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Questions and Answers
What percentage of deaths in persons over 65 is attributed to coronary heart disease?
What percentage of deaths in persons over 65 is attributed to coronary heart disease?
Which condition accounts for the second-highest percentage of deaths in persons over 65?
Which condition accounts for the second-highest percentage of deaths in persons over 65?
Which of the following is NOT one of the leading causes of death in persons over 65?
Which of the following is NOT one of the leading causes of death in persons over 65?
How do cerebrovascular diseases rank among the causes of death for those over 65?
How do cerebrovascular diseases rank among the causes of death for those over 65?
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What is the combined percentage of deaths accounted for by coronary heart disease and cancer in persons over 65?
What is the combined percentage of deaths accounted for by coronary heart disease and cancer in persons over 65?
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At what age does muscle strength typically peak?
At what age does muscle strength typically peak?
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What percentage of muscle strength is lost by age 65 in non-exercising adults?
What percentage of muscle strength is lost by age 65 in non-exercising adults?
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How does muscle strength change after age 50?
How does muscle strength change after age 50?
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Which of the following statements about muscle strength loss is true?
Which of the following statements about muscle strength loss is true?
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What is the overall trend in muscle strength from age 30 to age 65 for non-exercising adults?
What is the overall trend in muscle strength from age 30 to age 65 for non-exercising adults?
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What is essential for maintaining the newly gained range of motion in the skeletal system?
What is essential for maintaining the newly gained range of motion in the skeletal system?
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What happens to the skeletal system as individuals age?
What happens to the skeletal system as individuals age?
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Which of the following strategies is NOT beneficial for maintaining joint health as one ages?
Which of the following strategies is NOT beneficial for maintaining joint health as one ages?
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Which activity can best facilitate the maintenance of the newly gained range of motion?
Which activity can best facilitate the maintenance of the newly gained range of motion?
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Why is incorporating new range of motion into daily activities important?
Why is incorporating new range of motion into daily activities important?
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What percentage does the brain weight decrease from age 45 to 85?
What percentage does the brain weight decrease from age 45 to 85?
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What is the normal weight range of the human brain?
What is the normal weight range of the human brain?
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Which of the following changes occurs in the brain morphology with age?
Which of the following changes occurs in the brain morphology with age?
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What is the approximate weight of a normal human brain?
What is the approximate weight of a normal human brain?
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At which age range does a significant weight decrease of the brain begin?
At which age range does a significant weight decrease of the brain begin?
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How much calcium should be consumed daily by individuals after age 50?
How much calcium should be consumed daily by individuals after age 50?
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What is the recommended daily vitamin D intake for premenopausal women?
What is the recommended daily vitamin D intake for premenopausal women?
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What daily vitamin D intake is advised for individuals aged 75 and older?
What daily vitamin D intake is advised for individuals aged 75 and older?
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What is the total daily calcium recommendation for women after menopause?
What is the total daily calcium recommendation for women after menopause?
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Which vitamin D intake is recommended after menopause but before age 75?
Which vitamin D intake is recommended after menopause but before age 75?
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What are age-related changes in the cardiovascular system primarily related to?
What are age-related changes in the cardiovascular system primarily related to?
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Which intervention is most likely to help slow or reverse changes in the cardiovascular system?
Which intervention is most likely to help slow or reverse changes in the cardiovascular system?
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What is a clinical implication of age-related changes in cardiovascular health?
What is a clinical implication of age-related changes in cardiovascular health?
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Why might changes in type II muscle fibers be more pronounced with age?
Why might changes in type II muscle fibers be more pronounced with age?
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Which of the following is NOT an objective related to age-related cardiovascular changes?
Which of the following is NOT an objective related to age-related cardiovascular changes?
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Study Notes
Geriatrics Overview
- Geriatrics focuses on preventing disease and promoting health in older adults.
Objectives
- Students will learn about aging, gerontology, geriatrics, lifespan, life expectancy, and senescence.
- They will understand categories of elderly ageism.
- Topics include implications of an aging population for rehabilitation, demography in the elderly, mortality in the elderly, and morbidity in the elderly.
Aging
- Aging is a process of growing old and encompasses wide physiological changes in the body.
- Aging is complex and varies among and within individuals.
- Key characteristics include a decline in homeostatic efficiency and an increased probability of unsuccessful reactions to injury.
Gerontology
- Gerontology is the scientific study of the factors that impact the normal aging process and its effects.
Geriatrics
- Geriatrics is a medical specialty focusing on diseases and care of old age.
Lifespan
- Lifespan is the maximum survival potential of species; in humans, it's estimated to be 110-120 years.
Life Expectancy
- Life expectancy is the average number of years a person is expected to live, from birth.
- In the U.S., it's approximately 75.8 years, with women living 6.6 years longer than men.
Senescence
- Senescence is the final stage of adulthood, leading to death.
- Categories of elderly include young (65-74), old (75-84), and old-old/frail (over 85).
Ageism
- Ageism is discrimination and prejudice leveled against individuals based on age.
Causes of Death (Elderly)
- Coronary heart disease (CHD) accounts for about 31% of deaths.
