African Music and Instruments
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Questions and Answers

Which aspect of early African music is best exemplified by the interweaving rhythmic patterns found across diverse musical styles?

  • Monorhythm
  • Polyrhythms (correct)
  • Call-and-response
  • Homophony

How do Griots primarily preserve the history and traditions of their tribes in West Africa?

  • By constructing monumental architecture
  • Via complex systems of trade and commerce
  • Through songs and stories performed with instruments such as the kora (correct)
  • Through elaborate written manuscripts

The Igbo people of Nigeria celebrate the yam harvest with festivals that prominently feature what?

  • Elaborate string ensembles
  • Acrobatic dance performances
  • The construction of yam-themed sculptures
  • Udu clay drums played with hand-slapping and finger-tapping (correct)

How do Timbila bands of Southern Mozambique structure their performances?

<p>With a leader improvising melody followed by other members (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do Ngomé drums play in Buganda culture?

<p>Each clan has a unique drumbeat that represents great power. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best explains how the pitch of a note is determined in aerophones?

<p>By the length of the tube and the number of open holes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Surnai and Shawm are similar in that they are both...

<p>Loud folk instruments, with one directly developed from the other. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A musician is seeking an instrument for its portability and suitability for nomadic life. Based on the provided information, which instrument would be the MOST appropriate choice?

<p>Surnai (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do the Harmonica and Accordion produce sound?

<p>By the vibration of free-standing metal reeds when air is forced through them. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which instrument relies on varying lengths of bamboo strips woven together to produce music, and what is the music called?

<p>Panpipes; music is called sikun. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the role of music in ancient societies?

<p>An integral part of entertainment, religious rituals, and social celebrations. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The discovery of harps and cuneiform writings in the city of Ur provides insight into:

<p>The musical practices and notation systems of ancient civilizations. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary function of the cornu in Roman society?

<p>A brass instrument used for festivals and military events. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Pythagoras contribute to the understanding of music theory?

<p>He used a monochord to explore the mathematical relationships between musical notes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Delphic hymn tablet provides evidence of what aspect of ancient Greek music?

<p>A system of notation to represent music in a written form. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role did Confucius ascribe to music in early Chinese society?

<p>A symbol of social harmony and order. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the discovery of written music in Ugarit, Syria?

<p>It represents the oldest known example of written music, including tuning instructions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does music primarily contribute to the establishment and maintenance of social bonds within cultures?

<p>By reinforcing cultural identity and shared experiences. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key factor in distinguishing musical instruments across different cultures?

<p>The specific sound they generate. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a previously unknown culture is discovered and they use instruments to create music, which aspect of their music would give the MOST insight into their cultural identity?

<p>The unique sound and construction of their instruments. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A researcher aims to study how music impacts social cohesion in a multicultural society. What would be the MOST effective approach?

<p>Analyzing how different musical traditions are shared, adapted, and integrated within the society. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Imagine a cultural exchange program where musicians from different countries collaborate on a musical piece. What outcome would best demonstrate the power of music in creating social bonds?

<p>A composition that blends elements from each culture's musical tradition, reflecting shared values and experiences. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best captures the multifaceted nature of music, based on the provided ideas?

<p>Music encompasses a wide range of expressions, emotions, and contexts, extending beyond traditional compositions and venues. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Confucius' quote suggests that music provides a certain kind of pleasure that is essential to human nature. Which of the following is a valid conclusion from that statement?

<p>Music is a fundamental aspect of the human experience , fulfilling a basic human need. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ideas suggest that music is found in venues, settings, and locations beyond a concert hall. Which of the following options would NOT exemplify this?

<p>A meticulously planned and rehearsed symphony performed in a designated auditorium. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Considering the multifaceted nature of music, how might a music therapist utilize music to help patients?

<p>By employing diverse musical styles and activities to address emotional, physical, and psychological needs. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ideas suggest that music goes beyond pleasant experiences and emotions. Which of the following would NOT exemplify the expanded emotional possibilities of music?

