.
• The United States formally adopted the term with land-grant universities established as teaching institutions in the 1860s.
• In the early 20th century, the UK transferred agricultural extension to the Ministry of Agriculture, termed "Advisory Services."
• Most European countries adopted similar advisory services with their agriculture ministries.
• In the 1840s, the term University Extension was first used in Britain.

Stirrings in 19th Century England

• Discussions in Oxford and Cambridge universities (1850s) explored serving the needs of the growing industrial, urban population.
• A practical attempt was made in 1867 designated "University Extension," not for enrolled students.
• It brought the university outside of its campus to people who could not qualify for entry into university

James Stuart

• James Stuart was the "Father of University Extension"
• A Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge
• He appealed to the authorities of University of Cambridge too organize Centers of Extension Lectures under university's supervision
• Cambridge adopted the system in 1872 followed by London in 1876, and Oxford in 1878
• By the 1880s, the extension system was established and became known as the Extension Movement

Birth of Modern Agricultural Extension Service

• Europe
  • In 1841, the Royal Agricultural Improvement Society (RAIS) was founded in Britain.
  • The potato blight outbreak in Europe (Ireland) in 1845, caused by Phytophthora infestans, severely impacted the Irish peasant community.
  • In 1847, the Earl of Clarendon urged RAIS to appoint lecturers to inform and teach small farmers how to improve faming and grow other crops
  • In the 1890s, universities incorporated agricultural subjects into their lectures.
• United States of America
  • The Morill Act by President Lincoln (1862) created Land-Grant colleges and universities, establishing demo centers/experimental stations
  • Farmers' Institute Movements involved meetings (1-2 days) with professors from state colleges and universities as speakers
  • The Second Morill Act (1890) extended the Land-Grant concept. in other areas of the USA
  • The Smith-Lever Act (1914) established the Cooperative Extension Service.
  • Cooperative Extension Services are a tripartite cooperation between federal, state, and local governments, with state universities as extension agencies

Extension in the Philippines

• Granja modelos, experimental or demonstration centers for farmers during the 19th century, initiated by Spanish missionaries, aimed to educate rice, corn, and tobacco farmers in large encomiendas
• April 30, 1902, the Bureau of Agriculture was established under the Department of Interior.
• July 1910, the Demonstration and Extension Division was created under the Bureau of Agriculture, which is the first formally organized government department implementing research and extension programs

Phases of Development

• The Bureau of Agriculture expanded extension services, with the Administrative Division doing the program. (July 1910)
• The DED expanded its work to include farmers' cooperative, rural credit, marketing, and animal insurance (July 1919).
• The Demonstration and Extension Division was changed to Agricultural Extension Services (1923).
• Home Extension Work began in the Bureau of Soils Division of Organic Chemistry, mainly on Food Preservation (1923)
• Maria Y. Orosa founded home extension service
• Split into Bureau of Plant Industry (BPI) and Bureau of Animal Industry (BAI) in 1929
• The agricultural Extension Division was placed under the Bureau of Plant Industry and later renamed Agricultural Division in 1932
• Extension services were carried out up to the assumption, of Mr. Manuel L. Quezon, as President of the Commonwealth in 1938
• Commonwealth Act No. 85 (1936): The extension of service was done in the provinces by the provincial agriculturist and home demonstrator, widen the extension service coverage as it authorized local government units to support extension service logistically up to years immediately preceding World War II
• Commonwealth Act 649 increased the amount appropriated for extension work until the outbreak of WWII.
• Home economics and agricultural extension work suffered setbacks during the Japanese Occupation.
• Fused with the Agricultural Extension Unit of the Bureau of Agriculture after Japanese Occupation in 1947
• In 1947. The Home Extension Unit under BPI was fused with the Agricultural Extension Unit of the Bureau of Agriculture

Later developments

• The Philippine Government requested the USA to send an economic survey mission to the Philippines that considers the financial problems of countrt adn to recommendations for the Philippines to become and remain self-supporting in 1950
• The Bell Survey Mission Recommendation was consolidation of bureaus into one to adequately extend information with BPI, BAI, BS, BFor, BFis into one bureau, for improved faming and rural organization.
• The Bureau of Agricultural Extension (BAEx) was created on by virtue of by R.A. 680 (July 16, 1952)
• The BAEx was changed into Agriculture Productivity Commission (APC) when R.A. 3844 or the Land Reform Code was enacted.
• BAEx functions decentralized and granted autonomous powers to local governments under Republic Act No. 188, 1967
• In APC was put directly under the Office of the President

