Aging and Development Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary distinction between primary aging and secondary aging?

Primary aging occurs only in older adults; secondary aging can happen at any age.

Primary aging involves inevitable biological changes; secondary aging results from illness or lifestyle factors. (correct)

Primary aging is voluntary; secondary aging is involuntary.

Primary aging is influenced by lifestyle choices; secondary aging is not.

Which of the following factors does NOT contribute to longer life expectancies?

Health habits

Social isolation (correct)

Social factors

Genetics

How do attitudes about aging differ between cultures, such as in the U.S. and Japan?

Cultural views on aging are identical in both settings.

Japanese culture tends to respect and honor the elderly more than U.S. culture. (correct)

Elders in the U.S. are given more authority than in Japan.

Both cultures view aging as a negative experience.

Which statement best describes Erikson’s stage of integrity versus despair in late adulthood?

It involves reflecting on one’s life and achieving a sense of fulfillment. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best represents a key strategy for promoting successful aging?

Selective optimization with compensation. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What common health challenge in late adulthood often requires management strategies?

Chronic illnesses, such as heart disease or diabetes (A) Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of cognitive functioning typically changes during late adulthood?

Conditions like Alzheimer’s and dementia can affect memory. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements reflects a correct understanding of aging processes?

Secondary aging can be modified by health and lifestyle choices. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which age group is classified as the 'Young Old'?

65 to 74 (C) Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of men aged 65-69 continue to work full-time?

About 65% (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following chronic diseases is more commonly experienced by the 'Old Old' age group?

Arthritis (A) Signup and view all the answers

What proportion of people aged 65-74 requires help with daily living skills?

3% (C) Signup and view all the answers

What common factor is shared by the Blue Zones identified by Dan Buettner?

Less smoking (D) Signup and view all the answers

In Blue Zones, which dietary component is commonly consumed?

Legumes (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which region is NOT listed as a Blue Zone by Dan Buettner?

Hokkaido, Japan (C) Signup and view all the answers

How much did the number of centenarians increase from 2000 to 2014?

43.6% (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common living situation for the oldest old, those aged 85 and older?

With relatives (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which age group is most likely to experience widowhood?

Old Old (D) Signup and view all the answers

What lifestyle factor is essential for longevity according to the research on Blue Zones?

Social engagement (D) Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of women aged 100 and older are part of the centenarians' group?

80% (D) Signup and view all the answers

Who is described as living to be a centenarian and is known for his work in film?

Kirk Douglas (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the poverty rate for individuals aged 75 to 84 compared to those aged 65 to 74?

Higher by 3% (B) Signup and view all the answers

What was the life expectancy for non-Hispanic black people in 2014?

75.2 years (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors is linked to improved life expectancy?

Active lifestyle (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the projected population of people aged 85 and older in the year 2050?

20 million (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which health-related factor is not typically controllable by an individual?

Heredity (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is one major effect of living longer, as suggested in the content?

Greater concern for health and independence (A) Signup and view all the answers

What contributes to a shorter life expectancy in men compared to women?

Higher participation in dangerous occupations (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is considered beneficial for maintaining long-term health as one ages?

Consuming moderate amounts of alcohol (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is associated with a lower risk of illness later in life?

Strong social support network (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is a direct correlation found between marital status and longevity?

Marriage can be associated with longevity (A) Signup and view all the answers

What significant change is projected for the population aged 65 and older by 2030?

Increase to about 75 million (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which behavior has been associated with slowing aging according to recent studies?

Cutting calorie intake by 15 percent (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of these factors negatively impacts health more in women compared to men?

Caring for family members (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by 'active life expectancy'?

Years expected to live without disability (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason organisms age according to the free radical theory of aging?

Accumulation of free radical damage over time (C) Signup and view all the answers

What can be a consequence of protein crosslinking in aging cells?

Stiffness and reduced tissue function (D) Signup and view all the answers

How does environmental damage affect DNA during the aging process?

It causes mutations and deletions in genetic material (D) Signup and view all the answers

What happens to B-lymphocytes and T-lymphocytes as a person ages?

They become less active (D) Signup and view all the answers

In what way is aging considered a social construct?

Cultural perceptions shape what is considered young or old (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which cultural practice in Japan highlights the value placed on elderly individuals?

Many elderly live with their adult children (B) Signup and view all the answers

What does the genetic programming theory of aging suggest?

