African Music and Its Elements

AFRICAN MUSIC

• African music is integral to ceremonies, incorporating singing, dancing, clapping, and drumming.
• It significantly influences global music styles.
• Music has elements of religion and politics.

ELEMENTS OF AFRICAN MUSIC

• Melody: Often uses ostinato (repeated patterns).
• Texture: Characterized by musicians improvising the same melody, either independently or simultaneously.
• Rhythm: Upbeat, often using percussion instruments or body movements.
• Maracatu: A dynamic rhythm originating in Pernambuco, Africa, involving singing, playing, and dancing.

MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS

• Agogo

• Rasps

• Atingting Kon

• Talking Drums (Gangan, Gankogui)

• Mbira (Karimba, Kisaanj, Likembe)

• Drums (Dyembre)

• Griots are professional musicians who perform exclusively using instruments.

AFRICAN VOCAL FORMS

• Blues: Evolved from African Americans in the late 19th century; characterized by soulful expressiveness, incorporating chants, shouts, and ballads.
• Soul: A popular music genre in the US (1950s-1960s), blending gospel styles with secular lyrics, often featuring handclaps and body movements.
• James Brown: Known as the "Godfather of Soul."
• Call and Response: A vocal form where a singer's call is answered by a response from the audience or other singers.

LATIN-AMERICAN MUSIC

• Latin American music is a fusion of indigenous, Spanish/Portuguese, and African influences.

INDIGENOUS INFLUENCES

• Utilizes native instruments like guiro, maracas, turtle shell, zampona, and quena.

AFRO-LATIN MUSIC

• Marked by complex and syncopated rhythms from drums and percussion instruments.
• Influenced by Renaissance melodies.
• Often uses the clave rhythmic pattern.

INSTRUMENTS IN AFRO-LATIN MUSIC

• Timbales
• Conga
• Bongo
• Clave
• Guitar
• Tres

POPULAR LATIN-AMERICAN MUSIC AND DANCE

• Bossa Nova: A Brazilian music and dance style described as "charming" and "swaying." Commonly featuring nasal vocals.
• Reggae: A popular Jamaican music and dance style from the mid-1950s.
• Dance Forms: Include Cumbia (Colombia), Cha-Cha-Cha (Cuba), Mambo (Cuba), Rumba (Cuba), Salsa (Cuba), Samba (Brazil), Tango (Argentina, with European influences).

POPULAR MUSIC

• "Pop music" encompasses diverse contemporary mainstream musical styles frequently written with simple melodies by professional songwriters.
• Black and white American musical genres have been distinct.

GENRES OF POPULAR MUSIC

• Ballad: A slow, expressive love song.
• Rhythm and Blues (R&B): A style of black popular music in the 1950s, characterized by a danceable quadruple meter, blending jazz, gospel, and blues elements.
• Rock and Roll: A combination of R&B and country-western music characteristics, centered around electric guitar, drums, and other instrumentation.
• Disco: A dance music genre of the 1970s.
• Rap: Spoken word in rhymed verses over hip-hop music with rhythmic beats and electronic drum beats, possibly with scratch effects.
• Broadway Musical: Operas elevated through Broadway production, predominantly by Americans.
• Jazz: A popular music originated by African Americans in the early 1900s blending African, American, and European influences.

GLOBAL AND CULTURE IN POPULAR MUSIC

• Popular artists adapt to global trends while preserving cultural values and messages.

ART IN TECHNOLOGY

• PDA: Personal Digital Assistant
• Technology's expansive role in art enhances artistic possibilities.
• Digital art uses technology rather than the artist's hand.
• Digital information uses binary code (bits).

NEW MEDIA ART

• Includes computer graphics, animation, virtual art, robotics.

MOBILE PHONE ART

• Mobile devices empower freedom of expression through features like cameras, phones, video calls, and GPS.

COMPUTER-GENERATED IMAGES (CGI)

• CGI uses computer graphics, often using pixels (dots) in 2D, 3D, and 4D formats (animations).
• Computer-Aided Design (CAD) software facilitates 2D and 3D image creation.

PHOTOGRAPHY AND DIGITAL PAINTING

• Photography: The art of creating images using light.
• Digital Photography: Employs digitized cameras.
• Fundamental Elements: Light, color, moment, composition, and distance in photography.
• Digital Painting: Creation of artwork using computers.

NUTRITION

• Nutrition involves consuming, absorbing, and utilizing food nutrients.

OVERWEIGHT AND OBESITY

• Obesity results from sedentary lifestyles, metabolic issues, medical conditions, disabilities, allergies, and psychological factors like eating disorders.
• Leads to health problems like heart disease, high blood pressure, diabetes, sleep apnea, high cholesterol, and certain cancers.

EATING DISORDERS

• Anorexia Nervosa: Severe food restriction, viewing oneself as overweight, potentially leading to brain damage, bone loss, and organ failure.
• Bulimia Nervosa: Repeated binge eating and purging, causing gastrointestinal problems, dehydration, and possible heart issues from electrolyte imbalance.
• Binge Eating Disorder: A pattern of uncontrolled eating episodes.
• Emotional Eating: Using food to address emotions rather than hunger, affecting weight, health, and well-being.

PHYSICAL VS. EMOTIONAL HUNGER

• Physical Hunger: Gradual, stomach-based, stops when full, patient.
• Emotional Hunger: Sudden, urgent, often accompanied by feelings of guilt.

MINDFUL EATING

• Mindfulness encompasses considering "Who, What, When, Where, Why, and How" when eating.

GROWING YOUR FOOD

• Awareness of who grows and prepares your food, including food labels and sourcing.

HEALTH TRENDS

• Responsible Parenthood and Reproductive Health Act (RA 10354): Guarantees access to information on contraception, sexual education, maternal care, and fertility control. Focuses on maternal/child care issues and STI/STD rates.
• Tobacco Regulation Act (RA 9211): Regulates smoking in public spaces, advertising, and sales, with restrictions on minors.
• Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act (RA 9165): Penalizes drug-related activities.
• National Environmental Awareness and Education Act (RA 9512): Promotes environmental awareness.
• Traditional and Alternative Medicine Act (RA 8423): Supports traditional medicine.
• Philippine AIDS Prevention and Control Act (RA 8504): Addresses HIV/AIDS through public awareness campaigns.
• Seat Belt Use Act (RA 8750): Mandates seatbelt use, aiming to improve road safety.
• Cybercrime Prevention Act (RA 10175): Addresses online crimes in the Philippines
• Anti-Child Pornography Act (RA 9775): Protects children from exploitation.
• National Blood Services Act (RA 7719): Promotes voluntary blood donations.

MANAGING HEALTH TRENDS

• Family Planning/Contraception: Allows people to achieve desired family size through various methods.
• Tobacco Smoking: A significant risk factor for heart attacks, cancer, strokes, and lung disease.
• Dangerous Drugs: Can lead to conflicts in personal and family relationships, criminal records, and violence.
• Environmental Issues: Require adherence to environmental laws like the Clean Air Act, Clean Water Act, and Ecological Solid Waste Act.
• HIV/AIDS: A significant public health concern impacting life expectancy, stigmatization, and family dynamics, demanding comprehensive programs.
• Road Safety: Safe driving practices like adhering to speed limits, avoiding distracted and intoxicated driving, and motorcycle safety are important to health.
• Cybercrime: Presents emotional distress.
• Pornography: May promote violence against women and patriarchal attitudes.