285 Questions
Which of the following is a key characteristic of anxiety disorders?
They involve intense fear
What is a panic attack?
An experience of intense fear with physical symptoms
Which of the following is a symptom of a panic attack?
All of the above
Which type of conditioning is responsible for a person developing a fear of similar situations after a negative social experience?
Classical conditioning
What cognitive factor is associated with social anxiety disorder?
Too much attention to internal cues
What type of treatment is effective for social anxiety disorder?
Exposure therapy
Which of the following is a common worry for people with Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)?
Relationships
Who is more likely to have GAD?
Women
What is a possible reason why worry can be reinforcing for people with GAD?
It distracts people from negative emotions
What is a common treatment option for GAD?
Antidepressants
Which part of the brain is particularly activated among people with anxiety disorders?
Amygdala
What is a strong predictor of social anxiety disorder?
High levels of neuroticism
What is the most common additional diagnosis for all anxiety disorders?
Major depression
What cognitive factor is associated with anxiety disorders?
Attention to positive cues
Which of the following is a common fear associated with agoraphobia?
Fear of closed spaces
What is the gender ratio for agoraphobia?
Female: male = 2:1
At what age does agoraphobia commonly have an acute onset?
20-24
Which of the following is a specific phobia?
Fear of flying
Which of the following is a behavioral factor that can contribute to the development of specific phobias?
Prepared learning
What is the main treatment approach for specific phobias?
Cognitive-behavioral therapy
Which age group is most commonly affected by separation anxiety disorder?
Children
What is the difference between social anxiety disorder and shyness?
Social anxiety disorder is a fear of social situations that might involve being scrutinized or exposed to unfamiliar people
Which of the following is a symptom of post-traumatic stress disorder?
Intrusively reexperiencing the traumatic event
What are the common signs of mood and cognitive change after a traumatic event?
All of the above
What are the symptoms of increased arousal and reactivity associated with post-traumatic stress disorder?
All of the above
Which of the following is a key characteristic of Disinhibited Social Engagement Disorder?
The child actively approaches and interacts with unfamiliar adults
How long must the disorder be present to be specified as persistent?
More than 12 months
When is Disinhibited Social Engagement Disorder specified as severe?
When the child exhibits all symptoms of the disorder, with each symptom manifesting at relatively high levels
Which of the following is a specifier for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)?
Experiencing persistent or recurrent symptoms of depersonalization or derealization
What is the most common trauma associated with an increased risk of developing PTSD?
Sexual assault
Which of the following factors plays an important role in determining a person's likelihood of developing PTSD?
Severity, duration, and proximity of trauma
What psychological factor can contribute to a person's vulnerability to PTSD?
All of the above
Which part of the brain appears to be hyperreactive to trauma related stimuli in PTSD sufferers?
Amygdala
Which brain structure plays a role in the memory and may shrink among PTSD patients?
Hippocampus
Which hormone tends to have lower resting levels among PTSD sufferers and may prolong the activity of the sympathetic nervous system following stress?
Cortisol
Which factor was found to be more likely to contribute to the development of PTSD in Vietnam War veterans if the twin was an identical twin rather than a fraternal twin?
Genetics
Which of the following is a characteristic of obsessions in Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD)?
They are persistent and uncontrollable
What are compulsions in OCD?
Repetitive behaviors or mental acts performed to reduce anxiety
What are the four major categories of compulsions in OCD?
Checking, ordering, arranging, and washing/cleaning
Which of the following is a symptom of trichotillomania?
Urge to pull out hair
What is the main treatment approach for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)?
Exposure and response prevention
What is the focus of treatment for hoarding disorder (HD)?
Getting rid of objects
Which of the following is a common symptom experienced by individuals with OCD?
Excessive handwashing
What is a key characteristic of body dysmorphic disorder (BDD)?
Preoccupation with an imagined defect in appearance
What is a common comorbid disorder seen in individuals with body dysmorphic disorder (BDD)?
Major depressive disorder
What is a key characteristic of hoarding disorder?
Great pleasure and euphoria from shopping or collecting items
Which of the following is a characteristic of somatic symptom disorder?
Preoccupation with health or appearance
What was illness anxiety disorder formerly known as?
