Ageism and Elder Demographics
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary characteristic that defines ageism?

  • The understanding that aging is a process that requires careful medical attention.
  • The assumption that older individuals are always wise and experienced.
  • The belief that aging is a natural process with predictable outcomes.
  • The tendency to attribute traits and situations of older individuals solely to their age. (correct)
  • How do we typically define 'our nation's elders' in terms of age?

  • Those who have reached the age of 55 or older.
  • Those aged 65 years or older. (correct)
  • People who are considered 'senior citizens' by their local communities.
  • Individuals who have retired from their professional careers.
  • Which of the following is a direct consequence of ageism?

  • Increased access to healthcare for older individuals.
  • Negative stereotypes and discrimination against older people. (correct)
  • A better understanding of the needs of aging populations.
  • Enhanced social opportunities for seniors.
  • What is the key difference between 'ageism' and 'aging'?

    <p>Ageism is a social construct, while aging is a biological process. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these scenarios demonstrates ageism?

    <p>A young person assumes an elderly neighbor must be confused because they forget things. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason for the rapid increase in the older population?

    <p>Advances in medicine and healthcare (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these factors has the greatest impact on life expectancy?

    <p>Gender (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these statements is TRUE regarding the housing situation of older Americans?

    <p>A majority of elders own their homes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which social program is most commonly associated with providing financial security to elders?

    <p>Social Security (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the disparities in income levels among elders?

    <p>Discrimination based on race and ethnicity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these statements is FALSE about the health status of older adults?

    <p>The majority of older adults continue to work past retirement age. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason why older individuals from foreign-born populations are more likely to live with a family?

    <p>Cultural norms and traditions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these factors is LEAST likely to influence longevity?

    <p>Educational background (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common reason for the gender gap in life expectancy?

    <p>Men are more prone to engage in risky behaviors. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is a major health concern for older adults?

    <p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is NOT a common characteristic of centenarians?

    <p>A strict vegetarian diet (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these statements is TRUE about the impact of cigarette smoking on life expectancy?

    <p>Women lose more years of life expectancy due to smoking than men. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is LEAST likely to contribute to the increased risk of death in older adults?

    <p>High levels of social support (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it difficult to carry out research on race and ethnicity's effect on longevity in the US?

    <p>The difficulty in separating socioeconomic factors from racial and ethnic factors. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is a major health concern for Hispanic elders?

    <p>Higher rates of obesity and diabetes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between life span and life expectancy?

    <p>Life span is the biological potential for longevity, while life expectancy is the actual average lifespan. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following genetic diseases is associated with an impact on life expectancy?

    <p>Huntingtons (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does obesity correlate with mortality rates?

    <p>It is linked to an increased risk of premature death. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What benefit is associated with high levels of physical activity?

    <p>Low death rates from all causes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about alcohol consumption is correct?

    <p>Light consumption may offer cardiovascular benefits. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant factor in increased longevity among married individuals?

    <p>Higher frequency of sex. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes a potential influence on longevity from physiological factors?

    <p>Negative behaviors may arise from pessimism. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does socioeconomic class correlate with longevity?

    <p>Middle and upper class individuals tend to live longer. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following theories explains aging?

    <p>Aging results from an accumulation of errors and damage. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Ageism

    Discrimination or prejudice against people based on their age, particularly older adults.

    Assumption in Ageism

    Belief that traits of older adults are solely due to their age, ignoring other factors.

    Labelling of Elders

    Assigning stereotypes to older individuals, leading to negative bias.

    Discrimination against Older Adults

    Unfair treatment of older individuals based on their age.

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    Elders Defined

    Individuals aged 65 years and over, often the focus of gerontological studies.

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    Genetic Diseases

    Diseases that are inherited and can affect life expectancy, such as Down Syndrome and Huntington's disease.

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    Acquired Diseases

    Diseases that develop due to environmental factors and lifestyle choices, like cancer and diabetes.

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    Impact of Obesity

    Obesity is linked to higher risks of premature death and various diseases.

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    Physical Activity and Mortality

    Regular exercise is correlated with lower death rates from all causes.

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    Alcohol Consumption

    Light drinking can have health benefits, while heavy drinking reduces life expectancy.

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    Marriage and Longevity

    Being married may lead to longer life due to social support and healthy habits.

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    Influence of Class on Longevity

    Higher education and social class correlate with a longer life due to better health access and habits.

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    Biological Theories of Aging

    Two theories explain aging: Random Theory (errors and damage) and Programmed Theory (genetic factors).

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    Demography

    The study of size, distribution, and statistics of a population.

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    Aging population trends

    The proportion of older adults is rapidly increasing over time.

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    Life expectancy

    Average number of years individuals can expect to live.

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    Older Americans Act (OAA)

    A federal law providing services for older adults, signed in 1965.

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    Social Security

    A government program providing financial assistance to retired individuals.

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    Chronic conditions

    Long-lasting health issues affecting many older adults.

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    Foreign-born elders

    Older individuals who immigrated and often live with family.

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    Hispanic elders

    Fastest growing minority group among older adults, often facing poverty.

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    Cigarette smoking impact

    Leading preventable cause of death, significantly reducing life expectancy.

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    Gender differences in aging

    Females generally live longer than males due to various factors.

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    Poverty among elderly

    Higher poverty levels found in minority elder groups.

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    Centenarian Studies

    Research on individuals who live to be over 100 years old.

