Inflammation
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Questions and Answers

What are the hallmark signs of acute inflammation?

  • Nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and diarrhea
  • Heat, redness, swelling, and pain (correct)
  • Fever, chills, fatigue, and headache
  • Pallor, dizziness, shortness of breath, and sweating
  • What happens shortly after an injury that leads to a rise in temperature in the affected area?

  • Decreased heart rate
  • Coagulation of blood
  • Vasodilation and increased blood flow (correct)
  • Constriction of blood vessels
  • What is the term for the passage of cells from the blood vessels into the injured tissue?

  • Hemostasis
  • Thrombolysis
  • Extravasation (correct)
  • Hematopoiesis
  • Which type of agents can cause acute inflammation through toxic gases and acids?

    <p>Chemical agents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do leukocytes play in the process of inflammation?

    <p>Adhering to endothelium and phagocytosing pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term refers to the loss of function associated with acute inflammation?

    <p><em>Functio laesa</em></p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pro-inflammatory cytokines induce fever and stress hormone production?

    <p>TNFα and IL-1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of IL-6 in response to TNFα and IL-1?

    <p>Stimulates the release of acute-phase proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which complement components play a role in increasing vascular permeability?

    <p>C3a and C5a</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do TNFα and IL-1 induce the synthesis of?

    <p>IL-6 and IL-8</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do pro-inflammatory cytokines activate the coagulation cascade?

    <p>By promoting platelet aggregation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of PGE in the context of inflammation?

    <p>Promoting vasodilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are kinins involved in, particularly bradykinin?

    <p>Increasing capillary permeability, causing hyperthermia and redness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of clotting factors?

    <p>Producing fibrin peptides during the final steps of the clotting process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during the vascular stage of inflammation?

    <p>Increase in cellular metabolism leading to higher local temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of neutrophils and macrophages during the cellular stage of inflammation?

    <p>Phagocytosis of bacteria and cellular debris</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of cell adhesion molecules (CAM) in the context of inflammation?

    <p>Participating in the inflammatory response by enabling migration of immune cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during the process of leukocyte trafficking?

    <p>Migration of leukocytes out of the vasculature to the site of infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a mechanism by which inflammation termination occurs?

    <p>Production and release of transforming growth factor (TGF) beta from macrophages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What molecules are upregulated during the termination of inflammation?

    <p>Anti-inflammatory molecules such as the Interleukin 1 receptor antagonist</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the potential outcomes of inflammation?

    <p>Complete restoration of the inflamed tissue, fibrosis, abscess formation, and chronic inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs at the end stages of inflammation?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of extensive tissue destruction during inflammation?

    <p>Formation of a scar composed largely of collagen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during chronic inflammation?

    <p>Presence of macrophages in the injured tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is required for extravasation of leukocytes from blood vessels into inflamed tissues?

    <p>Expression of selectins and integrins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which family of proteins are selectins part of?

    <p>Mucins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which selectin is primarily expressed on endothelial cells during inflammation?

    <p>Selectin P</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of molecules do selectins bind to on leukocytes?

    <p>Carbohydrates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of proteins are integrins?

    <p>Heterodimeric proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Deficiency in which integrin chain leads to leukocyte adhesion deficiency?

    <p>β2 chain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of CAMs contain both Ig-like domains and mucin domains?

    <p>Ig-superfamily CAMs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is responsible for leukocyte migration to the mucosa?

    <p>Ig-superfamily CAMs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process involves leukocytes loosely binding to selectin E and P on endothelial cells during inflammation?

    <p>Rolling adhesion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of agents can cause acute inflammation through biological means?

    <p>Bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT part of the hallmark signs of acute inflammation as described by the Romans?

    <p>Pruritus (itching)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is responsible for leukocytes adhering to the endothelium in the injured area?

    <p>Mediators of inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a biological agent that can cause acute inflammation?

    <p>Chemical agents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is responsible for increasing vascular permeability during inflammation?

    <p>Mediators of inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is responsible for the loss of function associated with acute inflammation?

    <p>Functio laesa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which prostaglandin promotes platelet aggregation and vasoconstriction?

    <p>Prostaglandin thromboxane A2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which leukotriene is a potent chemoattractant of neutrophils?

    <p>Leukotriene B4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which molecule among the following is not responsible for causing dilation and increased permeability of capillaries?

    <p>Prostaglandin E1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not a function of Platelet-activating factor (PAF)?

    <p>Contributes to the synthesis of TNFα and IL-1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following does NOT increase vascular permeability during inflammation?

    <p>Prostaglandin F2α</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following does NOT induce fever and stress hormone production?

    <p>IL-10</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a mechanism that contributes to the downregulation of pro-inflammatory molecules during inflammation termination?

    <p>The production of anti-inflammatory lipoxins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mechanism is responsible for the initiation of apoptosis in neutrophils during inflammation termination?

    <p>The production of resolvins and protectins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of transforming growth factor (TGF) beta during inflammation termination?

