African Explorers in America (Lesson 2.1)
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Who were the first known Africans in what is now the United States?

  • Ladinos (correct)
  • Atlantic creoles
  • Enslaved laborers
  • Conquistadores

    • The term 'ladinos' refers to enslaved Africans only.

    False

    What was the primary role of Africans during the Spanish exploration of the Americas?

    To serve as conquistadores, enslaved laborers, and skilled workers.

    Juan Garrido was the first known African to arrive in North America, exploring present-day ________ during a Spanish expedition in 1513.

    <p>Florida</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of Africans brought to the United States arrived in Charleston, South Carolina?

    <p>48%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Estevanico was killed while working with European explorers in Texas.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was 'La Florida' in relation to Spanish exploration?

    <p>The region including Florida, South Carolina, and Georgia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant event is commemorated on June 19th, known as Juneteenth?

    <p>The day enslaved people in Galveston were informed of their freedom</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The 13th Amendment applied to all African Americans enslaved by Indigenous nations.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Juneteenth represent in terms of racial equality?

    <p>It represents absolute equality of personal rights and rights of property between former masters and slaves.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The earliest Juneteenth celebrations included singing spirituals, wearing new clothing that symbolized newfound freedom, and __________.

    <p>feasting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their descriptions:

    <p>Juneteenth = The day enslaved people in Texas were freed General Order No. 3 = Document that mentioned racial equality Federal Holiday = Status granted to Juneteenth in 2021 Freedom Days = Celebrations of abolition and freedom in African American communities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which regions accounted for the majority of enslaved people brought to the Americas?

    <p>Senegambia and Angola</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The majority of enslaved Africans were taken from regions with no religious influences.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the journey called that Africans had to endure across the Atlantic Ocean?

    <p>Middle Passage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    15% of captive Africans died during the ______ due to conditions such as malnourishment and disease.

    <p>Middle Passage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the African ethnic groups with their regions:

    <p>Wolof = Senegambia Akan = Ghana Igbo = Nigeria Yoruba = Nigeria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one common form of resistance used by enslaved Africans aboard slave ships?

    <p>Staging hunger strikes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Enslaved Africans were not allowed to form communities once in the Americas.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which event did Sengbe Pieh lead a revolt aboard a slave ship?

    <p>La Amistad</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Enslaved people were often sold at ______, where they faced severe punishments for resisting.

    <p>auctions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is commodification in the context of slavery?

    <p>Treating enslaved people as commodities to be bought and sold</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The design of slave ships prioritized the safety and well-being of the captives.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes the trauma of being removed from one's culture during the slave trade?

    <p>deracination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The trial of the Mende captives led to public sympathy for the cause of ______.

    <p>abolition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the reasons for the decline of coastal communities involved in the slave trade with their consequences:

    <p>Loss of population = Increased poverty and instability Rise in wealth = Richness and power for enslavers Instability in African societies = Conflict and disintegration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the 'one-drop rule' classify?

    <p>Anyone with any African descent as part of an inferior status</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Elizabeth Key was the first Black woman in North America to win a lawsuit for her freedom.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What types of influences contributed to African American musical traditions?

    <p>African rhythms, call and response, clapping, and biblical themes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In 1738, Fort Mose became the first free Black town in what is now the ______.

    <p>U.S.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following figures/events with their significance:

    <p>Elizabeth Key = First Black woman to sue for freedom Stono Rebellion = Led by Jemmy towards Florida Haitian Revolution = Overthrew colonial government Fort Mose = First free Black town in U.S.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did the U.S. ban on international slave trading in 1808 affect the African American population?

    <p>It increased the number of enslaved African Americans born in the U.S.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mixed race individuals were fully recognized in society during the era of slavery.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the social function of African American spirituals?

    <p>To express hardships and hopes, and often served as resistance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Spirituals preserved African ______ while addressing contemporary American struggles.

    <p>rhythms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms to their definitions:

    <p>Partus Sequitur Ventrem = Legal classification linking status to maternal ancestry Creole languages = Languages that merged African and European elements Gullah = A distinctive creole language spoken by some African Americans Black Pride = Emphasizing African American identity over African connections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following states were part of the lower South during the cotton boom?

    <p>Louisiana</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a key result of the Haitian Revolution?

    <p>France sold the Louisiana Territory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ‘Second Middle Passage’ refers to the forced migration of enslaved African Americans from the upper South to the lower South.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What were some of the skilled labor roles that enslaved Africans contributed?