<p>An upbeat pop song designed to be catchy and likeable. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How might the idea that it's not just one sound relate to the concept of cultural fusion in music?

<p>Cultural fusion combines diverse instruments, voices, and traditions to create new and innovative soundscapes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What core idea relates to music being not just a steady beat?

<p>Music can encompass a wide variety of rhythms, tempos, and styles. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ideas suggest that music goes beyond live performance. Therefore, if a tree falls in a forest and no one is around to hear it, does it make music?

<p>Yes, the falling tree creates vibrations and sound waves, which constitutes a form of music regardless of whether it is heard by a listener. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Based on the ideas, why might encouraging individuals to create their own music be beneficial?

<p>Because it taps into unique perspectives, fostering creativity and self-expression. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A musician is considering switching from traditional silk strings to modern steel-nylon strings on their pipa. What adjustments would they MOST likely need to make to their playing technique?

<p>Applying elastic tape to fix plastic false nails to their fingertips for better durability. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Liu Fang is known for blending Western classical music with traditional Chinese music on the pipa. Which of these musical approaches would BEST exemplify this fusion?

<p>Composing a pipa concerto that incorporates elements of both Western harmony and Chinese pentatonic scales. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Considering the classification of Chinese musical instruments based on the eight sounds, if one is repairing a damaged xun (ocarina), which material would be MOST appropriate to use?

<p>Clay (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a Chinese orchestra, which combination of instruments BEST represents all eight sound categories?

<p>Pipa (silk), dizi (bamboo), muyu (wood), bianqing (stone), bo (metal), xun (clay), sheng (gourd), and gu (hide). (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the MOST likely reason that the strings of the pipa evolved from silk to steel wound with nylon?

<p>To increase the instrument's volume and projection in modern performance settings. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a composer wants to evoke a sense of ancient Chinese tradition primarily through percussive elements, which instrument family would be MOST suitable?

<p>Wood (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the playing technique of the pipa reflect the design and materials of the instrument?

<p>The strings are now made of steel wound with nylon, so players use tape to fix false nails to their fingertips when playing. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the connection between the pipa and the lute?

<p>The pipa looks like a lute. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why might a pipa player choose to learn Western classical music in addition to traditional Chinese music?

<p>To broaden their musical expression and create innovative fusion pieces. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Polyrhythms

Multiple rhythmic patterns that interweave in music.

Griots

Skilled musicians and storytellers preserving tribal history.

Udu Clay Drum

A traditional drum made by Igbo women, featuring unique playing techniques.

Timbila

Broad-keyed wooden xylophones played by the Chopi tribe in Mozambique.

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Mbira

A thumb piano used by the Shona tribe, played during ceremonies.

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Aerophones

Instruments played by blowing air into or across a tube or reed.

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Harmonica

A small wind instrument played by blowing and sucking air across holes with reeds.

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Clarinet

A woodwind instrument with a single reed that vibrates to create sound.

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Bassoon

A woodwind instrument with a double reed; known for its deep sound.

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Panpipes

A set of bamboo pipes of varying lengths, played by blowing across the top.

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Cultural identity

The shared characteristics and values that define a group.

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Social bonds

Connections and relationships between individuals in a community.

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Musical instruments

Tools created to produce musical sounds, varied by culture.

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Variety in music

A wide range of musical styles and forms across cultures.

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Early music period

The timeline of music history from 50,000 BCE to 1600 CE.

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Pipa

A four-stringed pear-shaped instrument from China, over 2,000 years old.

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Liu Fang

A renowned pipa player known for blending Western and Chinese music.

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Pipa Playing Technique

Played with nimble finger movements; uses plucking and fretting.

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Pipa Strings

Originally soft silk, now made of steel and nylon for durability.

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Chinese Orchestras

Ensembles featuring bowed strings, plucked strings, woodwinds, and percussion.

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Eight Sounds of Instruments

Chinese instruments categorized by eight materials: silk, bamboo, wood, etc.

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Silk Instruments

Instruments using twisted silk strings, including harps and lutes.