Hypochondriasis
What are the diagnostic criteria for illness anxiety disorder?
Fears of having a serious disease
Which of the following is a symptom of Conversion Disorder?
Blindness
What is the primary gain for patients with Conversion Disorder?
Keeping internal conflicts outside awareness
Which of the following is a symptom of Somatic Symptom Disorder?
Pseudocyesis
What brain regions are hyperactive in individuals with Somatic Symptom Disorder?
Anterior insula and anterior cingulate
According to the model described in the text, alters in Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) can appear in response to which of the following?
All of the above
Which of the following is a characteristic of a leading advocate's idea about DID being a role-play?
All of the above
What has been established about people's capability to role-play the symptoms of DID?
People are capable of role-playing the symptoms of DID
Which of the following is a key characteristic of Factitious Disorder?
Intentionally producing physical symptoms to assume the role of a patient
Which of the following is a symptom of Depersonalization-Derealization Disorder?
Severe alterations or detachments in normal perceptual experiences
Which of the following is a characteristic of Dissociative Fugue?
Running amok and assuming a new identity
Which of the following is a symptom of Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)?
Experiencing dissociation of personality and adopting several new identities or 'alters'
Which term is used to describe disorders characterized by gross deviations in mood?
Mood disorders
What is the duration of a major depressive episode if left untreated?
4 to 9 months
Which episode is characterized by exaggerated elation, joy, and euphoria?
Manic episode
Which race has the highest incidence of suicide?
Caucasians
Among college students, what is the leading cause of death?
Suicide
What is the gender difference in suicide rates?
Men are more likely to commit suicide in all ages
Which disorder is characterized by alternating major depressive and manic episodes?
Bipolar I
What is the heritability rate for bipolar disorders?
93 percent
Which neurotransmitter is linked to both depression and mania?
Dopamine
What brain region is associated with elevated activity in people with major depressive disorder?
Amygdala
What is the duration of a major depressive episode in persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia)?
2+ years
What are the defining criteria for depressive disorders in the DSM-5?
All of the above
What is the average age of onset for depression?
18-23 years
What is the diagnostic criteria for disruptive mood dysregulation disorder?
Severe recurrent temper outbursts and persistent negative mood
Which gender has a higher prevalence of mood disorders?
Females
What is the primary treatment for bipolar disorders?
Lithium
Which type of antidepressant medication is frequently used for severe depression and has many negative side effects?
Tricyclics
What is the focus of Cognitive Therapy for depression?
Identifying errors in thinking
Which of the following is a common compensatory behavior associated with Bulimia Nervosa?
Excessive exercise
What is a potential medical consequence of repeated vomiting in individuals with Bulimia Nervosa?
Salivary gland enlargement
Which psychological disorder is commonly associated with Bulimia Nervosa?
Anxiety
Which eating disorder is characterized by marked distress because of binge eating but without extreme compensatory behaviors?
Binge Eating Disorder
What is the most common additional diagnosis for individuals with eating disorders?
Anxiety disorders
Which factor has been implicated in the development of eating disorders?
Dieting
What is the primary treatment approach for anorexia nervosa?
Weight restoration
Which of the following is a characteristic of insomnia disorder?
Difficulty falling asleep at bedtime
What is the prevalence of narcolepsy?
0.03% to 0.16%
What is the primary symptom of obstructive sleep apnea?
Excessive sleepiness during the day
What is the cause of jet lag type circadian rhythm sleep disorder?
Problems related to crossing time zones
Which type of sleep disorder involves sleeping on a 25- or 26-hour cycle with later and later bedtimes ultimately going throughout the day?
Non-24-hour Sleep-Wake Type
What is the term for a sleep disorder characterized by distressing and disturbing dreams that disrupt sleep and cause awakening?
Nightmare Disorder
Which psychological treatment for sleep disorders involves instructing individuals in the opposite behavior from the desired outcome to relieve the performance anxiety surrounding efforts to try to fall asleep?
Paradoxical Intention
What is the term for a sleep disorder characterized by muscle paralysis being absent or incomplete during REM sleep, causing the person to suddenly kick or flail their arms potentially causing injuries to themselves or their bed partner?