    <p>Blacksmithing, basket-weaving, painting, carpentry, tailoring, music, healing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Haitian Revolution resulted in Haiti becoming the first independent nation free of slavery.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the stance of the American Colonization Society towards the free Black population?

    <p>They aimed to send them to Africa.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Dred Scott decision of 1857 ruled that African Americans could never be _____ citizens.

    <p>U.S.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following concepts to their definitions:

    <p>Slave Codes = Laws restricted enslaved people's rights. Partus Sequitur Ventrem = Determined a child's status based on the mother's. Dred Scott Decision = Declared Black people could not be citizens. Second Middle Passage = Forced migration of enslaved Africans within the U.S.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    After the Stono Rebellion, South Carolina passed strict ______ laws in 1740.

    <p>slave</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What major consequence did the law of Partus Sequitur Ventrem have for enslaved African Americans?

    <p>It ensured that children inherited the enslaved status of their mothers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Enslaved people were allowed to gather and drum freely under the slave codes.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the 15th Amendment establish regarding voting rights for Black men?

    <p>It granted Black men the right to vote.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The largest forced migration in American history involved the displacement of over _____ million African Americans.

    <p>one</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following slave codes with their implications:

    <p>Gathering = Prohibited gatherings of enslaved people. Learning to read = Restricted enslaved people’s education. Freedom of movement = Limited ability to travel. Possessing weapons = Banned ownership of arms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant change occurred in Brazil regarding slavery by 1888?

    <p>Slavery was abolished</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group was excluded from having opportunities for upward mobility according to the slave codes?

    <p>Enslaved Africans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Brazil received fewer enslaved Africans than any other country in the Americas.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Code Noir was a set of laws that applied to British colonies only.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one traditional cultural practice preserved by enslaved Africans in Brazil.

    <p>Capoeira</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary legal basis for hereditary racial slavery in the Americas?

    <p>Partus Sequitur Ventrem.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The terms 'slave' and 'slavery' first appeared in the _____ Amendment to the U.S. Constitution.

    <p>13th</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Seminole tribe’s practice of slavery was distinct in that they adopted enslaved African Americans as _______.

    <p>kin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their descriptions:

    <p>Chattel slavery = Defined people as property. Economic exploitation = Used enslaved labor for profit. Racial division = Created separation based on race. Legal restrictions = Denied rights to African Americans.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following groups with their characteristics:

    <p>Cherokee = Part of the civilized five Seminole = Practiced a different kind of slavery Choctaw = Did not free enslaved people until 1866 Black Seminoles = Allied with the Seminoles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following tribes was NOT a part of the 'civilized five'?

    <p>Sioux</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Emancipation Proclamation applied to Indigenous territory.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the Second Seminole War?

    <p>A conflict from 1835-1842 where the Seminole tribe resisted relocation and allied with Black Seminoles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Indian Removal Act of 1830 led to the ________ of Native Americans from their southeastern lands.

    <p>removal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which area was established as a colony for emancipated Black individuals facilitated by the American Colonization Society?

    <p>Liberia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Dred Scott case encouraged more African Americans to remain in the U.S.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who was Paul Cuffee, and what did he do?

    <p>A Black abolitionist from Massachusetts who took 39 people to Sierra Leone in 1815.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The main regions emigrationists considered included Haiti, West Africa, and _________.

    <p>Latin America</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following events or concepts with their descriptions:

    <p>Trail of Tears = Forced removal of Indigenous peoples Civilized Tribes = Adoption of slavery to assimilate Second Seminole War = Violent resistance against removal American Civilization Society = Supported emigration to Liberia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors hindered Haiti's development after its independence?

    <p>Reparations paid to France</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Maroons were individuals of African descent who formed free communities by escaping slavery.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the impact of the Haitian Revolution on African diasporic communities?

    <p>It inspired uprisings and movements for freedom.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The German Coast Uprising was led by Charles Delondes and was the largest ___ in U.S. history.

    <p>slave revolt</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following individuals to their contributions:

    <p>Maria W. Stewart = First Black woman to publish a political manifesto Nat Turner = Led a notable slave rebellion Henry Highland Garnet = Prominent abolitionist speaker Denmark Vesey = Planned a slave revolt in Charleston</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role did churches play in the resistance against slavery?

    <p>Organizing political movements and celebrations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The free Black population in the U.S. made up a larger percentage in the North than in the South by 1860.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one strategy enslaved individuals used for resistance.

