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Questions and Answers
What term describes the early Africans who traveled with Europeans during the exploration of the Americas?
What term describes the early Africans who traveled with Europeans during the exploration of the Americas?
Juan Garrido was the first known African explorer to arrive in North America.
Juan Garrido was the first known African explorer to arrive in North America.
True
What major role did African conquistadores hope to achieve by participating in conquests?
What major role did African conquistadores hope to achieve by participating in conquests?
Freedom
Nearly half of all Africans brought directly to the United States arrived in __________.
Nearly half of all Africans brought directly to the United States arrived in __________.
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Match the following African figures with their roles:
Match the following African figures with their roles:
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Which of the following was NOT a major role played by Africans in the Americas during the 15th and 16th centuries?
Which of the following was NOT a major role played by Africans in the Americas during the 15th and 16th centuries?
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Estevanico was killed by Indigenous groups while on an exploration mission.
Estevanico was killed by Indigenous groups while on an exploration mission.
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What was the name given to the region claimed by Spain that included Florida, South Carolina, and Georgia?
What was the name given to the region claimed by Spain that included Florida, South Carolina, and Georgia?
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What significant event does Juneteenth commemorate?
What significant event does Juneteenth commemorate?
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The 13th Amendment applied to all enslaved people in the United States.
The 13th Amendment applied to all enslaved people in the United States.
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In what year did Juneteenth officially become a federal holiday?
In what year did Juneteenth officially become a federal holiday?
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Juneteenth is celebrated on __________, marking the day enslaved people in Texas were informed of their freedom.
Juneteenth is celebrated on __________, marking the day enslaved people in Texas were informed of their freedom.
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Match the following terms related to Juneteenth with their meanings:
Match the following terms related to Juneteenth with their meanings:
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What was the primary industry that enslaved Africans contributed to in Brazil?
What was the primary industry that enslaved Africans contributed to in Brazil?
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Brazil was the last country in the Americas to abolish slavery.
Brazil was the last country in the Americas to abolish slavery.
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Which regions contributed nearly half of the enslaved captives?
Which regions contributed nearly half of the enslaved captives?
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Name one cultural tradition preserved by enslaved Africans in Brazil.
Name one cultural tradition preserved by enslaved Africans in Brazil.
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The majority of enslaved Africans came from regions without significant religious influences.
The majority of enslaved Africans came from regions without significant religious influences.
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The _________ were called the civilized five because they adopted slavery to assimilate with White Americans.
The _________ were called the civilized five because they adopted slavery to assimilate with White Americans.
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What was the term used for the second part of the journey enslaved Africans faced across the Atlantic Ocean?
What was the term used for the second part of the journey enslaved Africans faced across the Atlantic Ocean?
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Match the following terms with their descriptions:
Match the following terms with their descriptions:
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During the Middle Passage, approximately ____% of captive Africans died due to various factors.
During the Middle Passage, approximately ____% of captive Africans died due to various factors.
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Which group forced the land swap leading to the Trail of Tears?
Which group forced the land swap leading to the Trail of Tears?
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Match the following African ethnic groups with their origins:
Match the following African ethnic groups with their origins:
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What was one response enslaved Africans had to commodification aboard slave ships?
What was one response enslaved Africans had to commodification aboard slave ships?
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The Seminole tribe practiced the same type of slavery as other civilized tribes.
The Seminole tribe practiced the same type of slavery as other civilized tribes.
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Slave narratives were only intended as historical documents and lacked any political significance.
Slave narratives were only intended as historical documents and lacked any political significance.
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What were Black Seminoles known for?
What were Black Seminoles known for?
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The Choctaw and Chickasaw tribes did not free their enslaved African Americans until ______.
The Choctaw and Chickasaw tribes did not free their enslaved African Americans until ______.
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What changes in slave ship design were made in response to African resistance?
What changes in slave ship design were made in response to African resistance?
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Sengbe Pieh is also known as ________, who led a revolt aboard the slave ship La Amistad.
Sengbe Pieh is also known as ________, who led a revolt aboard the slave ship La Amistad.
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Who established the American Civilization Society?