Cells have a limited number of divisions (C) Signup and view all the answers

How does the concept of senescence relate to aging?

It represents gradual deterioration in function (B) Signup and view all the answers

What role do free radicals play in the immune system?

They destroy bacteria (B) Signup and view all the answers

What impact does aging have on the thymus gland?

It shrinks and reduces T-cell production (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best reflects a misconception about antioxidants in dietary practices?

They have been proven to reverse aging effects (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT considered a cause of DNA damage in aging?

Nutritional deficiencies (B) Signup and view all the answers

How do crosslinks formed from glucose impair tissue function?

They reduce tissue flexibility and efficiency (C) Signup and view all the answers

What demographic change is expected to occur in the U.S. by 2030?

Net international migration will surpass natural increase. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which blue zone characteristic does not contribute to longevity?

Sedentary lifestyle (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which region is currently recognized as the oldest nation in the world?

Japan (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the life expectancy in the U.S. as noted by the CDC?

78.7 years (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which blue zone shares characteristics of high soy consumption and no alcohol?

Okinawa (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which lifestyle factor is NOT associated with the longevity of blue zone populations?

High sugar diet (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is one characteristic that is NOT shared among the blue zones mentioned?

High consumption of red meat (B) Signup and view all the answers

What trend is projected for the population in the U.S. by the 2030s?

An increase in the median age (C) Signup and view all the answers

By 2050, which Asian countries are expected to rank among the oldest in the world?

South Korea, Hong Kong, Taiwan (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant change projected in the U.S. population growth drivers by 2030?

International migration will overtake natural increase (A) Signup and view all the answers

In the current demographic scenario, which group in the U.S. is the fastest-growing age demographic?

People aged 65 and over (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which habit is associated with higher life expectancy according to the provided content?

Regular moderate physical activity (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following represents a common feature of the blue zone regions?

Engagement in healthy social circles (A) Signup and view all the answers

In terms of life expectancy, which demographic group in the U.S. has the highest expected lifespan?

Hispanic females (B) Signup and view all the answers

How does marriage influence men's health and longevity?

It promotes better diet and health monitoring. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What has research linked to improved longevity in older adults?

Frequent exercise and active sexual partnership. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which health benefit is associated with practicing positive sexual health?

Improved cardiovascular health. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is one consequence of poor sexual health in older adults?

Higher levels of depression. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which practice is emphasized for older adults to enhance longevity?

Regular exercise. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What effect does aging have on the heart muscle?

Heart muscles thicken. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes primary aging?

Inevitable changes like wrinkles and hair loss. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is a common misdiagnosis among older patients regarding cognitive decline?

Dementia mistaken for depression. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What health aspect does exercise help mitigate in the aging process?

Loss of muscle mass. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What factor contributes to the gradual deterioration of functional characteristics in aging?

Biological aging process. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What happens to kidney function with aging?

Deteriorates in efficiency. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What lifestyle change is associated with decreased smoking rates over the last 40 years?

Increased obesity rates. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What impact does photoaging have on the skin?

Accelerates aging changes like dryness and wrinkles. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes 'involved' grandparents from other types of grandparents?

They have frequent contact with, and exercise authority over, their grandchildren. (C) Signup and view all the answers

In late adulthood, how does stress reduction affect life expectancy?

It promotes a longer life expectancy. (D) Signup and view all the answers

In the context of grandparenting dynamics, what is a notable contemporary concern?

The legal aspects of custody, visitation, and contact after parental divorce. (D) Signup and view all the answers

According to the 2016 American Community Survey, what is a significant difference in marital status between older males and females?

Males are significantly more likely to be married than females. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What trend is indicated by the observation that many married couples feel their marriage has improved with time?

The emotional intensity and conflict levels experienced earlier in marriages may decline. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Among older adults, what is the approximate percentage of those who have never been married?

6 percent (C) Signup and view all the answers

What primary characteristic distinguishes presbycusis from other forms of hearing loss?

It accelerates with age and impacts higher frequencies. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common condition resulting in sensorineural hearing loss?

Ménière’s disease (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential characteristic symptom of Ménière’s disease?

Tinnitus and vertigo (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between primary aging and secondary aging?

Primary aging is genetically predisposed and irreversible. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which chronic condition is most prevalent among older populations in the U.S.?