    <p>Slowing down work, breaking tools, stealing food, or attempting to run away.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Maroons often formed communities in ___ areas to escape control by enslavers.

    <p>remote</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a notable consequence of the creole mutiny led by Madison Washington?

    <p>It led to the freedom of nearly 130 African Americans.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Quilombo dos Palmares was one of the largest maroon societies in Brazil.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the maroon societies incorporate in their governance?

    <p>African, Indigenous, and European influences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the maroon leaders to their achievements:

    <p>Queen Nanny = Led Jamaican maroons against the British Bayano = Led maroons in Panama against the Spanish Charles Delondes = Led the German Coast Uprising Madison Washington = Led a mutiny aboard the Creole ship</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following movements did Black women activists contribute to?

    <p>Both abolition and women's rights</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following artists created the quilt titled 'I Go to Prepare a Place for You'?

    <p>Bisa Butler</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The early slave revolt in the U.S. occurred in ___ when enslaved Africans revolted after being brought to the South.

    <p>1526</p> Signup and view all the answers

    African American leaders widely embraced photography to combat stereotypes.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one way enslaved women resisted sexual violence?

    <p>They fought their attackers and used abortion-inducing herbs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The first enslaved African American to author her own narrative was __________.

    <p>Harriet Jacobs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following historical events with their descriptions:

    <p>Emancipation Proclamation = Declared freedom for enslaved people in Confederate states Civil War = Conflict between North and South over slavery 13th Amendment = Abolished slavery in the United States Freedmen's Bureau = Provided assistance to formerly enslaved people</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the approximate number of African American men who served in the Civil War?

    <p>200,000</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Laws against rape applied to enslaved women during the 19th century.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Identify one method mentioned for escape used by enslaved individuals.

    <p>Henry 'Box' Brown's use of a box to escape.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ Amendment secured the permanent abolition of slavery in the U.S.

    <p>13th</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following female figures with their contributions:

    <p>Sojourner Truth = Famous for speeches on women's rights and abolition Mary Prince = Authored narrative detailing her life as a slave Harriet Tubman = Led enslaved people to freedom through the Underground Railroad Harriet Jacobs = Wrote about her experiences in 'Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of work did African American women contribute during the Civil War?

    <p>Cooks and nurses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Black men were initially allowed to join the Union Army at the start of the Civil War.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a significant impact of Black soldiers' service during the Civil War on their communities?

    <p>It advanced the cause of abolition and Black citizenship.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The narratives written by formerly enslaved women often focused on __________ and family.

    <p>domestic life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a frequent subject of slave narratives written by men?

    <p>Manhood and autonomy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which figure is known for promoting Black unity and pride?

    <p>Martin R. Delany</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 provided protections for enslaved individuals who escaped to the North.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Frederick Douglass emphasize in his speech 'What to the American slave is your 4th of July?'

    <p>The hypocrisy of celebrating liberty while slavery was still practiced.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sojourner Truth published her narrative titled 'The Narrative of Sojourner Truth: a Northern _____' in 1850.

    <p>Slave</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following individuals with their contributions:

    <p>Frederick Douglass = Most photographed man in the 19th century Sojourner Truth = Abolitionist speaker and author William Wells Brown = Author of 'Clotel: or The President’s Daughter' Martin R. Delany = Promoter of Black unity and pride</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about anti-emigration beliefs?

    <p>They believed in birthright citizenship.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Daguerreotype was a method used to style images of African Americans in the 19th century.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the purpose of anti-slavery pamphlets in the context of radical resistance?

    <p>To expose the horrors of slavery and motivate enslaved people to pursue freedom.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Frederick Douglass gave many speeches each year, estimating between ____ to ____ speeches per year.

    <p>100, 150</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a key argument brought forth by anti-emigrationists?

    <p>Exclusion from citizenship based on race.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Photography was used by African American leaders as a means of controlling their portrayal in society.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who was known for saying, 'I sell the shadow to support the substance'?

    <p>Sojourner Truth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Martin R. Delany worked with the _______ in 1878 to raise money for colonization efforts.

    <p>Liberian Exodus Joint Stock Steamship Company</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the perspective of radical activists regarding moral suasion?