REM Sleep Behavior Disorder
Which term refers to the brain and body's need for ever larger doses of a drug to produce earlier effects?
Tolerance
What is the term for the unpleasant, sometimes dangerous reactions that may occur when people who use a drug regularly stop taking or reduce their dosage of the drug?
Withdrawal
What is the term for a pattern of psychoactive substance use leading to significant distress or impairment in social and occupational roles and in hazardous situations?
Substance abuse
Which of the following is a stimulant drug?
MDMA
Which of the following is a naturally occurring hallucinogen?
Psilocybin
Which of the following is an example of an inhalant?
Paint thinner
Which neurotransmitter is primarily affected by amphetamines?
Dopamine
Which of the following drugs is derived or synthesized from testosterone?
Anabolic-androgenic steroids
Which drug blocks the reuptake of dopamine and can cause feelings of power and confidence?
Cocaine
Which drug stimulates nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and is highly addictive?
Caffeine
Which brain region is associated with the reward system and dopamine activation?
Nucleus accumbens
Which category of substances alters sensory perception and can produce delusions, paranoia, and hallucinations?
Hallucinogens
Which neurotransmitter system affects mood, sleep, and eating behavior and is thought to be responsible for alcohol cravings?
Serotonin
What is the most commonly consumed psychoactive drug in the United States?
Stimulants
Which stage of Jellinek's four stage model of alcohol-related disorders involves loss of control with occasional binges?
Crucial stage
Which neurotransmitter is implicated in both gambling disorder and substance dependence?
Dopamine
Which impulse-control disorder is characterized by frequent aggressive outbursts, injury and/or destruction of property, and is associated with serotonin, norepinephrine, and testosterone?
Intermittent explosive disorder
Which impulse-control disorder involves the failure to resist the urge to steal unnecessary items and is commonly comorbid with mood disorders and substance abuse & dependence?
Kleptomania
Which cluster of personality disorders includes disorders with odd, aloof features?
Cluster A
Which type of personality disorder is characterized by dramatic, impulsive, and erratic features?
Cluster B
Which type of personality disorder is characterized by anxious and fearful features?
Cluster C
Which of the following is a characteristic of schizoid personality disorder?
Preference for solitary jobs and limited social contact
What is a common symptom of schizotypal personality disorder?
Ideas of reference and illusions
Which of the following is a characteristic of antisocial personality disorder?
Impulsivity and deceitfulness
What is a common feature of individuals with antisocial personality disorder?
Lack of empathy and remorse
Which model of personality includes the dimensions of openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and emotional stability?
Dimensional model
What is the estimated prevalence of personality disorders?
6%
Which gender tends to display traits characterized as more aggressive, structured, self-assertive, and detached when diagnosed with a personality disorder?
Men
Which personality disorder is characterized by excessive suspiciousness and distrust of others, as well as attributing their own impulses and thoughts to others?
Paranoid personality disorder
Which of the following personality disorders is characterized by a lack of remorse and a tendency to manipulate others for personal gain?
Antisocial Personality Disorder
Which personality disorder is characterized by unstable affect, mood, behavior, object relations, and self-image?
Borderline Personality Disorder
Which personality disorder is characterized by attention-seeking behavior and exaggeration of thoughts and feelings?
Histrionic Personality Disorder
Which personality disorder is characterized by a heightened sense of self-importance and grandiose feelings of uniqueness?
Narcissistic Personality Disorder
Which personality disorder is characterized by a grandiose sense of self-importance and a lack of empathy?
Narcissistic Personality Disorder
Which personality disorder is characterized by extreme sensitivity to rejection and a strong desire for uncritical acceptance?
Avoidant Personality Disorder
Which personality disorder is characterized by subordinating one's own needs to those of others and a high need for reassurance?
Dependent Personality Disorder
Which personality disorder is characterized by emotional constriction, orderliness, and indecisiveness?
Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder
Which cluster of personality disorders is characterized by a fixation on doing things the 'right way' and a preoccupation with details?
Cluster D: Obsessive-Compulsive
What is a potential biological factor that may contribute to personality disorders?
Changes in electrical conductance on the electroencephalogram (EEG)
Which defense mechanism is associated with paranoid personality disorder?
Projection
Which treatment approach is similar for Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)?
Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)
Which cluster of personality disorders includes disorders with odd, aloof features?
Cluster A
What is a common symptom experienced by individuals with OCD?
Fixation on doing things the 'right way' and a preoccupation with details
What is the primary treatment approach for anorexia nervosa?
Family-based therapy
Which model of personality includes the dimensions of Openness to experience, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Emotional stability?
Five factor model
What is the estimated prevalence of Personality Disorders according to Barlow (2015)?
6%
Which gender tends to display traits characterized as more aggressive, structured, self-assertive, and detached when diagnosed with a personality disorder?
Men
What is the primary treatment for Paranoid Personality Disorder?
Cognitive therapy
Which of the following is a characteristic of schizoid personality disorder?
Preference for night work
What is a key characteristic of schizotypal personality disorder?
Magical thinking
Which cluster of personality disorders is characterized by deceitful behavior and lack of empathy?
Cluster B
What is a common feature of individuals with antisocial personality disorder?
Impulsivity and irresponsibility
Which personality disorder is characterized by a lack of remorse and a tendency to manipulate others for personal gain?
Antisocial Personality Disorder
What is the main treatment approach for specific phobias?
Exposure therapy
What brain regions are hyperactive in individuals with Somatic Symptom Disorder?
Prefrontal cortex and amygdala
What is the heritability rate for bipolar disorders?
50-60%
Which cluster of personality disorders is characterized by a grandiose sense of self-importance and a lack of empathy?
Cluster B: Dramatic/Erratic
What is the central clinical feature of avoidant personality disorder?
Extreme sensitivity to rejection
What is the main treatment approach for dependent personality disorder?
Gradual increases in independence and personal responsibility
Which personality disorder is characterized by emotional constriction, orderliness, stubbornness, and indecisiveness?
Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder
Which cluster of personality disorders is characterized by a fixation on doing things the 'right way' and preoccupation with details?
Cluster C: Obsessive-Compulsive
Which factor has been implicated in the development of personality disorders?
Both biological and psychoanalytic factors
What is the main treatment approach for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)?
Exposure and response prevention therapy
Which defense mechanism is associated with paranoid personality disorder?
Projection
Which of the following is true about personality disorders?
They involve disruptive patterns of thinking, behavior, mood, and relating to others.
How many types of personality disorders are there?
10
What are the three main clusters of personality disorders based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5)?
Cluster A, Cluster B, and Cluster C
Which cluster of personality disorders is characterized by intense, unstable emotions and impulsive behaviors?
Cluster B
Which personality disorder is more likely to affect people assigned male at birth?
Antisocial personality disorder
Approximately what percentage of adults in the U.S. have some type of personality disorder?
6%
What is the most frequently diagnosed personality disorder?
Borderline personality disorder
Which of the following is a common treatment option for managing symptoms of anxiety and depression in individuals with personality disorders?
Psychotherapy
Which of the following is a goal of psychotherapy for treating personality disorders?
Identifying and changing troubling emotions, thoughts, and behaviors
What is the overall prognosis for personality disorders?
Poor due to lack of available treatment options
What can greatly improve outcomes for people with personality disorders?
Collaborative care management
Which of the following is a symptom of schizophrenia?
Delusions
What is the main focus of research on schizophrenia?
All of the above
Which of the following is a common misconception about schizophrenia?
People with schizophrenia are often homeless
Which of the following is a common co-occurring medical condition in people with schizophrenia?
Heart disease
At what age do symptoms of schizophrenia usually first appear?
Early adulthood
What is the role of antipsychotic medications in treating schizophrenia?
They reduce the severity of symptoms
What is the importance of family support for individuals with schizophrenia?
It helps them develop life-management skills
Which disorder involves a person having false beliefs (delusions) that persist for at least one month?
Delusional disorder
Which disorder involves a sudden short period of psychotic behavior that lasts between one day and one month?
Brief psychotic disorder
Which disorder involves symptoms similar to schizophrenia but only lasts for a short time, at least one month but less than six months?
Schizophreniform disorder
Which disorder involves symptoms of both schizophrenia and a major mood episode of depression or bipolar disorder?
Schizoaffective disorder
Which term is now commonly used to describe a group of conditions that frequently lead to impaired mental function?