High blood pressure (B) Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of older Americans is estimated to live with two or more chronic conditions?

50% (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which dietary approach has been associated with potentially slowing down the degradation of aging functions?

Reduction of animal-based protein (B) Signup and view all the answers

What mechanism is primarily involved in most cardiovascular diseases?

Atherosclerosis (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is considered a leading cause of death among older adults in America?

Chronic lower respiratory diseases (B) Signup and view all the answers

What commonly affects the independence and quality of life for the elderly?

Chronic conditions (C) Signup and view all the answers

What form of communication is often used when addressing older adults with hearing loss?

Elderspeak (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is linked to an increased prevalence of hearing loss?

Smoking (D) Signup and view all the answers

What two chronic conditions are the most commonly reported among older adults?

High blood pressure and arthritis (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of cochlear implants?

To stimulate the auditory nerve directly (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary reason for height reduction in older adults?

Settling of the vertebrae (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is most effective in increasing bone density among older adults?

Weight training (A) Signup and view all the answers

What common vision issue can occur as people age?

Decreased ability to adjust to light changes (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common cause of blindness in individuals over age 60?

Age-related macular degeneration (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true about hearing loss in older adults?

Conductive hearing loss may be caused by structural damage to the ear. (A) Signup and view all the answers

The HNRCA's research has improved knowledge about which of the following?

The role of nutrients in immune response (D) Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of people aged 75 and older experience some form of hearing or vision limitation?

8% (C) Signup and view all the answers

How does laser photocoagulation help in treating diabetic retinopathy?

It reduces vision loss by sealing leaking blood vessels. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which nutrient is NOT mentioned as beneficial for reducing the risk of age-related macular degeneration?

Vitamin D (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of sensorineural hearing loss?

Results in failure to transmit neural signals to the brain. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What common condition in older adults affects their ability to see in low light?

Clouding of the lens (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which exercise type is most beneficial for maintaining muscle strength in older adults?

Weight-lifting activities (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is a common misconception about older adults seeking help for sensory impairments?

Stereotypes discourage them from seeking help for hearing loss. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which research area is NOT one of the strategic focuses of the HNRCA?

Genetics (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which physical change is more pronounced in men during late adulthood?

Muscle mass loss (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the estimated percentage of cardiovascular disease (CVD) deaths caused by high blood pressure?

13% (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which strategy is considered crucial in preventing cardiovascular disease?

Healthy eating (C) Signup and view all the answers

At what age do most cancers commonly occur according to the statistics presented?

65 years old (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which demographic has the highest rates of prostate and lung cancer?

Men 75 and older (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the leading cause of death and severe, long-term disability associated with hypertension?

Stroke (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which age group has the highest reported rate of hypertension disability?

75 years and older (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of arthritis often results in stiffness and pain in the fingers, knees, and hips?

Osteoarthritis (C) Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of adults aged 18 years or older had self-reported doctor-diagnosed arthritis according to the CDC survey?

22.2% (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which lifestyle change is NOT recommended for preventing cardiovascular disease?

Increased sugar intake (D) Signup and view all the answers

In the context of cancer treatment, older adults may have challenges due to which of the following factors?

Decreased tolerance to treatments (A) Signup and view all the answers

What proportion of older women (65 and older) report having cancer?

17% (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is a common symptom associated with arthritis?

Joint pain (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of Type 2 diabetes?

Obesity and lack of exercise (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of arthritis is characterized as an autoimmune disorder?

Rheumatoid arthritis (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common long-term complication of high blood sugar levels in diabetes?

Poor vision due to diabetic retinopathy (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions does NOT typically increase with age?

Childhood obesity (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant trend observed in the rates of Type 2 diabetes from 1985 to 2015?

A dramatic increase in diagnosed cases (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is a common treatment approach for arthritis?

Weight loss and exercise (A) Signup and view all the answers

What diagnostic method is NOT used to diagnose diabetes?

X-ray imaging (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which demographic is at the highest risk for developing osteoporosis?

White women over 80 (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of osteoporosis?

Weakness of bones leading to fractures (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main cause of symptoms in Parkinson's disease?

Death of dopamine-producing cells (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors is NOT associated with an increased risk of Parkinson's disease?

Regular coffee consumption (B) Signup and view all the answers

According to the content, what sensory changes can occur with aging?

Slight decrements in sensitivity of the senses (A) Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of adults is estimated to have diabetes in the U.S. by 2030?

