97 Questions
What are the hallmark signs of acute inflammation?
Heat, redness, swelling, and pain
What happens shortly after an injury that leads to a rise in temperature in the affected area?
Vasodilation and increased blood flow
What is the term for the passage of cells from the blood vessels into the injured tissue?
Extravasation
Which type of agents can cause acute inflammation through toxic gases and acids?
Chemical agents
What role do leukocytes play in the process of inflammation?
Adhering to endothelium and phagocytosing pathogens
Which term refers to the loss of function associated with acute inflammation?
Functio laesa
Which pro-inflammatory cytokines induce fever and stress hormone production?
TNFα and IL-1
What is the role of IL-6 in response to TNFα and IL-1?
Stimulates the release of acute-phase proteins
Which complement components play a role in increasing vascular permeability?
C3a and C5a
What do TNFα and IL-1 induce the synthesis of?
IL-6 and IL-8
How do pro-inflammatory cytokines activate the coagulation cascade?
By promoting platelet aggregation
What is the function of PGE in the context of inflammation?
Promoting vasodilation
What are kinins involved in, particularly bradykinin?
Increasing capillary permeability, causing hyperthermia and redness
What is the primary function of clotting factors?
Producing fibrin peptides during the final steps of the clotting process
What occurs during the vascular stage of inflammation?
Increase in cellular metabolism leading to higher local temperature
What is the primary role of neutrophils and macrophages during the cellular stage of inflammation?
Phagocytosis of bacteria and cellular debris
What is the primary function of cell adhesion molecules (CAM) in the context of inflammation?
Participating in the inflammatory response by enabling migration of immune cells
What occurs during the process of leukocyte trafficking?
Migration of leukocytes out of the vasculature to the site of infection
What is a mechanism by which inflammation termination occurs?
Production and release of transforming growth factor (TGF) beta from macrophages
What molecules are upregulated during the termination of inflammation?
Anti-inflammatory molecules such as the Interleukin 1 receptor antagonist
What are the potential outcomes of inflammation?
Complete restoration of the inflamed tissue, fibrosis, abscess formation, and chronic inflammation
What occurs at the end stages of inflammation?
All of the above
What is a consequence of extensive tissue destruction during inflammation?
Formation of a scar composed largely of collagen
What occurs during chronic inflammation?
Presence of macrophages in the injured tissue
What is required for extravasation of leukocytes from blood vessels into inflamed tissues?
Expression of selectins and integrins
Which family of proteins are selectins part of?
Mucins
Which selectin is primarily expressed on endothelial cells during inflammation?
Selectin P
Which type of molecules do selectins bind to on leukocytes?
Carbohydrates
What type of proteins are integrins?
Heterodimeric proteins
Deficiency in which integrin chain leads to leukocyte adhesion deficiency?
β2 chain
Which type of CAMs contain both Ig-like domains and mucin domains?
Ig-superfamily CAMs
What is responsible for leukocyte migration to the mucosa?
Ig-superfamily CAMs
What process involves leukocytes loosely binding to selectin E and P on endothelial cells during inflammation?
Rolling adhesion
Which type of agents can cause acute inflammation through biological means?
Bacteria
Which of the following is NOT part of the hallmark signs of acute inflammation as described by the Romans?
Pruritus (itching)
Which of the following is responsible for leukocytes adhering to the endothelium in the injured area?
Mediators of inflammation
Which of the following is NOT a biological agent that can cause acute inflammation?
Chemical agents
Which of the following is responsible for increasing vascular permeability during inflammation?
Mediators of inflammation
Which of the following is responsible for the loss of function associated with acute inflammation?
Functio laesa
Which prostaglandin promotes platelet aggregation and vasoconstriction?
Prostaglandin thromboxane A2
Which leukotriene is a potent chemoattractant of neutrophils?
Leukotriene B4
Which molecule among the following is not responsible for causing dilation and increased permeability of capillaries?
Prostaglandin E1
Which of the following is not a function of Platelet-activating factor (PAF)?
Contributes to the synthesis of TNFα and IL-1
Which of the following does NOT increase vascular permeability during inflammation?
Prostaglandin F2α
Which of the following does NOT induce fever and stress hormone production?
IL-10
What is a mechanism that contributes to the downregulation of pro-inflammatory molecules during inflammation termination?
The production of anti-inflammatory lipoxins
Which mechanism is responsible for the initiation of apoptosis in neutrophils during inflammation termination?
The production of resolvins and protectins
What is the primary function of transforming growth factor (TGF) beta during inflammation termination?
Production of anti-inflammatory cytokines
What process contributes to the termination of inflammation by promoting the departure of macrophages through the lymphatics?
The initiation of the anti-inflammatory program
Which mechanism plays a role in reducing neutrophil recruitment during inflammation termination?
