Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following was NOT a primary reason Europeans initially turned to Africa as a source of labor?
Which of the following was NOT a primary reason Europeans initially turned to Africa as a source of labor?
- The climate in Africa was similar to that of the Caribbean. (correct)
- Africans were a cheap labor force.
- Africans would adapt quickly to the Caribbean climate.
- Africans were accustomed to hard labor.
The Middle Passage refers to the trade of goods between Europe, Africa, and the Americas
The Middle Passage refers to the trade of goods between Europe, Africa, and the Americas
False (B)
The trade system that involved the Middle Passage is most accurately described as the ________.
The trade system that involved the Middle Passage is most accurately described as the ________.
Triangular Slave Trade
Prior to enslaving Africans, what other labor source did Europeans attempt to use in the Americas, and what was a reason it ultimately failed?
Prior to enslaving Africans, what other labor source did Europeans attempt to use in the Americas, and what was a reason it ultimately failed?
Match the region with the primary goods that were part of the triangular trade.
Match the region with the primary goods that were part of the triangular trade.
Which of the following best describes the conditions aboard the ships during the Middle Passage?
Which of the following best describes the conditions aboard the ships during the Middle Passage?
Name one thing that typically took place before the enslaved boarded the slave ships.
Name one thing that typically took place before the enslaved boarded the slave ships.
What was the primary motivation behind the events that took place aboard the slave ship 'The Zong'?
What was the primary motivation behind the events that took place aboard the slave ship 'The Zong'?
The triangular trade benefitted all three regions (Africa, the Caribbean & Europe) equally.
The triangular trade benefitted all three regions (Africa, the Caribbean & Europe) equally.
Besides disease, name two harsh conditions that were faced by Africans on their journey to the Caribbean.
Besides disease, name two harsh conditions that were faced by Africans on their journey to the Caribbean.
What was the primary purpose of rubbing enslaved Africans with palm oil upon arrival in the Americas?
What was the primary purpose of rubbing enslaved Africans with palm oil upon arrival in the Americas?
The 'seasoning' process for newly arrived slaves typically lasted for five to seven years.
The 'seasoning' process for newly arrived slaves typically lasted for five to seven years.
Besides physical labor, what was a key element of the 'seasoning' process for newly arrived enslaved Africans?
Besides physical labor, what was a key element of the 'seasoning' process for newly arrived enslaved Africans?
In the context of slave auctions, a '__________' referred to a system where buyers rushed to purchase enslaved people at a set price.
In the context of slave auctions, a '__________' referred to a system where buyers rushed to purchase enslaved people at a set price.
Which of the following best describes the role of field slaves on a typical 18th-century plantation?
Which of the following best describes the role of field slaves on a typical 18th-century plantation?
Artisan or Skilled slaves generally had the same living conditions and treatment as field slaves because they were all enslaved and therefore equal.
Artisan or Skilled slaves generally had the same living conditions and treatment as field slaves because they were all enslaved and therefore equal.
What was the main difference between a domestic slave and a field slave?
What was the main difference between a domestic slave and a field slave?
What was the purpose of putting tar on slaves?
What was the purpose of putting tar on slaves?
What did slaves learn during the 'seasoning' process? (Select all that apply)
What did slaves learn during the 'seasoning' process? (Select all that apply)
What are the names of the 3 types of slaves?
What are the names of the 3 types of slaves?
What best describes the term 'auction' in the context of the slave trade?
What best describes the term 'auction' in the context of the slave trade?
Slave families were always kept together when sold at auctions.
Slave families were always kept together when sold at auctions.
Match the following descriptions to the correct type of slave:
Match the following descriptions to the correct type of slave:
After arriving in the Americas, what specific actions were taken to prepare enslaved Africans for sale?
After arriving in the Americas, what specific actions were taken to prepare enslaved Africans for sale?
Why were newly enslaved Africans forced to adapt to new working and living conditions during the 'seasoning' process?
Why were newly enslaved Africans forced to adapt to new working and living conditions during the 'seasoning' process?
Which of the following actions would be classified as active resistance to slavery?
Which of the following actions would be classified as active resistance to slavery?
Petit marronage involved slaves permanently leaving the plantation.
Petit marronage involved slaves permanently leaving the plantation.
Define the term 'marronage' in the context of resistance to slavery.
Define the term 'marronage' in the context of resistance to slavery.
The term for non-violent opposition to authority, including refusing to comply with legal requirements, is known as _______ resistance.
The term for non-violent opposition to authority, including refusing to comply with legal requirements, is known as _______ resistance.
Match the type of resistance with its corresponding action:
Match the type of resistance with its corresponding action:
What was the primary goal of slaves who engaged in resistance, whether active or passive?
What was the primary goal of slaves who engaged in resistance, whether active or passive?
Burning cane fields was a form of passive resistance used by slaves.