25% (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is NOT typically associated with Type 2 diabetes?

Chest pain (C) Signup and view all the answers

What treatment is generally recommended for Type 2 diabetes if lifestyle changes are insufficient?

Metformin medication (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the estimated life expectancy after being diagnosed with Parkinson's disease?

7 to 14 years (C) Signup and view all the answers

What factor does not seem to affect one's risk of developing Parkinson's disease?

Being overweight (C) Signup and view all the answers

What type of attention task do older adults typically show impairments in?

Tasks requiring flexible control of attention (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which cognitive function is most significantly impacted by divided attention in older adults?

Driving ability (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is classified as a severe decline in cognitive functioning that affects daily life?

Dementia (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which demographic is most likely to experience dementia according to age categories?

Adults aged 75-84 (A) Signup and view all the answers

What differentiates delirium from dementia?

Duration of cognitive function decline (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which form of dementia is most common and accounts for the majority of cases?

Alzheimer’s disease (D) Signup and view all the answers

What can improve cognitive tasks related to attention in older adults?

Extended training (A) Signup and view all the answers

According to Erikson's theory, which of the following is a dystonic outcome that may take precedence in older adulthood?

A growing sense of isolation and reduced social involvement. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is a common cause of dementia that is preventable?

Malnutrition (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which theory posits that older adults should not be discouraged from a preference for solitude and less activity?

Disengagement theory (C) Signup and view all the answers

Activity theory emphasizes which approach to aging?

Remaining active physically and socially to maintain well-being. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which group does not typically exhibit impairments in sustained attention?

Older adults (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which theory proposes that older adults maintain a consistent view of themselves as they age?

Continuity theory (A) Signup and view all the answers

The estimated percentage of people aged 65-74 experiencing dementia is approximately:

3% (B) Signup and view all the answers

What concept, according to the text, is described as a greater awareness of one's life and connection to the universe, and is associated with successful adjustment in later life?

Gerotranscendence (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is commonly associated with dementia?

Emotional problems (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main cause of delirium in older adults?

Dehydration (A) Signup and view all the answers

According to disengagement theory, what is a natural outcome of aging?

A withdrawal from social and professional roles (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which cognitive strategy do older adults often utilize to solve everyday problems?

Input from family and friends (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of continuity theory in the context of aging?

The maintenance of consistency in self-view and behavior. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is primarily affected by the aging process according to the content?

Divided attention (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is a common way that older adults can experience generativity?

Through active involvement in community organizations and activities. (A) Signup and view all the answers

How do people who retire by choice typically adjust, compared to those who have to retire abruptly?

They generally have an easier adjustment because they are better prepared. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What does the text suggest about mandatory retirement in the US?

It is now illegal. (A) Signup and view all the answers

According to the passage, which of the following can be considered a form of continued productivity for older adults?

Involvement in volunteer work and social institutions. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the central characteristic of ageism?

Prejudice and discrimination against older people. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which group of people may find unexpected retirement particularly difficult?

Men, who may experience significant identity loss. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is a key criticism against disengagement theory?

It is seen as ageist and can justify unfair treatment of older adults. (D) Signup and view all the answers

In the context of ageism, how are older people often perceived?

Less competent and attractive than younger people. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is a self-fulfilling prophecy in the context of beliefs about aging?

Beliefs about one's ability resulting in actions that confirm those beliefs. (A) Signup and view all the answers

According to activity theory, what is the relationship between activity and self-concept in older adults?

Higher activity levels promote a more stable and positive self-concept. (B) Signup and view all the answers

The text suggests that in the first eight stages of Erikson’s theory conflicts are presented in which type of matter?

Syntonic-dystonic (D) Signup and view all the answers

How did some societies, such as during the American colonial period, view long life?

As evidence of virtue and high status. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is 'gerontocracy' as a social structure?

A system where the oldest members of society hold power. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is an important factor in health and longevity related to one's attitude about their aging process?

Maintaining a positive and optimistic outlook. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Beyond ageism, what additional concern is highlighted for marginalized populations as they age?

Racism and its compounding effects. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is a common form of abuse experienced by older adults, most likely perpetrated by family members?

Financial exploitation and neglect. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Why can prosecuting financial abuse against older parents by family members be difficult?