The upregulation of anti-inflammatory molecules
What is the primary role of IL-4 and IL-10 during inflammation termination?
Induction of downregulation of TNFα, IL-1, IL-6, and IL-8
What is the primary function of C-reactive protein (CRP) in the context of inflammation?
CRP initiates the classical pathway of the complement system.
What is the main role of Interleukin 8 (IL-8) in the process of inflammation?
IL-8 promotes chemotaxis and induces extravasation of granulocytes.
Which of the following processes is not directly mediated by pro-inflammatory cytokines during inflammation?
Tissue repair and regeneration.
What is the primary function of Interleukin 1 (IL-1) during inflammation?
IL-1 induces the production of stress hormones, such as norepinephrine.
Which of the following is not a consequence of increased vascular permeability during inflammation?
Differentiation of macrophages.
What is the role of complement components C3a and C5a during inflammation?
C3a and C5a increase vascular permeability and stimulate chemotaxis.
Which selectin is primarily expressed on leukocytes of blood cells?
Selectin L
Which integrin chain deficiency leads to leukocyte adhesion deficiency (LAD)?
β2
Which selectin is synthesized de novo following stimulation by e.g., cytokines?
Selectin E
Which phase of leukocyte extravasation involves leukocytes loosely binding to selectin E and P on endothelial cells?
Phase I
Which selectin is released when the granules fuse with the endothelial cell membrane?
Selectin P
Which type of CAMs contain both Ig-like domains and mucin domains?
MAdCAM-1
Which complement components play a role in increasing vascular permeability?
C3a and C5a
Which selectin is not expressed on the endothelium during inflammation?
Selectin L
Which CAM is responsible for migration of leukocytes to the mucosa?
MAdCAM-1
Which pro-inflammatory cytokines induce fever and stress hormone production?
TNFα and IL-1
What is the primary function of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNFα and IL-1?
Promote chemotaxis and degranulation of neutrophils
Which molecules are involved in increasing vascular permeability during inflammation?
Complement components C3a and C5a
What is the role of Interleukin 6 (IL-6) in response to TNFα and IL-1?
Stimulate the release of acute-phase proteins
Which molecules stimulate chemotaxis of neutrophils, eosinophils, and monocytes?
Complement components C3a and C5a
Which component plays a role in activating the classical pathway during inflammation?
Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα)
What is a consequence of pro-inflammatory cytokines activating the coagulation cascade?
Increased release of leukotrienes
What is one of the mechanisms involved in inflammation termination?
Downregulation of receptor activity
During the resolution of inflammation, which molecules are responsible for inducing downregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines?
Transforming growth factor (TGF) beta
What is the role of resolvins and protectins synthesized from omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in inflammation termination?
Initiate apoptosis in neutrophils
What is the outcome of chronic inflammation?
Extensive tissue destruction and scar formation
Which molecules are involved in the upregulation during the inflammation termination process?
Lipoxins
What is the main role of apoptosis during inflammation termination?
Induce programmed cell death in pro-inflammatory cells
What is the meaning of the suffix 'itis' in medical terms?
Inflammation
Which disease is characterized by the inflammation of the mammary gland?
Mastitis
What is a hallmark diagnostic feature of acute mastitis?
Presence of leukocytes in milk
What is the purpose of the California Mastitis Test (CMT)?
To detect the presence of leukocytes
Which of the following is not a common cause of mastitis?
Influenza virus
What is the primary role of leukocytes in the context of mastitis?
To fight infection
What is the primary role of Interleukin 1 (IL-1) during inflammation?
Inducing fever and stress hormone production
Which prostaglandin promotes platelet aggregation and vasoconstriction?
Prostaglandin F
Which type of agents can cause acute inflammation through biological means?
Biological agents
What is the term for the passage of cells from the blood vessels into the injured tissue?
Extravasation
What role do leukocytes play in the process of inflammation?
Infiltrating the injured tissue to fight off pathogens
What is the primary function of clotting factors?
Activating the coagulation cascade
Which stage of inflammation involves the movement of leukocytes into the area of injury?
Cellular stage
Which of the following is a consequence of increased vascular permeability during inflammation?
Swelling and impaired function
Which cells are the first to arrive at the site of infection during inflammation?
Cells of innate immunity
Which of the following is involved in the process of leukocyte trafficking to the site of inflammation?
Migration of leukocytes to the site of infection
Which of the following is responsible for the production of fibrin peptides during the final steps of the clotting process?
Clotting factors
Which of the following is a consequence of the cell adhesion molecules (CAM) on endothelial cells during inflammation?
Migration of leukocytes to participate in the inflammatory response
Explore different agents and causes of inflammation, including thermal, chemical, biological agents, endogenous factors, circulation disorders, and metabolic products. Learn about the signs of acute inflammation and its stages described by the Romans over 2000 years ago.
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