Neurocognitive disorders
What is the most common cause of neurocognitive disorders?
Alzheimer’s disease
How can healthcare providers determine the underlying cause of neurocognitive disorders?
Based on the reported symptoms and diagnostic tests
Which of the following is the most common neurodevelopmental disorder?
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD)
At what stage of development do neurodevelopmental disorders usually onset?
Teenage years
What is the gender difference in the prevalence of neurodevelopmental disorders?
More prevalent in males
Which of the following is a treatment method that has shown benefits for individuals with neurodevelopmental disorders?
Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)
What is a key risk factor in the development of neurodevelopmental disorders?
Stress
What is the prevalence of adults engaging in complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) treatment for neurodevelopmental disorders?
36-38%
What is the main limitation of the study mentioned in the text?
Parental interviews as the only measure of evaluation
Which group of individuals typically reports feeling a greater amount of stress?
Parents of children with neurodevelopmental disorders (NDs)
What is the most commonly affected group in terms of mental health when parents experience stress?
Mothers
What are some positive interventions that can help parents manage and cope with the stress of caring for a child with an ND?
All of the above
What can be an additional attribute to the quality of life for individuals with neurodevelopmental disorders?
Effective coping and treatment methods
What is the primary focus of human resource development (HRD)?
Aligning employee growth with organizational goals
What is the main responsibility of human resource managers according to the text?
Creating systems to organize people within an organization
What distinguishes human resource development (HRD) from human resource management (HRM)?
HRD aligns employee development with organizational goals while HRM focuses on employee oversight
What is the role of the HR department within an organization?
To serve as a link between the organization and its employees
What is the primary focus of human resource development?
Training and aligning employee development with organizational goals
What is the main responsibility of training and development managers?
Supervising specialists and overseeing training programs
What is the potential benefit of obtaining a master's in HRD?
Becoming more competitive for certain roles
What is a key similarity between human resource management and human resource development?
Involvement in problem solving
What is a potential career path for someone with a background in HRM?
General HR manager or specialist in benefits, payroll, or recruiting
What is a potential career path for HRD experts?
Training and development specialist or manager
What is a potential educational background for a career in human resources?
Bachelor’s or master’s in human resource development or a related discipline
What is a potential benefit of obtaining a master's in HR?
Becoming more competitive for certain roles
What is the projected growth rate in job opportunities for HR managers between 2020 and 2030 according to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS)?
9%
What is the median annual salary for HR managers in 2021 according to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS)?
$126,230
What is the primary focus of HR development (HRD)?
Employee development and training
What is a potential requirement for becoming an HR manager?
Bachelor's degree in human resources
What role do instructional coordinators play in HR development (HRD)?
Developing training programs
What is the median salary for training and development managers per year?
$120,130
What is the main aim of HRD according to the provided text?
Improving learning and performance
What do HR managers oversee in their role?
Talent development
What additional preparation for managerial roles can graduate programs like Master of Human Resources Management (MHRM) or Master of Business Administration (MBA) with a focus in HR provide?
Leadership and management skills
What is a key responsibility of HR developers?
Overseeing employee development
What is the focus of HRM according to the provided text?
Managing the intersection of business and people
What is a potential role of HR managers in addressing employee relations?
Conflict resolution
What is a potential strategy to minimize social loafing within a team?
Implement a reward system that recognizes individual and group achievements
How can an organization foster a collaborative team culture?
Encourage open communication and active participation in group discussions
What is the purpose of incorporating individual assessments in the overall group performance review?
Identifying and addressing social loafing on an individual level
Why is it important to periodically rotate roles and responsibilities within a team?
To ensure each member remains engaged and accountable
What is one of the ways to prevent social loafing?
Clearly define roles and expectations for each team member
How does social loafing affect group performance?
It leads to a decrease in overall group performance
What is the role of promoting a positive group identity in preventing social loafing?
It fosters a sense of team identity and reduces the likelihood of social loafing
How does providing feedback help in preventing social loafing?
It offers constructive feedback on individual and group performance to address issues and maintain individual accountability
What is the current fastest-growing segment of the U.S. population?
Adults aged 65 and above
What is the expected increase in the lifespan of a current 65-year-old individual?