Subsequent Transformations

• National Food and Agricultural Council (NFAC) emerged, with full control of the food production program and funds from the USAID under Executive Order 183 in 1969
• APC reverted to BAEx as the original name under Presidential Decree No. 1 P.D. No. 1 and Presidential Letter of Implementation No. 9 and its control was returned to Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources(1972)
• P.D. #970 abolished the Farm Management Office of DAR, then transferring the function of the BAEx
• In 1973 The BAEx was transferred back to DA
• The Abaca and others Fibers Boards was fused with BAEx.
• Training and Visit System (T & V) adopted. and came from the Philippines due to the development strategy for improvement of the resources.
• National Extension Project (NEP) became operational with a world bank loan of US$ 35M (March 27, 1979)
• PD No. 1579 and LOI NO. 595 created ministry-wide regional offices in the Ministry of Agriculture,1978
• EO No. 967 renamed Ministry of Agriculture into the Ministry of Agriculture And Food (MAF) (1978)
• Transferred BFAR from the Ministry of Natural Resources to the MAF
• EO No. 803 designated the provision as the province management.(1982)
• The provincial governments were empowered to have their own extension services through RA #5185, Decentralization Ac

Organizational structure (1987)

• Minister of Agriculture
• Regional director
• Provincial Agriculture Officer
  • Senior Home Management Technician (SHMT)
  • Rural Youth Development Officer (RYDO)
  • Provincial Subject Matter Specialist (SMS)
• Municipal Agriculture Agricultural Food Technologists (AFTs) Officer

Agricultural Training Institute (ATI)

• EAEx, Agricultural Training Council and the Phil. Training Center for Rural Development were merged into ATI.
• Note:* ATI'S birth, meant the "DEATH: of BAEx, 1987
• The Local Government Code (RA No. 7160) was enacted into law in 1991
• The Code decentralized authority to local government units (LGUs) the management and supervision of agricultural extension system of the country, to insure the delivery of basic services in the agricultural extension system and to the filipinos
• RA 8435 is the Agricilture and Fisheries Modernization Act (AFMA) which was established in 1997

Major Concerns

• Food security
• Poverty alleviation and social equity
• Income enhancement and profitability especially for farmers and fisher folks
• Global Competitiveness
• Sustainability

Philippine Agriculture

Spanish Era

• The myrrh birds (Martinez) from China were introduced and acclimatized to fight against migratory locust infestation in the Philippines
• The Plan General Economico included income-generating monopolies of tobacco, jareta nut, spirituous liquors and explosives
• June 23, 1898 saw the creation of the Department of Agriculture and Manufacturing in the American Occupation
• The Homestead Law provided citizens with the opportunity to acquire at least 24 hectares of land.
• The Torrens Act safeguarded all titles to cultivated lands owned by private persons.

Additional points

• The Creation of the Department Agriculture in 1902(now beauru of Plant Industry) to promote agriculture
• Hemp, sugar, tobacco, vopra and embroideries were Philippine exports at the time
• American Manuel L. Quezon made creations to the Division of Soil Survey to undertake soil and agronomical survey
• Jose P. Laurel's time was described as the period of "Rude Awakening" due to the realization that the Philippines did not raise enough food for the people and was not self-sufficient

Additional Notes

• During Roxas's Regime parity Rights were given to the Americans including disposition, exploitation, development, and utilization of public land
• Also the Rehabilitation Finance Corporation was then named the Developmment Bank of the Philippines for rehabilition and advancement to agriculture
• During Elpidio's time Bureau of Agricultural Extension was created
• Made the rice industry the first commodity sector to have an integrated national planning.
• The Rural Bank Act and Agricultural Credit Cooperative Financing Administration (ACCFA) were created during his term
• During Magsaysay's reign the organization, Farmers Cooperative Marketing Associations (FACOMAS) was authorized to help the Rice and Corn Coordinating Council
• Phillippines then became a member of the UN-FAO
  • Note: The Rice and Corn Coordinating Council- forerunner of the National Food and Agriculture Council (NFAC) now known as National Agriculture and Fishery Council (NAFC)

Additional Notes

• Austery Program urged the people to lead simple lives and do away with luxurious lifestyles and Filipino First Policy which encouraged the people to patronize Filipino-made products and to promote Filipino labor in the Garcia Administration
• Establlished in UPBL , the International Rice Research Institute was created during President Macapagal's term to focus on the problem of sugar
• Then also there was Automatic conversion of share tenancy to leasehold and retension rate and also the Creation to DAR
• Also the program of the president created was Masagana 99- program with massive dispersal of mordern package of technology including HYV, fertilizer and pesticides
• Also created the replanting program for coconut under Marcos

Presidents Corazon, Fidel and Joseph

• Corazon Aquino created the CARP program
• Fidel V. Ramos made the creation of the MDATP, GPEP and KCCDP
• Joseph Estrada made the CONCORD and Agrikulturang makamasa

Gloria Macapagal Arroyo

• GMA - Ginintuang Masagnang Ani
  • Country wide assistance for rural employment and services
• She also developed the hybrid rice commercialization program
• MTLDP - Medium Term Livestock Development Program
• MTFMDP - Medium Term Fisheries Management Development Program
• GATT Safety Measure was adopted