    <p>They rejected moral suasion as ineffective.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    James Forten was an influential figure advocating for emigration to Africa.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    African Explorers in America (Lesson 2.1)

    • Free and enslaved Africans traveled with European explorers to the Americas in the 16th century.
    • These Africans, known as ladinos, were familiar with Iberian culture.
    • Ladinos were part of a generation called Atlantic creoles, acting as intermediaries before widespread chattel slavery.
    • Their knowledge of languages, cultures, and business practices gave them social mobility.
    • Ladinos played a role in European powers' claims on Indigenous lands.
    • Black involvement in colonization stemmed from Spain's early role in the slave trade.
    • Africans participated in Spanish exploration groups, claiming land in La Florida (Florida, South Carolina, and Georgia).
    • Africans held diverse roles in 16th-century American colonization, including conquistadors (seeking freedom), laborers in mining and agriculture, and free skilled workers.
    • Juan Garrido, a conquistador from the Kingdom of Kongo, was the first known African to arrive in North America (Florida, 1513).
    • Estevanico (Esteban), an enslaved African healer from Morocco, explored Texas and the Southwest (1528) and was killed by Indigenous groups.

    Departure Zones in Africa & the Slave Trade (Lesson 2.2)

    • More people came to the Americas from Africa than any other region in the 19th century due to the slave trade.
    • Nearly half of Africans brought to the U.S. landed in Charleston, South Carolina.
    • Portugal, Great Britain, France, Spain, and the Netherlands controlled the slave trade.
    • Senegambia and Angola were the primary departure zones, each with about a quarter of the captives.
    • Diverse West and Central African ethnic groups (Wolof, Akan, Igbo, Yoruba) formed African American communities.
    • Muslim and Christian influences were present in regions that supplied a large proportion of enslaved people to the US.
    • Cultural practices, languages, and beliefs varied widely across African American communities.

    Freedom, Enslavement, and Resistance (Lesson 2.3)

    • Africans were marched from inland areas to the Atlantic coast, then forced into crowded, unsanitary dungeons.
    • The Middle Passage (across the Atlantic) lasted up to three months, causing immense suffering and death.
    • 15% of captive Africans died during the Middle Passage.
    • Africans faced beatings, torture, sexual assault, disease, and malnourishment on slave ships.
    • Survivors were then quarantined, resold, and relocated in the Americas.
    • The process often took years.
    • European trade with Africa destabilized many African societies by introducing guns and leading to warfare, creating wealth for coastal areas and impoverishing inland regions.
    • African societies suffered losses in their workforce, leaders, families, and cultural traditions.
    • Enslaved Africans documented their experiences in slave narratives and poetry.
    • Slave narratives served as historical accounts, literary works, and political texts, aiming to end slavery and advocate for inclusion.

    Architecture and Iconography of a Slave Ship (Lesson 2.4)

    • Slave ships maximized profit by carrying as many enslaved people as possible.
    • Diagrams of slave ships often only showed half the actual passenger capacity.
    • White and Black antislavery activists highlighted the inhumane conditions of slave ships to raise awareness.
    • Black artists repurposed slave ship imagery to process trauma and honor ancestors.
    • Over 12.5 million Africans were forced onto more than 36,000 voyages over 350 years.
    • Enslavers commodified enslaved people, treating them as anonymous, homogenous, and replaceable commodities.
    • Africans resisted deracination, commodification, and enslavement aboard ships by staging hunger strikes, jumping overboard, and revolting.
    • Resistance made the slave trade more expensive and dangerous and led to changes in ship design.
    • The 1839 Mende revolt aboard the Amistad, led by Sengbe Pieh (Joseph Cinque), resulted in the Supreme Court granting the captives their freedom.

    Slave Auctions and the Domestic Slave Trade (Lesson 2.5)

    • Enslavers used law and white supremacy to control enslaved people.
    • Enslaved people who resisted sale at auction faced harsh punishments.
    • African American writers used various genres (personal stories, poetry) to counter enslavers' claims and advance abolition.
    • The U.S. government banned the transatlantic slave trade in 1808, leading to an increase in the domestic slave trade.
    • This "Second Middle Passage" forcibly relocated enslaved African Americans from the upper South to the lower South (millions).
    • The demand for laborers, particularly agricultural laborers, drove this migration.
    • This was the largest forced migration in American history.

    Labor, Culture, and Economy (Lesson 2.6)

    • Enslaved people performed various tasks (domestic, agricultural, skilled) in urban and rural areas.
    • Roles varied by enslaver preference.
    • Some enslaved people were bound to institutions instead of individuals.
    • Enslaved Africans brought valuable skills, including craft skills, agriculture, and medicinal practices.
    • These skills were exploited by enslavers but were also used by enslaved people to survive, create culture, and build community.