The victims may be reluctant to press charges, and court dockets are often full. (D) Signup and view all the answers

The term 'granny dumping' refers to what serious issue?

Family members abandoning older family members with severe disabilities in emergency rooms. (B) Signup and view all the answers

According to Erikson, what does 'integrity' refer to in the context of late life?

Looking back on one's life with satisfaction and gratitude. (D) Signup and view all the answers

According to Erikson, what might lead to feelings of 'despair' in late adulthood?

Feeling one's life has been unproductive and unfulfilled. (D) Signup and view all the answers

According to Erikson, what virtue does the achievement of integrity lead to?

Wisdom (D) Signup and view all the answers

According to Erikson's later work, how do older adults in their 80s and 90s revisit the previous psychosocial stages?

They deal with previous conflicts in new ways as they cope with aging. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is a central premise of Joan Erikson's conceptualization of the ninth stage of psychosocial development?

Older adults revisit the previous stages and deal with prior challenges in new ways. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is a common financial risk for women regarding retirement funds?

They are at a higher risk of outliving lump-sum retirement funds. (B) Signup and view all the answers

In 2003, what percentage of full-time workers over 55 were women over the age of 70?

39% (D) Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of older adults are involved in some type of structured, face-to-face volunteer work?

40% (A) Signup and view all the answers

According to the provided text, what is a common characteristic of older adults who volunteer via organized programs?

They are also likely to work part-time. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is a described benefit for older adults engaging in virtual volunteerism?

Opportunities to connect, maintain identity, and remain productive. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of people over 65 have a bachelors or higher degree?

20% (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is an educational characteristic associated with older adults who are more likely to take continuing education courses?

Higher levels of education. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is a key benefit that religious activities often provide for older adults?

A social network and a belief system. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors is most strongly associated with increased grandparent-headed households?

Parental substance abuse. (B) Signup and view all the answers

According to Cherlin and Furstenberg's study, which style of grandparenting is characterized by having little authority or control over the grandchildren?

Companionate (B) Signup and view all the answers

According to the provided text, what has been the trend in the number of virtual volunteers from 1998 to 2005?

An increase from 3,000 to 40,000. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is a common reason older adults continue to work past the age of 65?

For income, pleasure, or both. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best reflects the volunteering patterns of those who retire?

Those who retire and do not work are less likely to feel they have a contribution to make. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of grandparents were classified as 'remote' according to Cherlin and Furstenberg's study?

30% (C) Signup and view all the answers

Among the listed options, which of these best describes the political activity of those over 65?

They are very politically active with a high voting rate. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common early symptom of Alzheimer’s disease?

Difficulty in remembering recent events (A) Signup and view all the answers

What physiological changes are associated with the progression of Alzheimer’s disease?

Enlarged ventricles and shrinking cerebral cortex (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason that initial symptoms of Alzheimer’s may be confused with normal aging?

Symptoms often develop slowly and subtly. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate percentage of inherited risk factors believed to contribute to Alzheimer’s disease?

70% (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the definitive methods for diagnosing Alzheimer's disease?

Autopsy for brain examination (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the lifespan of a person diagnosed with Alzheimer’s disease?

The average lifespan can extend to 20 years after diagnosis. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What factor is the greatest known risk factor for developing Alzheimer's disease?

Increasing age (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true regarding younger-onset Alzheimer’s disease?

Approximately 200,000 Americans under 65 are affected. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What psychological misconception about aging can affect older adults negatively?

Assumptions of poor health automatically (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which word is commonly used in stereotypes to describe older adults?

Costly (A) Signup and view all the answers

What do stereotypes about aging affect according to research?

They influence the media's portrayal of older people. (C) Signup and view all the answers

According to psychosocial development theories, which attitude may be prevalent towards aging?

Aging is often viewed negatively with a focus on decline. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is a common behavioral issue associated with late-stage Alzheimer’s disease?

Inability to manage self-care (B) Signup and view all the answers

How is the Alzheimer’s disease process characterized in the brain?

By plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the defining characteristic of "optimal aging"?

Experiencing better health and social well-being than the average person. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the Hayflick limit?

The number of times a cell can divide before becoming senescent. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of telomeres?

To protect chromosomes from damage during cell division. (D) Signup and view all the answers

According to the peripheral slowing hypothesis, what is the main cause of age-related decline in processing speed?