Other Countries Meanings Of Extension

• The Path ahead lighting to help people find their way: the Dutch Voorlichting
• The way ahead lighting with a torch: Inodenisia's Penyuluhan
• USA's translation of Education: The Malaysian Perkembangan
• Germany: the Expert that could give advisory work: Beratung
• Germany: A enlightment so that one knows clearly where he/she is going: Aufklarung Germany: Education: Erziehung
• German: To furthering or stimulating one to go in a desirable direction: Austra's Forderung
• France says vulgarisation Simplification of the message for the common man:Vulgarisation Animation
• Improving people's abilities, normally through training says Capación Consultacion from Spain
• Education, or influencing people to change their behavior says Extension from the USA

Extension Terminologies include

• Extension teaching
• Learning experience
• Extension model
• Extension strategy
• Extension method

Extension Education

• Extension teaching: stimulating, directing guide with is also a guided interaction which is also a process to help people be capable or guided successfully and create learning experience.
• It A system of educating and training the rural people to develop skills and the program that agricultural problems
• Getting useful information from people teaching and helping the rural and working w/ people.
• Roling was the Hiearchy for the objectives
• Ultimate, intervention, conditions to take effect, programming and being resourceful for management and organization

Paradigms of Agricultural Extension

• Extension of advisory service are interchangable
• Technology Transfer is providing reconmendations especially for food crops and increase food in general
• Advisory Servies commonly use advisory services
• Formal Education uses what they can't afford .
• Facilitation Extension this is the one working and brokers

Nature/ Dimensions of Extension

• Being altruistic/aiming at what helps farms
• Education non formal
• Its a communication with its basic dynamics
• Behaviour for inducing for farmers
• Links to searching farming and linking it to the resources
• Transfers technicals knowledge and increases knowledge
• Increasing income of a farmer and increasing
• All function according soun management and the person helps manage.

Method for Human Behaviour

• Advice is for when people agree with the extension, knowlegde and being confident coercion : people for something with goverment regualtions
• Exchange is exchaging of goods and services
• influencing is for helping people to prepare so we can do it better with coopertaing
• Mamnipulation has a way to infulence without them knowing

Other Human Behavior

• Applictation of good things that can be considered to be approprate
• Is for better economic and for more ecnomically sound.
• Also agreeement that they and better and in social can perfor optimally.

Philosphy

• What is should be the goal of what is being done.
• Can know what they need more

Principles of Extension

• Commnuication and Education
• Work with rural people for impact and stainablilty
• Be accountable on your actions
• And feedback

Purpose

• Informative or helping that can be well for alternatives
• Emacipatroy helping the poor
• And its good for the one that has good HRD
• With concerns, people, drug and other can have prevenitive behavior.

Communication

• To share more with comunication between people
• Intersction of communication are mutual with behaviours
• To make what we can from people peronalities
• Commuication comes for channel and to responseto know intentions

Commuication Process

• The reaction is when people repsonet when the extender says
• Also the simalarity of some past life to the people

People Process

• To make peole share and make a way there has commuication

Attributes of communication as a process

• Dynamic are that are not fixed constantly
• Consits system or elments that with interactions
• Intersctions through symbals or another and how organize affect

Field of expience

• The sum total of an individuals experinice influence

Basic for Communication

• Should be the to make sure that they to each other.
• An peopel recieves it its can make it work effectively

Categories Of Extenders

• Be similar to those of language
• Believablity based on four dimensions

1. Messages contains

• That are to used it
• And its with all the idea to express too
• Annd the way to get arranged

2.Categories

• Physical and the personal type
• Through music to dance
• And other can be used to for to show the signs with honrs
• With symbols.

Models

• The Berio contains, source, content, element and etc
• With what the system is too what to show effectively
• Shannon shows what with all six the is the message, and others

Extension Approach

• The the trick which is indivual of with teachers and the EW.
• Designed for those of a certain area
• With actions those they see and etc
• And the general nature to the basics.

Other approaches

• Technology
• The program controls by the Governmnt
• the is the way people can improve

Additional Informtion

• With limited area projects
• Can be highly trained too
• It can to help them out at areas with time
• Or those area with time

Adotpion

• All what they are new for people Diffusion
• They way informatino the spreds
• The stages of farm technology - awareness, interest, and they have to have trials - adoption the full use of the process

Extra Explantions

• If they not kno what it looks to
• And how it helps
• And if a product comes to there can they benefit

Innovation Decsicion Threoy

• If some starts to take the innovations and be good a it then that the stage

Another theorry

• Be relatively easier to adopt if the other member does not have to help it
• An change tradition

Another

• Innovation or risky
• And it come those catagories or people

All Extra

• What we with all know
• The that of who ever and what to do

Explore agricultural extension and communication with comprehensive study notes. Learn about the history of extension, tracing its origins from Oxford and Cambridge to land-grant universities in the USA. Understand the evolution and adoption of advisory services in agriculture across Europe.