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    Income sources for elders

    Key financial supports include Social Security, pensions, and savings.

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    Racial and ethnic diversity in elders

    Minority groups among elders face common issues like poverty.

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    Health care concerns

    Health disparities affect minority elder populations, often leading to under-utilization.

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    Study Notes

    Ageism

    • Ageism is the assumption that traits of older individuals are solely due to age, ignoring other factors.
    • It involves labelling and discrimination against older people.
    • The majority of people don't consider themselves old until they become sick or dependent.
    • Many people, based on surveys, consider themselves middle-aged.
    • Elders have various demographics - some powerful and others ill.

    Demographics of Elders

    • The elder population is growing rapidly due to longer lifespans and the aging baby boomer generation.
    • 2009: 13% were 65+
    • 2014: 14.1% were 65+
    • 2030: 20% are estimated to be 65+
    • Improved healthcare is a factor in this growth.
    • Life expectancy has increased from 77.6 (2003), to 78.7 (2010), to 79.05 (2022).
    • Gender is the biggest factor affecting life expectancy—females tend to live longer than males.
    • Ethnicity and race are also factors influencing lifespan.

    Housing and Geographic Distribution

    • Most elders own their homes (4 out of 5 in 2009).
    • Most elders live in metropolitan areas (4 out of 5 in 2009).
    • States with the highest elderly populations include California, Florida, New York, and Texas.

    Marital Status/Living Arrangements

    • 8.9 million women and 2.1 million men are widowed.
    • Marriage is linked to companionship, support with daily activities, and higher incomes for elders.
    • Divorce rates among elders are increasing.
    • Two-thirds of elders live in a family setting with another person.
    • A small percentage of elders live in nursing homes.

    The Older Americans Act (OAA)

    • The OAA was signed in 1965.
    • It's a federal law supporting the dignity of older adults, with social and nutrition services.

    Education

    • Elders have, on average, completed fewer years of formal education than younger adults.
    • Baby boomers are the most educated generation.
    • Educational attainment varies by race and ethnicity.
    • Elders are often lifelong learners.

    Income

    • Medicare and Social Security reduce financial vulnerability for elders.
    • Elders living in family settings are more likely to have reduced financial vulnerability.
    • Income disparities exist based on race and ethnicity.
    • Elderly men typically have higher incomes than women.
    • Sources of elder income include Social Security (started in 1935), Supplemental Security Income (SSI, established in 1974), personal assets (savings/home equity), and pensions/IRAs.

    Health Status & Healthcare

    • Half of elders have at least one chronic condition; approximately 92% have a chronic condition.
    • Foreign-born populations may face challenges like language barriers and family-related poverty.

    Racial & Ethnic Diversity

    • Racial and ethnic minority elder groups often face higher poverty rates and racial discrimination.
    • Largest minority elder groups: Black, Hispanic, Native American, Asian.
    • African American/Black elders have a high poverty rate (20% in 2009) and often have more chronic conditions; facing healthcare concerns around seeking help and historical racism (like the Tuskegee Experiment).
    • Hispanic elders are the fastest-growing group, often have lower education levels, and higher poverty rates (45% in some subgroups). Also concerns with health concerns of respecting healthcare workers and less likely to use social services.

    Life Span & Longevity Concepts

    • Theoretical lifespan: 115-120 years
    • Life expectancy: the predicted years an individual can expect to live.
    • Longevity research uses actuarial data, animal studies, longitudinal studies, and centenarian studies.

    Longevity Factors

    • Heredity: Centenarians often have long-lived relatives.
    • Lifestyle: Diet, activity levels, stress management.
    • Gender: Females typically live longer due to differences in immune system function and hormonal influences.
    • Race/Ethnicity: Socioeconomic factors are often intertwined with race and ethnicity, making research challenging.
    • Smoking: A significant cause of preventable deaths; quitting reduces risks substantially.

    Health Conditions

    • More diseases and affected body systems correlate with a shorter lifespan.
    • Genetic diseases (e.g., Down Syndrome, Huntington's) and acquired conditions (e.g., cancer, heart disease) affect aging and longevity.
    • Body weight and height are linked to mortality—obesity is a risk factor.
    • Physical inactivity is linked to higher mortality rates.

    Lifestyle Factors Affecting Longevity

    • Physical activity: High levels are associated with lower mortality.
    • Alcohol consumption: Light drinking may have cardiovascular benefits, but heavy drinking significantly reduces life expectancy.
    • Marital status: Married individuals tend to live longer than those widowed or divorced. Marriage may promote healthy habits and stress reduction.
    • Personality: Calm individuals may live longer and make more healthy decisions.

    Socioeconomic Factors

    • Education/Occupation: Higher education and occupation levels are correlated with longer life spans (better access to healthcare, better habits, and more resources).
    • Income: Higher income is linked to better health spending and quality of life.
    • Environment: Exposure to pollution and radiation can negatively impact health and longevity.

    Biological Theories of Aging

    • Two main phenomena: Physiological decline in body systems and aging process.
    • Two leading theories:
      • Random Theory: Aging due to accumulated errors, waste, and damage.
      • Programmed Theory: Aging controlled by genetic characteristics of cells.

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    Description

    Explore the concept of ageism and its impact on older adults in society. This quiz covers the demographic trends of the elder population, including life expectancy and factors that influence it, such as gender and ethnicity. Test your knowledge on the housing and geographic distribution of the elderly as well.

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