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Bamboo Instruments

Woodwind instruments like flutes and oboes made from bamboo.

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Gourd Instruments

Instruments like reed mouth organs made from dried gourds.

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Ancient Music Sources

Music from ancient times is known through artifacts like paintings, pottery, and instruments.

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Tortoiseshell Lyre

An early string instrument supported by bull horns, significant in ancient music.

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Hydraulis

The first keyboard instrument invented in 246 BCE that used water and air pressure.

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Pythagorean Music Theory

Pythagoras used a monochord to explore musical intervals and their mathematical relationships.

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Delphic Hymn Tablet

An ancient tablet containing the first known musical notation, dating back to 400 BCE.

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Ancient Egyptian Instruments

The Egyptians created instruments like the lute, harp, and early flutes.

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Written Music in Ugarit

The oldest known written music found in Ugarit, dating back to around 1400 BCE.

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Nature of Music

Music is a form of pleasure essential to humanity.

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Forms of Music

Music can tell stories, evoke emotions, and express cultures.

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Genres of Music

Music includes various styles like upbeat, jazz, and hip-hop.

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Emotional Impact

Music can be dramatic, spiritual, or rebellious, affecting emotions.

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Music Availability

Music can be streamed, used in media, and shared through playlists.

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Types of Music Ensemble

Music is created by soloists, duets, or orchestras with diverse instruments.

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Music in Nature

Music exists in everyday sounds like birds, footsteps, and water.

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Music Venues

Music is heard in various places like festivals, streets, and stores.

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Creation of Music

Anyone can create music, regardless of fame or expertise.

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Study Notes

Early African Music

  • Early African music developed in various ways across many different tribes and, later, countries
  • By looking at some modern-day African music traditions, we can see how these ancient varieties of music developed over time
  • Common to many of them is an intertwining of different rhythmic patterns known as polyrhythms

West African Griots

  • The griots are skilled musicians and storytellers who travel between the villages of Western Africa
  • Griots preserve the history of their tribe in songs and stories
  • They keep a record of ancestors, events, and tribal traditions
  • An important role in society where little is written down

Udu Clay Drum of Nigeria

  • Most of the Igbo people in the Niger are farmers
  • The Igbo, which form the main staple of their diet
  • Every year the Igbo celebrate the yam harvest with dances, and music
  • The Igbo use drums as percussion instruments, such as the Udu clay drum
  • The Udu drums are traditionally made by women and played with a combination of hand slapping and foot tapping

Timbila of Southern Mozambique

  • The Chopi tribe plays a range of instruments but is famous for its broad-keyed xylophone called timbila
  • The timbila is played by one performer who improvises the melody and is accompanied by other members of the group
  • The timbila music is elaborate, syncopated, off-beat rhythm that encourages dancers to move around energetically

Berbers of North Africa

  • The Berbers are indigenous to North Africa but generally supported by musicians playing instruments performed by bands of lively pipes or strings instruments
  • At public festivals, many bands come together to perform

Kenyan Maasai Singing

  • The Maasai people are nomadic instruments are distinctly different from other musical traditions
  • The Maasai songs follow a pattern of call and response, where the first line is sung by the song leader and the men sing songs about bravery and hunting
  • Maasai songs are chanted back and forth by the chorus, while women sing songs about family life and looking after the cattle

Ngome Drums of Buganda

  • The Bantu peoples of central, eastern, and southern Africa use musical instruments called ngoma drums. The names in the Ugandan Kingdom of Buganda, each clan has their own unique drum beat.
  • The ngoma drums are a symbol of great power and the most important drums belong to the king

Mbira of Zimbabwe

  • The music of the Shona tribe often involves a small thumb piano known as the mbira
  • The mbira is accompanied by another musician with a rattle

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Assess your understanding of early African music and instruments like aerophones, Surnai, Shawm, Harmonica, and Accordion. Explore the interweaving rhythmic patterns, the role of Griots, yam harvest festivals, and Timbila bands. Learn about Ngomé drums and instruments suitable for nomadic life.

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