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Questions and Answers
What is agglutination?
What is agglutination?
- The breakdown of cells
- The clumping of antigen-bearing cells (correct)
- The formation of antibodies
- The separation of serum components
Which particles can be used in agglutination?
Which particles can be used in agglutination?
- Proteins, fats, antibodies
- Latex, RBCs, bacterial cells (correct)
- DNA, lipids, RBCs
- Carbohydrates, lipids, DNA
What is an advantage of agglutination tests?
What is an advantage of agglutination tests?
- Requires expensive equipment
- Requires extensive training to perform
- Results are always quantitative
- Easy to carry out with pre-packaged kits (correct)
What type of agglutination occurs with naturally occurring antigens on the carrier?
What type of agglutination occurs with naturally occurring antigens on the carrier?
Which test converts a precipitating test into an agglutination test?
Which test converts a precipitating test into an agglutination test?
What is the definition of titer in agglutination tests?
What is the definition of titer in agglutination tests?
What hormone is detected in pregnancy tests using agglutination?
What hormone is detected in pregnancy tests using agglutination?
What is the main feature of reverse passive agglutination for C-reactive protein (CRP) detection?
What is the main feature of reverse passive agglutination for C-reactive protein (CRP) detection?
What is a limitation of coagglutination compared to latex agglutination?
What is a limitation of coagglutination compared to latex agglutination?
Which substance reacts with reagin in flocculation tests for syphilis?
Which substance reacts with reagin in flocculation tests for syphilis?
Which agglutination test uses charcoal to allow visible observation?
Which agglutination test uses charcoal to allow visible observation?
What is a precipitation serological test?
What is a precipitation serological test?
What is the optimal condition for precipitation reactions?
What is the optimal condition for precipitation reactions?
Which method involves placing an antigen sample in a well in agar?
Which method involves placing an antigen sample in a well in agar?
Which technique measures light scattered by antigen-antibody complexes?
Which technique measures light scattered by antigen-antibody complexes?
Which proteins can be measured by nephlometry?
Which proteins can be measured by nephlometry?
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Study Notes
Agglutination Tests
- Definition: Agglutination is the clumping of antigen-bearing cells or particles due to the binding of antibodies.
- Components: Latex particles, red blood cells (RBCs), and bacterial cells can be used as carriers in agglutination.
- Advantages:
- Easy to perform using pre-packaged kits.
- Types:
- Direct Agglutination: Antigens naturally occur on the carrier.
- Passive Agglutination: Antigens are artificially attached to the carrier.
- Reverse Passive Agglutination: Antibodies are attached to the carrier.
- Titer: The highest dilution of serum that still exhibits agglutination is called the titer.
- Widal Test: An example of an agglutination test used to detect anti-typhoid antibodies.
- Applications:
- Pregnancy Tests: Detect human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) hormone.
- Rheumatoid Factor Detection: Latex particles are used.
- C-Reactive Protein (CRP) Detection: Antibodies are attached to latex particles.
- Coagglutination: Uses antibodies bound to particles to enhance visibility.
- Limitations of Coagglutination:
- May not be as sensitive as latex agglutination.
- May require specialized equipment.
- Factors Influencing Agglutination:
- pH
- Protein Concentration
- Temperature
- Time
Precipitation Serological Tests
- Definition: Soluble antigen and antibody react to form a visible precipitate.
- Optimal Condition: Equivalence between antigen and antibody concentration.
- Antibodies: Antibodies that cause precipitation are called precipitins.
- Ouchterlony Method: Antigen sample is placed in a well in agar, allowing precipitation to occur.
- Radial Immunodiffusion: Antigen diffuses radially from a well in agar, forming a precipitin ring.
- Methods for Quantifying Antigen Concentration:
- Radial Immunodiffusion: Precipitin ring size reflects antigen concentration.
- Rocket Immunodiffusion: Antigen moves through agar under an electrical field, forming a rocket shape.
- Nephelometry: Measures light scattered by antigen-antibody complexes.
- Turbidimetry: Measures light transmitted through a solution containing precipitate.
- Counterimmunoelectrophoresis: Electric current speeds up the diffusion of antigen and antibody to form a precipitate.
Techniques for Measuring Protein Concentration
- Turbidimetry and Nephelometry:
- Advantage - Fully automated techniques for large quantities of samples.
- Proteins Measurable by Nephelometry: C3, C4, albumin, immunoglobulins.
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