    Slavery and American Law (Lesson 2.7)

    • The U.S. Constitution references slavery without using those terms (ex. Article 1 & 4), and the term "slave" first appears in the 13th Amendment.
    • Slave codes defined chattel slavery as a race-based, inheritable, lifelong condition.
    • Codes restricted freedom of movement, congregation, and weapon possession, and regulated clothing.
    • Slave codes emerged throughout the Americas, including in French and Spanish colonies.
    • Slave codes enforced racial divisions, restricting opportunities for Black people while providing opportunities for White people.
    • Free states also had codes that limited opportunities for African Americans.
    • Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857) ruled that Black Americans were not citizens and could not sue.
    • Reconstruction Amendments overturned the Dred Scott decision.

    The Construction of Race & the Reproduction of Status (Lesson 2.8)

    • Partus sequitur ventrem (17th-century law) defined a child's status based on the mother's status.
    • This created hereditary racial slavery, ensuring enslaved status passed from enslaved mothers to their children.
    • Partus invalidated Black claims to their children.
    • Partus made childbirth and children a commodity.
    • The concept of race is not based on clear biological distinctions, although phenotype contributes to racial identity.
    • During slavery, racial categories were defined by law, regardless of phenotype or biology.
    • The "one-drop rule" classified people with any African ancestry as Black.

    Creating African American Culture (Lesson 2.9)

    • African American art blended African, European, Indigenous influences.
    • Art forms like pottery and quilts served as mediums for storytelling and memory.
    • Music incorporated African rhythms, call-and-response, and biblical themes into Christian hymns.
    • Musical elements from Senegambia influenced blues culture.
    • Enslaved Africans developed creole languages like Gullah.
    • Spirituals (sorrow songs, jubilee songs) expressed hardships and hopes of enslaved people, used for communication and resistance.

    Black Pride, Identity, and the Question of Naming (Lesson 2.10)

    • The U.S. banned international slave trading in 1808, altering the makeup of the African American population to more individuals born into slavery than those directly from Africa.
    • Debates arose over the classification and naming of African Americans.
    • The American Colonization Society advocated sending free Black people to Africa.
    • African Americans rejected "African" to emphasize their American identity, and adopted names like Afro-American, African American, and Black.

    The Stono Rebellion & Fort Mose (Lesson 2.11)

    • St. Augustine (Florida) became the Americas’ longest continuously occupied settlement.
    • Enslaved people in Georgia and the Carolinas sought refuge in Spanish Florida.
    • Fort Mose was the first free Black town in the U.S., led by Francisco Menedez.
    • The Stono Rebellion (1739), led by Jemmy, aimed to reach Spanish Florida for freedom.
    • South Carolina passed strict slave laws following the rebellion.
    • British forces destroyed Fort Mose.

    Legacies of the Haitian Revolution (Lesson 2.12)

    • The Haitian Revolution (1791-1804) was the only successful enslaved revolt to overthrow a colonial government.
    • It transformed Saint-Domingue into the independent nation of Haiti.
    • High cost of the conflict to France led Napoleon to sell the Louisiana Territory to the U.S.
    • U.S. used land for expanding slavery.
    • The Haitian Revolution inspired other rebellions and movements for freedom throughout the African diaspora.
    • The Revolution inspired anxieties about revolt in the U.S., leading to the Alien and Sedition Acts.

    Resistance and Revolts in the United States (Lesson 2.13)

    • Enslaved people resisted slavery through slowing work, breaking tools, stealing food, and attempting to escape.
    • Religious services and churches provided community support and often facilitated resistance strategies (communication, organizing).
    • Revolts were driven by a need to end ongoing suffering under slavery.
    • The earliest known slave revolt in the U.S. occurred in 1526 (Santo Domingo).
    • The German Coast Uprising (Louisiana Revolt of 1811), led by Charles Delondes, was one of the largest in U.S. history.
    • The Creole mutiny (1841), led by Madison Washington, was an example of a revolt that resulted in freedom for many.
    • Religion inspired resistance by many individuals.

    Black Organizing in the North (Lesson 2.14)

    • The free Black population grew in the U.S. in the 1700s and early 1800s.
    • Free Black communities established mutual-aid societies, schools, businesses, and churches.
    • Black women activists fought for both abolition and women's rights, anticipating key political debates in African American politics.
    • Maria W. Stewart was an important activist who gave early public addresses.

