Afro-Eurasia and the Americas (13th Century)

Study Notes

Empires and states exhibited continuity, innovation, and diversity.
Examples include the Song Dynasty in China, which utilized Confucianism and a centralized bureaucracy.

The Song Dynasty's economy became increasingly commercialized, relying on free peasants and artisans.
Increased agricultural productivity, expanding trade routes, and innovations spurred economic growth.

Islam, Judaism, and Christianity shaped societies in Africa and Asia.
Fragmentation of the Abbasid Caliphate led to new Islamic political entities, often dominated by Turkic peoples.
These states showed continuity, innovation, and diversity, expanding through military conquest and the activities of merchants, missionaries, and Sufis.
These states fostered intellectual advancements and knowledge transfer.

Hinduism, Islam, and Buddhism continued shaping societies in South and Southeast Asia.
State formation and development demonstrated continuity and diversity, with the emergence of new Hindu and Buddhist states.

State systems in the Americas and Africa displayed continuity, innovation, and diversity, expanding their scope and reach, similar to other regions.

Europe was politically fragmented, characterized by decentralized monarchies, feudalism, and a manorial system.
Primarily an agricultural society, with labor including both free and coerced workers.

Islamic political entities emerged from the fragmentation of the Abbasid Caliphate, often dominated by Turkic peoples.
Empires in Afro-Eurasia and the Americas demonstrated continuity and diversity in the 13th century.
State development demonstrated continuity, innovation, and diversity, including new Hindu and Buddhist states in South and Southeast Asia.
State systems in the Americas, Africa, and Afro-Eurasia exhibited continuity, innovation, expanded scope, and reach.