19 more years
By 2020, what fraction of the population is projected to be aged 65 and above?
1/4
What has been the increase in the lifespan since 1950 for the aging population?
5.5 years
What percentage of the United States population is projected to be 65 years and older by 2030?
4.1%
What is the projected percentage of the global population aged 65 and older by 2050?
16%
What is the average life expectancy worldwide in 2015?
71.4 years
What is the life expectancy for females in the United States in 2012?
81.9 years
Which age category in late adulthood is characterized by increased health problems and care needs?
Oldest-old (85-99)
What is the projected percentage of the population aged 65 and older in Japan by 2050?
27.9%
What is the primary gender difference in life expectancy?
Females have better immune functioning
What is the primary characteristic of the age category 'Centenarians (100+)'?
Good health until 90s, rapid terminal decline close to death
What percentage of older adults have hypertension?
56.7%
Which health concern in late adulthood is characterized by bone fragility and hunched posture?
Osteoporosis
What health condition in late adulthood is caused by reactivation of the chicken pox virus?
Shingles
What is the percentage of newly diagnosed cancer in individuals aged 65 and above?
60%
Which health concern in late adulthood is characterized by difficulty breathing due to damaged airways?
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
What is the most common cause of cardiovascular problems in late adulthood?
Disease
What is the primary characteristic of Parkinson’s disease?
Motor tremors and difficulty moving
What is the recommended amount of sleep for older adults per night?
7-9 hours
What is a common symptom of restless legs syndrome?
Tingling, crawling feeling in legs
What is the percentage of older adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease?
6.9%
What happens to the brain's weight from ages 20 to 90?
Loses 5% to 10%
What is the primary cause of shingles?
Reactivation of chicken pox virus
Which theory of aging includes the cellular clock theory and hormonal stress theory?
Programmed longevity theory
What is the term for the gradual loss of taste buds in late adulthood?
Presbygeusia
Which vision condition in late adulthood can lead to loss of central or peripheral vision?
Macular degeneration
What is the primary reason for height loss in late adulthood?
Bone, muscle, and joint changes
Which change in late adulthood is characterized by thinning, slower healing, and increased risk of skin cancer?
Skin and hair changes
What is the term for the reduced or altered sensations of vibration, temperature, and pressure in late adulthood?
Tactile changes
Which physical change in late adulthood can lead to weakness, loss of stamina, and increased frailty?
Sarcopenia
What is the primary reason for changes in body composition in late adulthood?
Loss of lean tissue
Which condition affects 60%-75% of elders but they are generally less sensitive to it?
Chronic pain
What is the primary reason for reduced kidney efficiency in late adulthood?
Damage/error theories of aging
What is the term for the decreased olfactory receptor neurons in late adulthood?
Presbyosmia
What is the primary reason for hearing changes like presbycusis and tinnitus in late adulthood?
Damage to inner ear
What is the best way to experience a healthy sex life in later life?
Keep sexually active at younger ages
Which type of memory shows greater age-related declines than semantic memory?
Working memory
What is prospective memory primarily associated with?
Remembering things to do in the future
What is the
Episodic memory
Which theory attributes age-related cognitive differences to changes in sensory functioning and speed of information processing?
Processing speed theory
What is the primary factor influencing intelligence and wisdom in late adulthood?
Brain functioning and experience
What are neurocognitive disorders previously called?
Dementia
Which memory function is most negatively affected by age?
Working memory
What factor affects attention in older adults?
Changes in sensory functioning
In what context do older adults use more effective problem-solving strategies than younger adults?
Social and emotional contexts
What is the most common type of neurocognitive disorder?
Alzheimer's disease
What is the term for the ability to use accumulated practical knowledge for good judgment?
Wisdom
Which type of neurocognitive disorder is caused by microscopic protein deposits in neurons affecting neurotransmitters?
Neurocognitive disorder with Lewy bodies
What percentage of adults aged 65+ were employed or actively seeking employment in 2015?
20%
At what age does the average retirement age occur?
65
What phase of retirement involves distinct experiences such as the honeymoon phase and disenchantment phase?
Actual retirement
What are some post-retirement activities mentioned in the text?