    Maroon Societies and Autonomous Black Communities (Lesson 2.15)

    • Maroon communities formed across the African diaspora in remote areas to escape enslavers.
    • Communities developed unique African-based languages and cultural practices.
    • Maroon communities faced risks, but provided shelter and refuge for escaped enslaved.
    • Examples include those in the Great Dismal Swamp and among Indigenous groups, palenques in Spanish-speaking regions and quilombos in Brazil.

    Diasporic Connection: Slavery and Freedom in Brazil (Lesson 2.16)

    • Brazil received more enslaved Africans than any other location in the Americas (around 5 million).
    • Enslaved Africans worked in various industries (sugar, coffee, gold, cattle).
    • African cultural traditions were preserved in Brazil, including capoeira and congada.
    • Brazil abolished slavery by 1888.

    African Americans in Indigenous Territory (Lesson 2.17)

    • The Cherokee, Seminole, Chickasaw, Creek, and Choctaw tribes adopted slavery, often to assimilate with White Americans.
    • The Indian Removal Act (1830) forced a land swap, leading to the Trail of Tears.
    • The Seminole tribe had a more complex relationship with Black communities, offering protection and refuge, sometimes adopting them as kin.
    • The Seminoles resisted relocation violently (Second Seminole War, 1835-1842). Black Seminoles allied with the Seminole tribe to fight against relocation.
    • After the Trail of Tears, slavery became more rigid in other Indigenous nations.

    Debates About Emigration, Colonization, and Belonging in America (Lesson 2.18)

    • The American Colonization Society (ACS) aimed to send free Black people to Africa.
    • Emigrationists sought new homes in Haiti, West Africa, and Latin America.
    • The ACS created Liberia in 1821, but it was not always successful or welcomed.
    • Many abolitionists and African Americans thought emigration was a problematic solution.
    • African Americans wanted full citizenship and equality in America.
    • Fugitive Slave Acts increased the risk for those escaping slavery, leading some to seek refuge in England and Ireland.

    Black Political Thought & Radical Resistance (Lesson 2.19)

    • Radical activists advocated for the overthrow of slavery through direct action (violence in some cases).
    • Radical activists rejected the strategy of moral suasion.
    • Published accounts aimed to motivate resistance through violence and advance abolition.
    • There is a long history of Black writers and activists challenging the idea of American ideals (being based on a lie, the freedom of enslaved people).

    Legacies of Resistance in African American Art & Photography (Lesson 2.21)

    • Photography was a tool for African American leaders to counter stereotypes.
    • Sojourner Truth used photography to document her activism and raise funds for her cause.
    • Photos of formerly enslaved African Americans demonstrated Black achievement and potential.
    • Contemporary Black artists continue to build on Black aesthetic traditions, incorporating historical and gender perspectives.

    Gender and Resistance in Slave Narratives (Lesson 2.22)

    • Sexual violence against enslaved women was common.
    • Enslavers defended this violence through harmful stereotypes.
    • Enslaved women resisted in various ways, including fighting back, using traditional knowledge in herbal remedies.
    • Infanticide and other means were used as a method of resistance against enslavers.
    • Slave narratives by enslaved women reflected relevant gender norms, focusing on domesticity, family, and the constant vulnerability to sexual abuse.
    • Slave narratives by men emphasized manhood and autonomy.

    The Civil War & Black Communities (Lesson 2.23)

    • Thousands of free and enslaved African Americans joined the Union Army.
    • Black soldiers served in unequal conditions but expressed pride in serving the Union and ending slavery.
    • Anti-Black violence during and after the Civil War targeted Black soldiers and citizens.
    • Irish immigrants sometimes rioted against Black communities during the war..

    Freedom Days: Commemorating the Ongoing Struggle for Freedom (Lesson 2.24)

    • The Emancipation Proclamation (1863) freed enslaved people in 11 Confederate states.
    • Legal enslavement ended with the 13th Amendment in 1865.
    • Juneteenth commemorates June 19, 1865, when enslaved people in Texas learned of their freedom.
    • Juneteenth recognizes the long struggle for freedom and continues to be celebrated today.

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    This quiz explores the significant roles of free and enslaved Africans, known as ladinos, who traveled with European explorers to the Americas during the 16th century. Discover their impact on early colonization, social mobility, and how they contributed to the claims of European powers over Indigenous lands. Examine key figures like Juan Garrido and the dynamics of their involvement in the Atlantic world.

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