- Cancer accounts for about 20% of deaths.
- Cerebrovascular disease (stroke) is a leading cause.
- Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and pneumonia/flu also have high mortality rates among elderly .
Causes of Disability / Chronic Conditions (Elderly)
- Arthritis (49%), Hypertension (37%), Hearing impairments (32%), Heart impairments (30%), Cataracts and chronic sinusitis (17% each), Orthopedic impairments (16%), Diabetes and visual impairments (9% each).
Aging Theories (Biological)
- Genetic Theory: Genes play a role in determining lifespan.
- Free Radical Theory (Oxidative Stress): Reactive oxygen species (free radicals) damage cells, contributing to aging processes.
- Hormonal Theory: Hormonal changes contribute to functional decrements and aging process.
- Immunity Theory: Decline in immune responses due to reduced thymus size and bone marrow function.
- Environmental Theories: Accumulation of environmental toxins and insults contribute to the aging process.
Apoptosis
- Apoptosis is programmed cell death, distinguishing from cell death due to injury (necrosis).
- Apoptosis plays a crucial role in maintaining body health by eliminating old, unnecessary, or unhealthy cells.
Cellular Changes (Aging Process)
- Old cells can be two to three times larger than young cells.
- Increase in pigments and fatty substances (lipids) inside the cell.
- Fragmentation (breakdown) of Golgi apparatus and mitochondria is part of aging.
- Capacity of cells to divide and reproduce decreases during aging.
- DNA synthesis and cell division are arrested with aging.
Tissue Changes (Aging Process)
- Accumulation of pigmented materials.
- Accumulation of lipids and fats.
- Changes in connective tissues, including decreased elastic content and collagen degradation. The presence of pseudoelastins affect the elasticity of organs, blood vessels, and airways.
- Lysosomal activity's breakdown leads to cellular pigmentation(lipofucin) affecting cellular structure.
Organ Changes (Aging Process)
- Decrease in the functional capacity of organs.
- Decrease in the organs' homeostatic efficiency.
Neurological and Cognitive Changes
- Atrophy of nerve cells in cerebral cortex reduces brain weight (by up to 20%).
- Changes in brain morphology, including narrowing of gyri (folds) and widening of sulci (grooves).
- Ventricular dilation due to neuronal loss.
- Generalized cell loss in cerebral cortex (frontal and temporal lobes), presence of lipofuscin associated with diseases, and loss in basal ganglia, cerebellum, and hippocampus.
- Increases in stress hormones and damage to the memory center.
- Decreased cerebral blood flow and metabolism( diabetes, hypertension, atherosclerosis) and alteration in synaptic transmission.
- Losses in the spinal cord and peripheral nerves.
- Age-related tremors.
Memory Decline
- Decline in short-term memory; long-term memory is comparatively retained.
- Task dependence of memory impairment
Aging Effects on Movement
- Increased reaction times and movement errors.
- Reliance on visual feedback for movement and cautionary behaviors.
- Preparation for complex movements.
- Decreased speed, coordination, and accuracy of movements.
Learning in Older Adults
- Older adults can learn, but learning can be affected by increased caution, anxiety, learning pace, and interference from prior learning.
Sensory System Changes
- Vision decline, including Presbyopia, difficulty adapting to darkness and light, increased glare sensitivity, loss of color discrimination, decreased pupil response, and decreased corneal sensitivity.
- Common conditions impacting vision include cataracts glaucoma, macular degeneration, and diabetic retinopathy.
- Hearing loss occurs, usually starting early and accelerating, impacting sound sensitivity and speech understanding, as well as maintaining equilibrium.
Taste and Smell Changes
- Gradual decrease in taste sensitivity and smell sensitivity.
- Additional loss of taste and smell can be due to smoking, chronic allergies/infections, dentures, or CVA.
Cardiovascular and Pulmonary System Changes
- Heart muscle changes (including accumulation of lipofuscin and cardiac hypertrophy).
- Changes in cardiac valves, in the conduction system, and in blood vessels, causing loss of pacemaker cells, artery thickening, reduced distensibility, and decreased peripheral resistance.
- Heart rate decreases with age, affecting maximal heart rate.
- Changes in cardiac output, and fatigue increase with age. Reduced response of chemoreceptors, decreased lung compliance, stiffness/less distensibility of the pulmonary blood vessels, decrease in lung capacity and airflow are other notable changes.
Osteoporosis
- Definition: A progressive skeletal disorder characterized by a reduction in bone mass, a failure of bone formation to keep pace with bone reabsorption and increase destruction.
- Etiological factors include hormonal deficiency, nutritional deficiencies (lack of calcium), decreased physical activity, and certain diseases.
- Examination includes medical record review, history, physical exam, nutritional history, bone density tests, and X-rays.
- Interventions for osteoporosis include medications (e.g., Evista, Fosamax, Calcitonin), hormone replacement therapy, calcium and vitamin D intake, exercise, and safety education/fall prevention.
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Description
Test your knowledge about health statistics related to aging, specifically focusing on causes of death in individuals over 65 and muscle strength changes. This quiz explores various health conditions' impact and strategies for maintaining physical health as we age.