Who established the American Civilization Society?
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Florida became a U.S. state in 1821.
Florida became a U.S. state in 1821.
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What was a consequence of the U.S. government banning the transatlantic slave trade in 1808?
What was a consequence of the U.S. government banning the transatlantic slave trade in 1808?
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What was the primary reason for the forced relocation of African Americans during the 19th century?
What was the primary reason for the forced relocation of African Americans during the 19th century?
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Name one prominent emigration supporter from the content.
Name one prominent emigration supporter from the content.
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Antislavery activists in the 18th and 19th centuries did not raise awareness about the conditions aboard slave ships.
Antislavery activists in the 18th and 19th centuries did not raise awareness about the conditions aboard slave ships.
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After the __________, slavery became harsher in the civilized tribes.
After the __________, slavery became harsher in the civilized tribes.
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What term describes the process of treating enslaved people as mere commodities?
What term describes the process of treating enslaved people as mere commodities?
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The Dred Scott decision declared that all African Americans could be U.S. citizens.
The Dred Scott decision declared that all African Americans could be U.S. citizens.
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Match the emigration destination with its significance:
Match the emigration destination with its significance:
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What major law defined a child’s legal status based on their mother’s status?
What major law defined a child’s legal status based on their mother’s status?
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Enslaved people who resisted sale at auction often faced severe __________.
Enslaved people who resisted sale at auction often faced severe __________.
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What theme is prominent in the slave narratives written by formerly enslaved Africans?
What theme is prominent in the slave narratives written by formerly enslaved Africans?
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The forced migration of over one million African Americans from the upper South to the lower South is referred to as the __________.
The forced migration of over one million African Americans from the upper South to the lower South is referred to as the __________.
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Match the following states with their corresponding slave-related laws:
Match the following states with their corresponding slave-related laws:
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Which skill was NOT typically associated with enslaved African Americans?
Which skill was NOT typically associated with enslaved African Americans?
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Slave codes applied only to enslaved individuals and did not affect free Black people.
Slave codes applied only to enslaved individuals and did not affect free Black people.
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What was the outcome for enslaved individuals who tried to defend themselves against white aggression according to some slave codes?
What was the outcome for enslaved individuals who tried to defend themselves against white aggression according to some slave codes?
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Enslaved people were often referred to as __________, indicating their status as property rather than individuals.
Enslaved people were often referred to as __________, indicating their status as property rather than individuals.
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Match the following terms to their definitions:
Match the following terms to their definitions:
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Which of the following states allowed Black men to vote by 1870?
Which of the following states allowed Black men to vote by 1870?
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The concept of race is based on clear biological distinctions among humans.
The concept of race is based on clear biological distinctions among humans.
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What were some of the categories of labor performed by enslaved people?
What were some of the categories of labor performed by enslaved people?
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Slave codes restricted the freedom of movement, congregation, and __________ among enslaved individuals.
Slave codes restricted the freedom of movement, congregation, and __________ among enslaved individuals.
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What was the primary purpose of the Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798?
What was the primary purpose of the Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798?
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Haiti had to pay reparations to France for 122 years after gaining independence.
Haiti had to pay reparations to France for 122 years after gaining independence.
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What are maroon societies?
What are maroon societies?
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The earliest known slave revolt in the U.S. happened in __________.
The earliest known slave revolt in the U.S. happened in __________.
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Match the following revolts with their descriptions:
Match the following revolts with their descriptions:
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Which of the following best describes the impact of the Haitian Revolution?
Which of the following best describes the impact of the Haitian Revolution?
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Charles Delondes led an uprising of 500 people in the German Coast Uprising.
Charles Delondes led an uprising of 500 people in the German Coast Uprising.
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Who was the first Black woman to publish a political manifesto?
Who was the first Black woman to publish a political manifesto?
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What did the 'one-drop rule' establish regarding racial classification?
What did the 'one-drop rule' establish regarding racial classification?
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Maroons in Brazilian regions are known as __________.
Maroons in Brazilian regions are known as __________.
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Elizabeth Key was the first Black woman in North America to successfully sue for her freedom.