Burning cane fields was a form of passive resistance used by slaves.
Provide two examples of active resistance strategies used by enslaved people in the Caribbean.
Provide two examples of active resistance strategies used by enslaved people in the Caribbean.
A large-scale and organized attempt to overthrow a system of power is best described as a _______.
A large-scale and organized attempt to overthrow a system of power is best described as a _______.
Which of the following is an example of violent resistance?
Which of the following is an example of violent resistance?
What does the term 'institution' refer to in the context of slavery?
What does the term 'institution' refer to in the context of slavery?
Why would enslaved people sometimes pretend not to understand their master's instructions?
Why would enslaved people sometimes pretend not to understand their master's instructions?
Which revolt is known as the largest British slave uprising in the Caribbean?
Which revolt is known as the largest British slave uprising in the Caribbean?
What motivated slaves to engage in 'grand marronage'?
What motivated slaves to engage in 'grand marronage'?
The slaves never used the destruction of machinery as a form of resistance
The slaves never used the destruction of machinery as a form of resistance
Flashcards
What is the Middle Passage?
What is the Middle Passage?
The sea journey undertaken by slave ships from West Africa to the West Indies.
What is Triangular Trade?
What is Triangular Trade?
A trade system between Africa, the Caribbean, and Europe where goods were exchanged.
Why were Africans enslaved?
Why were Africans enslaved?
Africans were seen as a cheap labor source, adaptable to the Caribbean climate, and accustomed to hard labor.
Name the African regions
Name the African regions
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Auction (Slave Trade)
Auction (Slave Trade)
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Seasoning (Slaves)
Seasoning (Slaves)
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Scramble (Slave Trade)
Scramble (Slave Trade)
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Field Slaves
Field Slaves
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Artisan/Skilled Slaves
Artisan/Skilled Slaves
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Domestic Slaves
Domestic Slaves
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Breaking Identity
Breaking Identity
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What is resistance?
What is resistance?
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What is active resistance?
What is active resistance?
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What is passive resistance?
What is passive resistance?
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What is 'Petit Marronage'?
What is 'Petit Marronage'?
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What is 'Grand Marronage'?
What is 'Grand Marronage'?
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What happened in Barbados in 1816?
What happened in Barbados in 1816?
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What was Tacky's Revolt?
What was Tacky's Revolt?
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What happened in Grenada in 1796?
What happened in Grenada in 1796?
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Barbados 1816
Barbados 1816
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Active Resistance
Active Resistance
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Passive Resistance
Passive Resistance
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Study Notes
- Africans arrival and the Middle Passage experience
Objectives
- Identify African countries/regions where Africans came from
- Define the term Middle Passage
- Describe at least three conditions Africans faced on their journey to the Caribbean
- Explain how the Middle Passage connects to the Triangular Trade route
- List at least two items brought on each leg of the Triangular Trade
- Show empathy relating to the struggles and hardships Africans faced on their journey to the Caribbean
- Define freedom, resistance, violent, changes, revolt, revolution, punishment, institution, marronage, control, restriction, slave laws, active resistance and passive resistance
- Outline the various forms of resistance
- Name at least two examples of the types of resistance, active or passive
- Identify two historical revolts that took place in the Caribbean
- Analyse the lyrics to the song entitled “Shakka Zulu Pickney” by Taurus Riley
- Develop an understanding of the fact that slaves fought for something that was their right, freedom
Slavery
- Consider words or phrases that come to mind when thinking about slavery
- Europeans turned to Africa after the Natives died
- Europeans initially used European indentured workers on plantations, but this failed as well
Why Africa?
- Africans were seen as a cheap source of labor
- Africans would adapt quickly to Caribbean conditions because it was similar to their homeland's conditions
- Africans were accustomed to hard labour
- Specific African countries to identify slaves arriving in Jamaica can be found in the "Living Together in Society" Text, on page 90.
The Middle Passage
- Africans brought to the Caribbean via the Middle Passage
- The Middle Passage was the sea journey undertaken by slave ships from West Africa, to The West Indies
- The Middle Passage was a part of the Triangular Slave and Transatlantic Slave Trade system
Activity
- Read pages on the Leap into History book and answer the questions
- Identify three conditions aboard the ship that made the Africans miserable
- Understand how some of the Africans may have reacted to the conditions they faced
Questions to Consider (via the Videos)
- Review the history videos and consider the questions contained on each of them
- What took place before the enslaved boarded the ship?
- What factors determined how the enslaved were separated on the ship?
- Note diseases prevalent on the slave ships
- What took place aboard The Zong slave ship?