Seeking educational experiences
What is the primary psychosocial task in late adulthood according to Erikson's theory?
Integrity vs. despair
What does ageism refer to?
Prejudice based on age
What may older adults, especially nonwhite elders, face due to gender, marital status, race, and age differences?
Increased risk of poverty
What living arrangement is most common for elders in late adulthood?
Living with adult children
What does Erikson's concept of integrity signify?
Finding meaning in one's life and accepting accomplishments
What does activity theory suggest leads to greater life satisfaction in late adulthood?
Staying active
What continues in late adulthood according to the text?
Generativity
Study Notes
Human Resource Management and Development Overview
- HR managers aim to foster talent, maximize profit, and achieve company-wide goals while managing the intersection of business and people.
- The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) projects a 9% growth in job opportunities for HR managers between 2020 and 2030, with a median annual salary of $126,230 in 2021.
- HRM seeks to build, maintain, and improve the relationship between an organization and its employees, addressing diversity, inclusion, career paths, and problem-solving.
- HR managers oversee tasks such as recruiting, onboarding, talent development, and ensuring legal compliance, often assisting other managers and resolving disputes.
- Requirements for becoming an HR manager include a bachelor's degree in human resources, though some organizations may prefer a graduate degree or professional certifications.
- Graduate programs like Master of Human Resources Management (MHRM) or Master of Business Administration (MBA) with a focus in HR can provide additional preparation for managerial roles.
- HR development (HRD) focuses on employee development through organization-wide activities and training, with roles such as instructional coordinators, training specialists, and program developers.
- HRD aims to improve learning and performance on both individual and organizational levels, addressing problems and developing systems to resolve them.
- HR developers oversee training, employee development, executive and leadership development, human performance technology, and organizational learning within the HR branch.
- Their responsibilities may include creating training programs, attracting and retaining talent, and planning organizational development activities, requiring a background in HR development for specialized training and general HR positions.
- Instructional coordinators earn a median salary of $63,740 per year, with a 10% growth rate projected between 2020 and 2030, while training and development managers earn a median salary of $120,130 per year.
- HRD plays a critical role in improving learning and performance on individual and organizational levels, addressing problems, and developing systems to address them.
Late Adulthood: Retirement, Psychosocial Development, Ageism, and Living Arrangements
- Types of neurocognitive disorders include Vascular neurocognitive disorder caused by blockage of cerebral blood vessels, and Neurocognitive disorder with Lewy bodies caused by microscopic protein deposits in neurons affecting neurotransmitters.
- In 2015, 8.8 million adults aged 65+ were employed or actively seeking employment, with older workers exhibiting lower absenteeism and better performance in jobs requiring social skills and knowledge.
- The average retirement age is 65, but 18.5% of adults over 65 continue to work, and 60% transition to bridge jobs before full retirement.
- Retirement stages include the remote pre-retirement phase, immediate pre-retirement phase, actual retirement, honeymoon phase, disenchantment phase, and reorientation phase, each with distinct experiences.
- Post-retirement activities include staying active, seeking educational experiences, and additional training for encore careers.
- Psychosocial development in late adulthood involves stereotypes, Erikson's psychosocial task of integrity vs despair, self-concept, self-esteem, sources of despair and regret, and paths to integrity.
- Generativity continues in late adulthood, with relationships with children and family members, singlehood, marriage, widowhood, divorce, remarriage, residential living, friendships, and concerns like abuse and mental health issues.
- Ageism, prejudice based on age, can impact well-being through stereotypes, self-fulfilling prophecies, stereotype threat, and may affect treatment-seeking behavior.
- Older adults, especially nonwhite elders, may face poverty due to gender, marital status, race, and age differences.
- Living arrangements in late adulthood show that a majority of elders live with a spouse, while intergenerational households are unlikely, and the number of elders living alone has declined since 1990.
- Erikson's concept of integrity vs despair involves retrospective accounting of life, where integrity signifies finding meaning in one's life and accepting accomplishments, while despair can result from bitterness and resentment.
- Activity theory suggests that staying active leads to greater life satisfaction, better physical and mental health, and a sense of purpose and social connections. Generativity in late life involves volunteering and grandparents raising grandchildren, which may be challenging.
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