The peripheral nervous system becomes less efficient in communicating with the brain. (A) Signup and view all the answers

How does the generalized slowing hypothesis explain age-related cognitive decline?

It suggests that processing in all parts of the nervous system, including the brain, becomes less efficient. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of the Selective Optimization with Compensation (SOC) model of aging?

Helping older adults adapt to age-related changes and maintain independence. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What does the SOC model suggest older adults should do?

Focus on their strengths and compensate for their weaknesses. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main premise of the telomere theory of aging?

Telomeres shorten with each cell division, eventually leading to cell senescence. (C) Signup and view all the answers

How is chronological age different from functional age?

Chronological age refers to a person's actual age, while functional age reflects their physical and psychosocial well-being. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for classifying individuals in late adulthood into categories such as "young old", "old old", and "oldest old"?

To understand the different needs and challenges associated with each age group. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of successful aging?

Maintaining physical independence and maximizing quality of life. (D) Signup and view all the answers

According to the SOC model, what is the most important factor in aging successfully?

Adapting to change and compensating for losses. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main implication of the increasing number of individuals aged 65 and older in the U.S. population?

It will put a strain on social security and healthcare systems. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between the Hayflick limit and telomere theory?

The Hayflick limit explains the limits of cell division, while telomere theory explains the mechanism behind those limits. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the increasing proportion of people living to be 104 years old?

All of the above (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main idea of the video clip "Aging Successfully: The Psychological Aspects of Growing Old"?

It explains how to age successfully through the lens of the SOC model. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a proposed explanation for decline in working memory capacity in older adults?

Decline in the hippocampus (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary factor that influences the ability to retrieve information from long-term memory?

How well the information was learned initially (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference in memory strategies between younger and older adults?

Younger adults use mental rehearsal, while older adults use external cues. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What does the ACTIVE study suggest about improving cognitive function in older adults?

Engaging in cognitive training can lead to lasting improvements. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a factor that can potentially build cognitive reserve?

Limiting exposure to new experiences (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between age and wisdom?

Age alone does not guarantee wisdom. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the difference in memory performance between younger and older adults in everyday situations?

Older adults rely more on meaningful cues to recall information in everyday situations. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason why older adults may have difficulty remembering details of an event?

They have a decline in working memory capacity. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the processing speed theory of cognitive aging?

The decline in the speed of cognitive processing with age. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What does the inhibition hypothesis suggest about the decline in working memory capacity in older adults?

Older adults have difficulty filtering out irrelevant information from working memory. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key characteristic of semantic memory?

It involves the ability to remember vocabulary and general knowledge. (D) Signup and view all the answers

How does the text suggest that older adults' memory can be improved?

By engaging in regular physical exercise to improve blood flow to the brain. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary conclusion reached by researchers regarding the relationship between age and emotional wisdom?

Emotional wisdom is more common in older adults. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main implication of the findings of the ACTIVE study for older adults?

Cognitive training can help older adults maintain or improve their cognitive function. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between working memory and long-term memory?

Working memory is for short-term storage, while long-term memory is for long-term storage. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key characteristic of the prefrontal cortex?

It plays a crucial role in working memory and executive functions. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary benefit of engaging in activities that are considered challenging?

It can help to build cognitive reserve, reducing the effects of aging on the brain. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Late Adulthood Development

Late adulthood is considered from the mid-sixties until death.
It's a longer period now due to increased life expectancy.
A 10-year-old today has a 50% chance of living to 104.
15.2% of the U.S. population (49.2 million) is 65 or older.
This is expected to rise to nearly one in four residents by 2060.

Age Categories in Late Adulthood

Demographers use chronological age (65+, 85+, centenarians).
Developmentalists classify by functional age:
- Young-old: healthy, active (e.g., 98-year-old independent walker).
- Old-old: some health problems, difficulty with daily tasks.
- Oldest-old: frail, often require care.
Optimal aging: better health/social well-being than average.
Normal aging: same health/social concerns as most in the population.
Impaired aging: significantly poorer health/dependence than average.

Successful Aging

Selective Optimization with Compensation (SOC): a strategy to improve well-being.
Selecting and optimizing best abilities and intact functions.
Compensating for declines by finding alternatives (e.g., alternative transportation).
Focus on maintaining independence by optimizing existing abilities.