Elizabeth Key was the first Black woman in North America to successfully sue for her freedom.
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Match the following resistance strategies with their descriptions:
Match the following resistance strategies with their descriptions:
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What were spirituals used for among enslaved people?
What were spirituals used for among enslaved people?
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Which organization was crucial in supporting resistance among enslaved people?
Which organization was crucial in supporting resistance among enslaved people?
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In 1738, the governor of Spanish Florida created Fort ________, the first free Black town in what is now the U.S.
In 1738, the governor of Spanish Florida created Fort ________, the first free Black town in what is now the U.S.
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Black women in the 19th century did not play a significant role in abolition activism.
Black women in the 19th century did not play a significant role in abolition activism.
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Match the following terms with their correct descriptions:
Match the following terms with their correct descriptions:
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What was one of the major effects of the Haitian Revolution?
What was one of the major effects of the Haitian Revolution?
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What was the primary focus of abolitionist activism by figures like Maria W. Stewart?
What was the primary focus of abolitionist activism by figures like Maria W. Stewart?
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The American Colonization Society aimed to integrate free Black individuals into American society.
The American Colonization Society aimed to integrate free Black individuals into American society.
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The African American population of free individuals made up __________ of the total Black population by 1860.
The African American population of free individuals made up __________ of the total Black population by 1860.
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What did mixed-race individuals often face in terms of racial classification during slavery?
What did mixed-race individuals often face in terms of racial classification during slavery?
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African American creative expression blended influences from African ancestors, local European, and _______ cultures.
African American creative expression blended influences from African ancestors, local European, and _______ cultures.
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Match the following figures or groups with their contributions:
Match the following figures or groups with their contributions:
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What characteristics defined African American music created by enslaved people?
What characteristics defined African American music created by enslaved people?
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The Stono Rebellion was inspired by the asylum policies of Spanish Florida.
The Stono Rebellion was inspired by the asylum policies of Spanish Florida.
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How did racial classifications impact the identity of African Americans during the 19th century?
How did racial classifications impact the identity of African Americans during the 19th century?
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The Haitian Revolution occurred from _______ to 1804.
The Haitian Revolution occurred from _______ to 1804.
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What was one significant work written by Martin R. Delany?
What was one significant work written by Martin R. Delany?
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Fredrick Douglass was an abolitionist who escaped from slavery in 1838.
Fredrick Douglass was an abolitionist who escaped from slavery in 1838.
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What was the main criticism of anti-emigrationists regarding colonization efforts?
What was the main criticism of anti-emigrationists regarding colonization efforts?
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This act jeopardized northerners who did not aid in the recapture of escaped enslaved individuals: the __________ Slave Act.
This act jeopardized northerners who did not aid in the recapture of escaped enslaved individuals: the __________ Slave Act.
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Match the activists with their contributions or beliefs:
Match the activists with their contributions or beliefs:
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Which of the following best describes the views of radical activists towards moral suasion?
Which of the following best describes the views of radical activists towards moral suasion?
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Photography was embraced by African Americans as a tool to reshape their image.
Photography was embraced by African Americans as a tool to reshape their image.
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What does the saying 'I sell the shadow to support the substance' refer to in Sojourner Truth's context?
What does the saying 'I sell the shadow to support the substance' refer to in Sojourner Truth's context?
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Frederick Douglass is known as the most __________ man in the 19th century.
Frederick Douglass is known as the most __________ man in the 19th century.
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Match the authors with their notable written works:
Match the authors with their notable written works:
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What was a major consequence of the Fugitive Slave Acts on Northern abolitionists?
What was a major consequence of the Fugitive Slave Acts on Northern abolitionists?
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African Americans largely celebrated the Fourth of July in the same way as white Americans during slavery.
African Americans largely celebrated the Fourth of July in the same way as white Americans during slavery.
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What impact did the colonization movement have on the perception of Black people in America during the 19th century?
What impact did the colonization movement have on the perception of Black people in America during the 19th century?
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What was the purpose of Bisa Butler's quilt 'I Go to Prepare a Place for You'?