- Identify one condition/situation a slave would be faced with on a plantation
- State two survival strategies used to endure these conditions
- Identify two examples of active/passive resistance mentioned in the video
- After listening to the Nat Turner story, say why some slaves were afraid to actively resist
Triangular Trade
- Triangular Trade is a historical term referring to trade between three regions, by using a commodity from one region as payment for commodities from another region
- The three regions are Africa, Caribbean, and Europe
- The direction of the triangular trade include
- Slaves going to the Americas
- Sugar, tobacco, and cotton going to Europe
- Textiles, rum and manufactured goods going to Africa
Life as a Slave on the Plantation
- Enslaved people were restricted in many ways
- Enslaved people were sometimes treated more like animals
Objectives Relating to Plantation Life
- Define auction, seasoning and scramble
- Identify the types of slaves that existed on a typical 18th-century plantation.
- Describe at least one role or responsibility of a house slave/skilled slave and field slave.
- Assess the interaction among the types of slaves on the plantation.
- Empathize with the plight of the enslaved people.
Arrival at the Plantation
- On arrival in the Americas, slave ship crews would prepare Africans for sale
- This preparation included washing, shaving, and rubbing them with palm oil to disguise sores and wounds caused by conditions on board.
- Captains sold captives directly to planters or specialized wholesalers by auction
- Families who had managed to stay together were now often broken up
- Bonds formed during the voyage were broken
Identity Erasure
- Owners and overseers sought to wipe out the identities of newly acquired slaves
- This involved breaking their wills and severing any bonds with the past
- Africans were forced to adapt to new working and living conditions
- They had to learn a new language and adopt new customs
- This process, called 'seasoning', could last two or three years
Auction and Seasoning
- Scramble: A set price where people would rush to buy
- Auction: Enslaved people were sold to the highest bidder
- Tar was applied to slaves to cover wounds
- They would learn a new language
- They would be given a new name
- They would be shown labor
The Auction - Questions
- What are thoughts on this process?
- How were the slaves described at the auction?
- In what ways were slaves examined by prospective buyers?
Types of Slaves on a Typical Plantation
- Field Slaves
- Divided into 3 gangs
- Artisans/Skilled Slaves
- Domestic Slaves
Field Slave
- Field slaves had main responsibilities
- More information can be found on page 114 of the Leap into History textbook
Artisan/Skilled Slave
- Skilled slaves did jobs that included working in factories
- More information can be found on page 114 Leap into History
Domestic/House Slave
- Responsibilities of a house slave should be considered
- Consider if the job of the house slave was difficult
- Information can be found on page 114 Leap into History, and information can be found up to 4:10 in the videos
Active & Passive Resistance
- Active resistance involves individuals speaking and acting against the change (slavery) in a generally violent manner
- Passive resistance involves non-violent opposition to authority, especially a refusal to cooperate with legal requirements
Examples of Violent Resistance (Insurrectionary)
- Revolt and rebellion
- Attacking the master
- Killing or maiming livestock
- Burning of cane fields
- Murder by poison
- Destruction of machinery
- Infanticide
Examples of Non-Violent Resistance (Non-insurrectionary)
- Pretending to be sick
- Acting as if they did not understand the master
- Slowing work to prevent getting the crops in on time or the amount they were supposed to bring in
- Breaking the tools they used
- Prolonged breastfeeding
- Running away, known as "Petit marronage", refers to individuals or small groups escaping plantations for a short period, then returning
- Running away, known as "Grand marronage" refers to people who removed themselves from their plantations permanently
Slave Revolts in the Caribbean
- Tacky's Revolt occurred in 1760
- It was the largest British slave uprising in the Caribbean
- The Saint Domingue Haitian Revolution occurred from 1791
- Grenada's Fedon's slave revolt occurred in 1796
- It was defeated by British troops
- Barbados' slave revolt occurred in 1816
- Slaves rose up and burned a quarter of the island's sugar crop
- Jamaica's Sam Sharpe Rebellion occurred in 1831
Additional Activities
- Illustrate any one of the types of slaves with the use of a cartoon, do this activity in pairs
- Homework: Read the Comic Strip on page 116 and record discoveries
- Classwork: Illustrate one form of passive resistance and one form of active resistance with the use of a cartoon
- Create a slogan or a catch phrase for the term resistance
Discussion Points
- Consider friction between field slaves and house slaves
- What stood out from the lesson?
- Write down 10 adjectives that describe life as a slave on the plantation
- Write a phrase or slogan to describe slave life
- What does it mean to resist?
- What were some of the references made to resistance in the video Shakka Zulu Pickney?
- Identify at least two names mentioned as persons who resisted systems/changes in the Shakka Zulu Pickney video.
- Consider one's actions if they were a slave
- Consider one's choice to accept life as a slave or rebel and give reasons.
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Description
Study notes about the arrival of Africans. It Identifies African regions, defines the Middle Passage, and describes the conditions Africans faced on their journey to the Caribbean. It Explains the connection to the Triangular Trade route and aims to develop empathy regarding the hardships faced.
