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Questions and Answers
A patient with glaucoma is prescribed a medication to help drain fluid and contract the ciliary muscle. Which of the following medications is MOST likely prescribed?
A patient with glaucoma is prescribed a medication to help drain fluid and contract the ciliary muscle. Which of the following medications is MOST likely prescribed?
- Atropine
- Pilocarpine (correct)
- Clonidine
- Tamsulosin
A patient is experiencing nasal congestion due to swollen mucus membranes. Which of the following medications would be MOST appropriate to alleviate these symptoms?
A patient is experiencing nasal congestion due to swollen mucus membranes. Which of the following medications would be MOST appropriate to alleviate these symptoms?
- Propranolol
- Dobutamine
- Metoprolol
- Pseudoephedrine (correct)
A patient with ADHD also has elevated blood pressure. Which medication might address both conditions simultaneously?
A patient with ADHD also has elevated blood pressure. Which medication might address both conditions simultaneously?
- Phenylephrine
- Clonidine (correct)
- Albuterol
- Metoprolol
A cardiologist wants to increase a patient's heart rate and the force of their heart contractions. Which medication would be MOST appropriate for this purpose?
A cardiologist wants to increase a patient's heart rate and the force of their heart contractions. Which medication would be MOST appropriate for this purpose?
Why may a nonselective beta-blocker like propranolol be contraindicated in a patient with asthma or other respiratory conditions?
Why may a nonselective beta-blocker like propranolol be contraindicated in a patient with asthma or other respiratory conditions?
A patient is prescribed tamsulosin. What is the MOST likely reason for this prescription?
A patient is prescribed tamsulosin. What is the MOST likely reason for this prescription?
Which of the following BEST describes the mechanism by which nicotine patches assist in overcoming nicotine addiction?
Which of the following BEST describes the mechanism by which nicotine patches assist in overcoming nicotine addiction?
Epinephrine is administered during a severe allergic reaction. What is the MOST likely reason for its use?
Epinephrine is administered during a severe allergic reaction. What is the MOST likely reason for its use?
A patient is taking metoprolol. Which receptor is specifically targeted by this medication, and what effect does it produce?
A patient is taking metoprolol. Which receptor is specifically targeted by this medication, and what effect does it produce?
A doctor is deciding between prescribing albuterol or propranolol to a patient with respiratory issues and high blood pressure. Which medication is MOST appropriate and why?
A doctor is deciding between prescribing albuterol or propranolol to a patient with respiratory issues and high blood pressure. Which medication is MOST appropriate and why?
Flashcards
Nicotine (agonist)
Nicotine (agonist)
Stimulates nicotinic receptors; muscle relaxant with CNS effects; used in nicotine patches to reduce addiction by slowly decreasing the dose
Pilocarpine (agonist)
Pilocarpine (agonist)
Stimulates muscarinic receptors, causing muscle contraction; used in glaucoma treatment by contracting the ciliary muscle and draining fluid
Atropine (antagonist)
Atropine (antagonist)
Inhibits secretions in small doses; increases heart rate in moderate doses; decreases gastrointestinal motility in large doses via muscarinic receptor inhibition
Pseudoephedrine/ Phenylephrine (agonist)
Pseudoephedrine/ Phenylephrine (agonist)
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Tamsulosin (antagonist)
Tamsulosin (antagonist)
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Clonidine (agonist)
Clonidine (agonist)
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Dobutamine (agonist)
Dobutamine (agonist)
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Metoprolol (antagonist)
Metoprolol (antagonist)
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Albuterol (agonist)
Albuterol (agonist)
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Propranolol (antagonist)
Propranolol (antagonist)
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Study Notes
- Agonists stimulate receptors, while antagonists inhibit them.
Nicotinic Receptors
- Stimulation: Nicotine acts as a muscle relaxant and affects the central nervous system (CNS).
- Nicotine patches assist individuals dealing with nicotine addiction by delivering gradually decreasing doses, this helps to minimize withdrawal symptoms.
- Inhibition: Not clinically applicable.
Muscarinic Receptors
- Stimulation: Pilocarpine induces muscle contraction and helps manage glaucoma by contracting the ciliary muscle and facilitating fluid drainage.
- Inhibition: Atropine inhibits secretions in small doses, elevates heart rate in moderate doses, and reduces gastrointestinal motility in large doses.
Alpha-1 Receptors
- Found in: Smooth muscles
- Stimulation: Pseudoephedrine and Phenylephrine cause vasoconstriction, reduce swelling of mucous membranes, and decrease secretions.
- Inhibition: Tamsulosin relaxes smooth muscle in the bladder and prostate to improve urine flow; it also reduces blood pressure due to vasodilation.
Alpha-2 Receptors
- Found in: Brain and periphery
- Stimulation: Clonidine reduces CNS outflow for ADHD treatment and lowers blood pressure and heart rate.
- Inhibition: Has limited clinical use.
Beta-1 Receptors
- Found on: The heart and kidneys
- Stimulation: Dobutamine increases heart rate, force of heart contraction, and speed of conduction between SA and AV nodes.
- Inhibition: Metoprolol, is a selective B blocker, that acts on Beta-1 receptors to reduce blood pressure and heart rate.
Beta-2 Receptors
- Found on: The lungs
- Stimulation: Albuterol induces bronchodilation.
- Inhibition: Propranolol, a nonselective B blocker, affects both Beta-2 and Beta-1 receptors, lowering blood pressure but can also cause bronchoconstriction.
Catecholamines and Adrenergic Receptors
- Epinephrine and Norepinephrine stimulate alpha- and beta-receptors on target organs, leading to increased heart rate and vasoconstriction for improved blood flow to essential organs.
- Dopamine's effects are dose-dependent, targeting arteries in the kidneys, heart, and brain.
- Inhibition: Not clinically applicable.
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