What was the purpose of Bisa Butler's quilt 'I Go to Prepare a Place for You'?
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Enslaved women had legal rights regarding sexual violence against them.
Enslaved women had legal rights regarding sexual violence against them.
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Name one way enslaved women resisted sexual violence.
Name one way enslaved women resisted sexual violence.
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The 1863 Emancipation Proclamation declared freedom for enslaved people held in the _____ states.
The 1863 Emancipation Proclamation declared freedom for enslaved people held in the _____ states.
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Match the historical figures with their contributions:
Match the historical figures with their contributions:
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During the Civil War, how many Black men served in the Union Army?
During the Civil War, how many Black men served in the Union Army?
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Black soldiers in the Civil War received the same pay as white soldiers.
Black soldiers in the Civil War received the same pay as white soldiers.
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What was a common theme in slave narratives written by enslaved women?
What was a common theme in slave narratives written by enslaved women?
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The 13th Amendment ratified in 1865 secured the permanent abolition of _____.
The 13th Amendment ratified in 1865 secured the permanent abolition of _____.
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Match the type of contribution to the corresponding role during the Civil War:
Match the type of contribution to the corresponding role during the Civil War:
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What was one main reason Black men were initially not allowed to serve in the Civil War?
What was one main reason Black men were initially not allowed to serve in the Civil War?
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Anti-Black violence decreased during the Civil War as Black soldiers served in the Union Army.
Anti-Black violence decreased during the Civil War as Black soldiers served in the Union Army.
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What was significant about the service of Black soldiers during the Civil War?
What was significant about the service of Black soldiers during the Civil War?
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The historical account of Henry 'Box' Brown demonstrates a _____ way to escape slavery.
The historical account of Henry 'Box' Brown demonstrates a _____ way to escape slavery.
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What was the implication of the newly discovered photo of Harriet Tubman in the arts?
What was the implication of the newly discovered photo of Harriet Tubman in the arts?
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Study Notes
African Explorers in America
- Africans traveled with Europeans during the early exploration of the Americas in the 16th century.
- These Africans, known as ladinos (Portuguese for "knowledgeable"), were part of the Atlantic creole generation.
- Ladinos acted as intermediaries before chattel slavery became widespread.
- Their knowledge of various languages, cultures, and business practices offered social mobility.
- Africans played diverse roles, including conquistadores, enslaved laborers, and free skilled workers.
- Juan Garrido, a conquistador from the Kongo kingdom, was the first known African in North America, exploring Florida in 1513.
- Estevanico, an enslaved African healer from Morocco, explored Texas and the southwestern US in 1528.
Departure Zones in Africa & the Slave Trade to the U.S.
- More people arrived in the Americas from Africa than any other region in the world during the 19th century due to the slave trade.
- Charleston, South Carolina, was the main hub for the U.S. slave trade.
- Nearly half of Africans brought directly to the U.S. arrived in Charleston.
- Portugal, Great Britain, France, Spain, and the Netherlands controlled the slave trade.
- Senegambia and Angola provided almost half of the enslaved people.
- African ethnic groups brought diverse cultures, practices, and beliefs that influenced African American communities.
Freedom, Enslavement, and Resistance
- Africans were marched from inland areas to the Atlantic coast for months, then held in unsanitary dungeons.
- The Middle Passage (transatlantic journey) lasted up to three months.
- The Middle Passage caused significant loss of life through disease, malnourishment, suicide attempts, and torture.
- Africans resisted during the Middle Passage and in the Americas through hunger strikes, attempts to escape, and revolts.
- Europeans had a significant effect on disrupting African kingdoms through the slave trade.
- Slave narratives, poetry, and other forms of expression documented the experience of enslaved Africans.
- These served as historical accounts, political statements, and literary works.
Architecture and Iconography of a Slave Ship
- Slave ship design prioritized maximizing the number of enslaved persons transported for maximum profit.
- Anti-slavery activists documented the inhumane conditions of slave ships.
- Black individuals used slave ship iconography to deal with historical trauma.
- 12.5 million Africans were forcibly moved across 36,000+ known voyages over 350 years.