    <p>Production of anti-inflammatory cytokines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process contributes to the termination of inflammation by promoting the departure of macrophages through the lymphatics?

    <p>The initiation of the anti-inflammatory program</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mechanism plays a role in reducing neutrophil recruitment during inflammation termination?

    <p>The upregulation of anti-inflammatory molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of IL-4 and IL-10 during inflammation termination?

    <p>Induction of downregulation of TNFα, IL-1, IL-6, and IL-8</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of C-reactive protein (CRP) in the context of inflammation?

    <p>CRP initiates the classical pathway of the complement system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of Interleukin 8 (IL-8) in the process of inflammation?

    <p>IL-8 promotes chemotaxis and induces extravasation of granulocytes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following processes is not directly mediated by pro-inflammatory cytokines during inflammation?

    <p>Tissue repair and regeneration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Interleukin 1 (IL-1) during inflammation?

    <p>IL-1 induces the production of stress hormones, such as norepinephrine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not a consequence of increased vascular permeability during inflammation?

    <p>Differentiation of macrophages.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of complement components C3a and C5a during inflammation?

    <p>C3a and C5a increase vascular permeability and stimulate chemotaxis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which selectin is primarily expressed on leukocytes of blood cells?

    <p>Selectin L</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which integrin chain deficiency leads to leukocyte adhesion deficiency (LAD)?

    <p>β2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which selectin is synthesized de novo following stimulation by e.g., cytokines?

    <p>Selectin E</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of leukocyte extravasation involves leukocytes loosely binding to selectin E and P on endothelial cells?

    <p>Phase I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which selectin is released when the granules fuse with the endothelial cell membrane?

    <p>Selectin P</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of CAMs contain both Ig-like domains and mucin domains?

    <p>MAdCAM-1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which complement components play a role in increasing vascular permeability?

    <p>C3a and C5a</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which selectin is not expressed on the endothelium during inflammation?

    <p>Selectin L</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which CAM is responsible for migration of leukocytes to the mucosa?

    <p>MAdCAM-1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pro-inflammatory cytokines induce fever and stress hormone production?

    <p>TNFα and IL-1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNFα and IL-1?

    <p>Promote chemotaxis and degranulation of neutrophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which molecules are involved in increasing vascular permeability during inflammation?

    <p>Complement components C3a and C5a</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of Interleukin 6 (IL-6) in response to TNFα and IL-1?

    <p>Stimulate the release of acute-phase proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which molecules stimulate chemotaxis of neutrophils, eosinophils, and monocytes?

    <p>Complement components C3a and C5a</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component plays a role in activating the classical pathway during inflammation?

    <p>Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of pro-inflammatory cytokines activating the coagulation cascade?

    <p>Increased release of leukotrienes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the mechanisms involved in inflammation termination?

    <p>Downregulation of receptor activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the resolution of inflammation, which molecules are responsible for inducing downregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines?

    <p>Transforming growth factor (TGF) beta</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of resolvins and protectins synthesized from omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in inflammation termination?

    <p>Initiate apoptosis in neutrophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of chronic inflammation?

    <p>Extensive tissue destruction and scar formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which molecules are involved in the upregulation during the inflammation termination process?

    <p>Lipoxins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of apoptosis during inflammation termination?

    <p>Induce programmed cell death in pro-inflammatory cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the meaning of the suffix 'itis' in medical terms?

    <p>Inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disease is characterized by the inflammation of the mammary gland?

    <p>Mastitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a hallmark diagnostic feature of acute mastitis?

    <p>Presence of leukocytes in milk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the California Mastitis Test (CMT)?

    <p>To detect the presence of leukocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not a common cause of mastitis?

    <p>Influenza virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of leukocytes in the context of mastitis?

    <p>To fight infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of Interleukin 1 (IL-1) during inflammation?

    <p>Inducing fever and stress hormone production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which prostaglandin promotes platelet aggregation and vasoconstriction?

    <p>Prostaglandin F</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of agents can cause acute inflammation through biological means?

    <p>Biological agents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the passage of cells from the blood vessels into the injured tissue?

    <p>Extravasation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do leukocytes play in the process of inflammation?

    <p>Infiltrating the injured tissue to fight off pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of clotting factors?

    <p>Activating the coagulation cascade</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage of inflammation involves the movement of leukocytes into the area of injury?

    <p>Cellular stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a consequence of increased vascular permeability during inflammation?

    <p>Swelling and impaired function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells are the first to arrive at the site of infection during inflammation?

    <p>Cells of innate immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is involved in the process of leukocyte trafficking to the site of inflammation?

    <p>Migration of leukocytes to the site of infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is responsible for the production of fibrin peptides during the final steps of the clotting process?

    <p>Clotting factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a consequence of the cell adhesion molecules (CAM) on endothelial cells during inflammation?

    <p>Migration of leukocytes to participate in the inflammatory response</p> Signup and view all the answers

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