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Questions and Answers
What is the primary layer affected in Age Related Macular Degeneration (ARMD)?
What is the primary layer affected in Age Related Macular Degeneration (ARMD)?
- Retina Pigment Epithelium (RPE) (correct)
- Cornea
- Sclera
- Choroid
Which of the following is NOT a diagnostic tool for Macular Diseases?
Which of the following is NOT a diagnostic tool for Macular Diseases?
- Ophthalmoscopy
- OCT
- Slit Lamp
- Electroretinography (ERG) (correct)
What is the characteristic feature of Age Related Macular Degeneration (ARMD)?
What is the characteristic feature of Age Related Macular Degeneration (ARMD)?
- Drusen (correct)
- Epiretinal Membrane
- Macular Edema
- Retinal Detachment
What is the function of the Retina Pigment Epithelium (RPE) in the eye?
What is the function of the Retina Pigment Epithelium (RPE) in the eye?
Which of the following is a risk factor for Age Related Macular Degeneration (ARMD)?
Which of the following is a risk factor for Age Related Macular Degeneration (ARMD)?
What is the purpose of Ophthalmoscopy in diagnosing Macular Diseases?
What is the purpose of Ophthalmoscopy in diagnosing Macular Diseases?
What is the term for the accumulation of waste material under the Retina Pigment Epithelium (RPE)?
What is the term for the accumulation of waste material under the Retina Pigment Epithelium (RPE)?
Which of the following is a complication of Age Related Macular Degeneration (ARMD)?
Which of the following is a complication of Age Related Macular Degeneration (ARMD)?
What can cause macular atrophy or reduced function due to thinning?
What can cause macular atrophy or reduced function due to thinning?
What is essential to the retina’s survival?
What is essential to the retina’s survival?
What is Comotio retinae referred to as?
What is Comotio retinae referred to as?
What can be a consequence of traumatic maculopathy?
What can be a consequence of traumatic maculopathy?
What is the term for damage to the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and photoreceptors?
What is the term for damage to the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and photoreceptors?
What can cause damage to the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and photoreceptors?
What can cause damage to the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and photoreceptors?
What is the term for subretinal neovascular membrane?
What is the term for subretinal neovascular membrane?
Which of the following conditions is characterized by the appearance of alternating light and dark lines on fluorescein angiography?
Which of the following conditions is characterized by the appearance of alternating light and dark lines on fluorescein angiography?
What is the treatment for ARMD?
What is the treatment for ARMD?
What is the name of the condition where there is a hole in the macula?
What is the name of the condition where there is a hole in the macula?
What is the term for a condition where the thyroid gland affects the eyes?
What is the term for a condition where the thyroid gland affects the eyes?
What is the name of the condition where the retina becomes thin and the retinal pigment epithelium is disrupted?
What is the name of the condition where the retina becomes thin and the retinal pigment epithelium is disrupted?
What is the term for a condition where new blood vessels grow under the retina in response to myopia?
What is the term for a condition where new blood vessels grow under the retina in response to myopia?
What is the name of the chart used to detect scotoma?
What is the name of the chart used to detect scotoma?
What is the term for a condition where the retina becomes thick and swollen due to fluid accumulation?
What is the term for a condition where the retina becomes thick and swollen due to fluid accumulation?
What is the term for a condition where there is a membrane that grows on the surface of the retina, causing visual disturbances?
What is the term for a condition where there is a membrane that grows on the surface of the retina, causing visual disturbances?
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Study Notes
Macular Diseases
- Age-Related Macular Degeneration (ARMD) is a condition that affects the Retina Pigment Epithelium (RPE)
- ARMD is caused by drusen, which are small yellow or white deposits that accumulate under the retina
- ARMD can lead to blindness due to leakage of fluid or bleeding under the retina
- Amsler chart is used to detect ARMD, and it can help identify scotoma (blind spots) in the visual field
Types of ARMD
- Dry ARMD: characterized by the presence of drusen and pigmentary changes in the RPE
- Exudative ARMD: characterized by the growth of new blood vessels under the retina, leading to leakage and bleeding
- Disciform degeneration: a type of exudative ARMD that leads to blindness
Other Macular Diseases
- Central Serous Chorioretinopathy: a condition that causes fluid accumulation under the retina, leading to vision loss
- Cystoid Macular Oedema (CMO): a type of macular edema that causes vision loss due to fluid accumulation
- Epiretinal Membranes: a condition that causes wrinkling of the retina, leading to vision loss
- Macular Hole: a hole in the center of the macula that can cause vision loss
- Choroidal Folds: a condition that causes folds in the choroid layer of the eye, leading to vision loss
Myopic Macular Degeneration
- Myopia can cause stretching of the macula, leading to macular atrophy or reduced function
- Stretching can cause thinning of the photoreceptor cells and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), leading to myopic macular degeneration (MMD)
Traumatic Maculopathy
- Traumatic maculopathy is a condition that occurs due to direct or indirect trauma to the globe
- Comotio retinae refers to traumatic retinopathy secondary to direct or indirect trauma to the globe
Hereditary Macular Dystrophies
- Hereditary macular dystrophies are a group of conditions that affect the macula and are inherited
- Examples include POHS (Presumed Ocular Histoplasmosis Syndrome), AMPPE (Acute Posterior Multifocal Placoid Pigment Epitheliopathy), and VKH (Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada Disease)
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