Life Expectancy Trends

Life expectancy varies globally.
Factors contributing to longer lives: genetics, health habits, social factors.
Significant increase in those aged 85 and over.
US life expectancy: 78.7 years (women > men).
Variations by race/ethnicity.
Factors beyond control and controllable factors impacting longevity.

Theories of Aging

Peripheral Slowing Hypothesis: processing speed in PNS and brain declines.
Generalized Slowing Hypothesis: general slowing of all neural processing.
Hayflick Limit Theory: cells divide a limited number of times before senescence.
Telomere Theory: telomeres shorten with each cell division, potentially causing damage.
Free Radical Theory of Aging (FRTA): cells accumulate free radical damage, reducing function.
Protein Crosslinking: glucose crosslinks to proteins, stiffening tissues.
DNA Damage: environmental factors damage DNA, leading to mutations and reduced functioning.
Decline in the Immune System: B-lymphocytes and T-lymphocytes become less active.

Aging's meaning is culturally constructed, e.g., "old age" varies globally.
Many cultures value wisdom in older adults.
Western cultures often prioritize youthfulness.

Cultural Treatment of Aging

Eastern societies often value the wisdom of older adults.
Japan: more elders live with families, fewer nursing homes.
Western societies often prioritize youthfulness in appearance.

Aging Successfully: Blue Zones

Blue Zones: regions with unusually high longevity.
Common characteristics: family, no smoking, plant-based diet, moderate physical activity, social engagement; legumes.
Additional characteristics: culturally isolated, valuing women's empowerment, consuming whole grains, consuming wine, high polyphenol wine; sunshine, gardening, high soy consumption, no alcohol consumption, practicing faith; socially active.
Nine lessons for a longer life (Buettner): moderate/regular physical activity, life purpose, stress reduction, moderate caloric intake, plant-based diet, moderate alcohol, spirituality, family life, social life.

Physical Changes during Late Adulthood

Inevitable changes: primary aging - skin wrinkling, hair changes, height/weight loss, muscle loss, bone density loss.
Addressable changes: secondary aging due to illness or lifestyle - vision, hearing, muscle strength issues.
Vision: lens changes, decreased peripheral vision, adjustment issues, need for correction.
Hearing: conductive and sensorineural hearing loss, presbycusis, increased likelihood among men.
Common causes of vision and hearing loss (glaucoma, cataracts, macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, Ménière's disease).

Cognitive Changes

Sensory register: minor sensory declines affect information intake.
Working memory: difficulty with multi-tasking, memory strategies.
Long-term memory: less affected than working memory, better recall of early adulthood.
Attention: diminished divided attention, less affected sustained attention.
Problem-solving: less reliance on immediate processing speed.

Abnormal Cognitive Functioning

Dementia and mild cognitive impairment: umbrella categories for cognitive decline.
Alzheimer’s disease: most common form, incurable.
Alzheimer's symptoms: memory loss, language problems, disorientation, mood swings, decreased motivation.
Delirium: acute confusional state.

Psychosocial Development

Erikson's Integrity vs. Despair: looking back on life with satisfaction (integrity) or dissatisfaction (despair).
Gerotranscendence: a transcending perspective on life and connection.
Activity Theory: remaining active to maintain well-being, avoid isolation.
Disengagement Theory: encouraging solitude and reflection in later life.
Continuity Theory: maintaining identity through aging.
Generativity in later life: continued productivity, volunteering, political engagement.

Relationships and Roles

Grandparent roles: remote, companionate, involved grandparents.
Marriage and divorce rates in older adults.

Health Challenges in Late Adulthood

Chronic illnesses common: heart disease, cancer, stroke, diabetes, hypertension, arthritis- increasing prevalence with age.
Factors contributing to chronic illness: lifestyle, genetics, and heredity.
Secondary aging: changes due to illness.

End-of-Life Issues

Societal attitudes towards death and dying.
Importance of quality of life considerations.
Elder Abuse concerns (financial, neglect).

Other Important Considerations

Education: continuing education programs for older adults.
Religious and political activities: engagement in communities.
Active life expectancy: years without disability.
Stress management and positive outlook promote successful aging.
Improving health and independence are key to successful aging.

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Description

This quiz explores key concepts related to aging, including the distinctions between primary and secondary aging, cultural attitudes towards aging, and significant health challenges in late adulthood. It also covers Erikson’s stage of integrity versus despair and strategies for successful aging. Test your knowledge of these vital topics!