- Enslavers treated enslaved people as commodities, anonymous, identical, and interchangeable.
- Enslaved people resisted deracination, commodification, and enslavement through various methods of collective and individual resistance.
- The La Amistad revolt, led by Sengbe Pieh (Joseph Cinque), was notable for successfully challenging enslavement.
Slave Auctions and the Domestic Slave Trade
- Enslavers used legal and white supremacist ideologies to control the enslaved and their descendants.
- Enslaved people who resisted auctions faced harsh punishments, often in front of family and friends.
- African American writers documented the negative emotional & physical effects of being sold at auctions.
- The U.S. government banned the transatlantic slave trade in 1808; enslaved populations grew from births afterward.
- The domestic slave trade (Second Middle Passage) relocated millions from the Upper South to the Lower South.
- It was the largest forced migration in U.S. history, displacing over one million enslaved Africans American people.
Labor, Culture, and Economy
- Enslaved people of various ages and genders performed various kinds of labor tasks.
- Specific roles for laborers were more dependent on the enslaver(s)' preference than the enslaved person(s) desire.
- Some enslaved people were bound to institutions like churches, factories, or colleges.
- Enslaved Africans brought a variety of skills, including those for blacksmithing, basket-weaving, and agricultural production.
Slavery and American Law: Slave Codes and Landmark Cases
- The U.S. Constitution does not use the term "slave" or "slavery".
- Slave codes established race-based chattel slavery.
- Slave codes restricted movement, congregation, weapon possession, and clothing choices.
- These codes were prevalent in various slaveholding societies, including the Code Noir of French colonies.
- Free states also enacted codes that restricted African Americans' opportunities.
- The Dred Scott decision (1857) ruled against African Americans' citizenship, claiming enslaved people were property.
- South Carolina's 1740 slave code was updated in response to the Stono Rebellion.
The Construction of Race and the Reproduction of Status
- Partus sequitur ventrem (child follows the mother's status) was a 17th-century law.
- Partus established hereditary racial slavery, tying a child's status to their mother's.
- The "one-drop rule" in the late 19th and 20th centuries classified anyone with some African descent as Black.
Creating African American Culture
- African American art, music, and language blended African, European, Indigenous, and community influences.
- Pottery and quilt-making preserved African aesthetics and storytelling.
- African American music utilized African rhythms, call-and-response, and Christian elements.
- African American creole languages emerged, such as Gullah.
- Spirituals served both spiritual and political functions.
Black Pride, Identity, and the Question of Naming
- The U.S. banned international slave trade in 1808; the debate over how to categorize African Americans intensified in the 19th century.
- The American Colonization Society promoted emigration to Africa to separate Black and White populations.
- Many African Americans rejected "African" to emphasize American identity, favoring terms like "Afro-American," "African American," and "Black."
The Stono Rebellion & Fort Mose
- St. Augustine, Florida, was the oldest settlement with both African American and European origins, established in 1565.
- Spanish Florida offered freedom and asylum for slaves escaping from colonies.
- Fort Mose was the the first free Black town in the U.S., established in 1738.
- The 1739 Stono Rebellion involved enslaved people seeking refuge in Florida.
Legacies of the Haitian Revolution
- The Haitian Revolution (1791-1804) was the only successful slave rebellion to overthrow colonial rule.
- Haiti became the second independent nation in the Americas.
- The revolution and France's subsequent expense led to Napoleon's sale of Louisiana to the U.S.
- The Haitians’ revolution inspired other enslaved and free African groups throughout the Americas and the Caribbean region.
Resistance and Revolts in the United States
- Enslaved people resisted slavery through various actions like slowing down work, breaking tools, stealing, and running away.
- Churches fostered resistance, providing community, information exchange, and political organization.
- The earliest known slave revolt in the U.S. occurred in 1526.
- The German Coast Uprising (1811) was the largest slave revolt in U.S. history, led by Charles Deslondes.
- The Creole mutiny (1841) resulted in enslaved people achieving freedom in the Bahamas.
Black Organizing in the North
- The free Black population grew in the 1700s and early 1800s, reaching 12% of the Black population by 1860.
- Black communities in the North formed strong institutions like mutual aid societies, schools, and churches.
- Black women like Maria W. Stewart championed activism, connecting race, gender, and class in their efforts for abolition and women's rights.
Maroon Societies and Autonomous Black Communities
- Maroon communities arose in areas away from European controls, creating unique cultures.
- Maroon communities included palenques (in Spanish-speaking regions) and quilombos (in Brazil).
- Maroon communities were essential to resistance movements for freedom, and shaped cultural legacies.
Diasporic Connection: Slavery and Freedom in Brazil
- Brazil received more enslaved Africans than any other place in the Americas.
- Enslaved Africans worked in diverse industries, including plantations, mines, ranches, and local production.
- African cultural practices, like Capoeira, were preserved and developed in Brazil.
- Brazil ended slavery in 1888.
African Americans in Indigenous Territory
- Indigenous groups, including the "Civilized Five" (Cherokee, Seminole, Chickasaw, Creek, Choctaw), sometimes practiced slavery.
- The 1830 Indian Removal Act forcibly relocated Indigenous groups, incorporating some enslaved against their will.
- The Seminole tribe's slavery practices differed, with enslaved peoples sometimes treated as family members and more rarely being legally passed to children.
- Black Seminoles formed alliances with the Seminole tribe and played important roles in resisting removal.
Debates about Emigration, Colonization, and Belonging in America
- Organizations like the American Colonization Society promoted African American emigration to Africa
- Many African Americans sought liberation from slavery and prejudice, seeking destinations across the African diaspora
- African American emigrationists considered different places for immigration/colonization, including Haiti, West Africa, and Latin America.
- Anti-emigrationists argued that African Americans should achieve liberation within American society and gain equal rights and liberties in the U.S.
Black Political Thought & Radical Resistance
- Radical activists advocated for abolishing slavery through direct action, including resistance and revolts.
- Radical resistance challenged the belief that moral suasion (persuasive appeals) was an adequate strategy, given the country's history.
- Published accounts exposed slavery horrors to motivate enslaved African Americans to pursue freedom.
Legacies of Resistance in African American Art & Photography
- Photography emerged and gained popularity in the 19th century.
- African Americans used it to counter stereotypes, portray dignity, and emphasize Black citizenry.
- Sojourner Truth and others used photography for political advocacy and public awareness.
- Douglass was a prominent figure photographed during the 19th century with a significant number of photographs, and used his photographs to give lectures and acquire new patrons for his newspaper.
- Contemporary artists have used photography and their art forms to create work capturing the history of African Americans.
Gender and Resistance in Slave Narratives
- Sexual violence against enslaved women was rampant.
- Enslaved women resisted through fighting, using abortion techniques, and infanticide.
- Slave narratives by enslaved and formerly enslaved African American women and men highlighted the various horrors and resistance strategies.
- 19th-century gender norms shaped many enslaved women's narratives; some focused on family, domestic life, and vulnerability to assault.
The Civil War & Black Communities
- Thousands of African Americans (free and enslaved) joined the Union Army to oppose slavery.
- Many enslaved individuals used the opportunity to escape and join the Union.
- Black military service during the Civil War impacted Black communities in the North and South
- The war demonstrated the evolving identity of African Americans as U.S. citizens, despite significant ongoing discrimination.
- Black military service was not welcomed at first, but later necessity and labor shortages permitted their participation.
Freedom Days: Commemorating the Ongoing Struggle for Freedom
- The Emancipation Proclamation (1863) freed enslaved people in Confederate states.
- Legal slavery in the U.S. ended with the 13th Amendment in 1865.
- Juneteenth (June 19, 1865) commemorated the announcement of freedom to enslaved Texas residents.
- Juneteenth celebrates the struggle for freedom, African Americans' commitment to joy to cope with oppression, and their roles in seeking equal rights after slavery.
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Description
Explore the vital contributions of African explorers in America during the 16th century. This quiz examines the roles of ladinos, such as Juan Garrido and Estevanico, and the impact of the Atlantic slave trade on exploration. Test your knowledge about their journeys and the early interactions with European powers.
