African Explorers in America

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Questions and Answers

What term describes the early Africans who traveled with Europeans during the exploration of the Americas?

Ladinos (correct)

Indigenous

Mestizos

Criollos

Juan Garrido was the first known African explorer to arrive in North America.

True

What major role did African conquistadores hope to achieve by participating in conquests?

Freedom

Nearly half of all Africans brought directly to the United States arrived in __________.

Charleston, South Carolina Signup and view all the answers

Match the following African figures with their roles:

Juan Garrido = Conquistador Estevanico = Enslaved healer and translator Ladinos = Intermediaries in exploration Atlantic creoles = Socially mobile Africans Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following was NOT a major role played by Africans in the Americas during the 15th and 16th centuries?

Royal governors Signup and view all the answers

Estevanico was killed by Indigenous groups while on an exploration mission.

True Signup and view all the answers

What was the name given to the region claimed by Spain that included Florida, South Carolina, and Georgia?

La Florida Signup and view all the answers

What significant event does Juneteenth commemorate?

The reading of General Order No. 3 in Texas Signup and view all the answers

The 13th Amendment applied to all enslaved people in the United States.

False Signup and view all the answers

In what year did Juneteenth officially become a federal holiday?

2021 Signup and view all the answers

Juneteenth is celebrated on __________, marking the day enslaved people in Texas were informed of their freedom.

June 19th Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms related to Juneteenth with their meanings:

Juneteenth = A holiday commemorating the end of slavery in Texas General Order No. 3 = Document announcing freedom to enslaved people in Texas Emancipation = The act of being freed from legal slavery Jubilee Day = An alternate name for Juneteenth celebrations Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary industry that enslaved Africans contributed to in Brazil?

Cattle ranching Signup and view all the answers

Brazil was the last country in the Americas to abolish slavery.

True Signup and view all the answers

Which regions contributed nearly half of the enslaved captives?

Senegambia and Angola Signup and view all the answers

Name one cultural tradition preserved by enslaved Africans in Brazil.

Capoeira Signup and view all the answers

The majority of enslaved Africans came from regions without significant religious influences.

False Signup and view all the answers

The _________ were called the civilized five because they adopted slavery to assimilate with White Americans.

Cherokee Signup and view all the answers

What was the term used for the second part of the journey enslaved Africans faced across the Atlantic Ocean?

Middle Passage Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their descriptions:

Capoeira = Martial art with music and singing Congada = Festival celebrating Kongo and Catholic figures Trail of Tears = Forced removal of Indigenous peoples Emancipation Proclamation = Executive order freeing enslaved people in Confederate states Signup and view all the answers

During the Middle Passage, approximately ____% of captive Africans died due to various factors.

15 Signup and view all the answers

Which group forced the land swap leading to the Trail of Tears?

U.S. Government Signup and view all the answers

Match the following African ethnic groups with their origins:

Wolof = Senegambia Akan = Ghana Igbo = Nigeria Yoruba = Nigeria Signup and view all the answers

What was one response enslaved Africans had to commodification aboard slave ships?

Staging hunger strikes Signup and view all the answers

The Seminole tribe practiced the same type of slavery as other civilized tribes.

False Signup and view all the answers

Slave narratives were only intended as historical documents and lacked any political significance.

False Signup and view all the answers

What were Black Seminoles known for?

Providing shelter and refuge Signup and view all the answers

The Choctaw and Chickasaw tribes did not free their enslaved African Americans until ______.

1866 Signup and view all the answers

What changes in slave ship design were made in response to African resistance?

Construction of barricades and nets Signup and view all the answers

Sengbe Pieh is also known as ________, who led a revolt aboard the slave ship La Amistad.

Joseph Cinque Signup and view all the answers

Who established the American Civilization Society?

Robert Finley Signup and view all the answers

Florida became a U.S. state in 1821.

True Signup and view all the answers

What was a consequence of the U.S. government banning the transatlantic slave trade in 1808?

Growth of enslaved population through childbirth Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary reason for the forced relocation of African Americans during the 19th century?

To fulfill the demand for laborers in the cotton industry Signup and view all the answers

Name one prominent emigration supporter from the content.

Paul Cuffee Signup and view all the answers

Antislavery activists in the 18th and 19th centuries did not raise awareness about the conditions aboard slave ships.

False Signup and view all the answers

After the __________, slavery became harsher in the civilized tribes.

Trail of Tears Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the process of treating enslaved people as mere commodities?

Commodification Signup and view all the answers

The Dred Scott decision declared that all African Americans could be U.S. citizens.

False Signup and view all the answers

Match the emigration destination with its significance:

Sierra Leone = Established by ACS for Black settlement Liberia = Free settlement for African Americans Haiti = Beacon of hope due to independence Mexico = Considered by Garnet for Afro descendants Signup and view all the answers

What major law defined a child’s legal status based on their mother’s status?

Partus sequitur ventrem Signup and view all the answers

Enslaved people who resisted sale at auction often faced severe __________.

punishment Signup and view all the answers

What theme is prominent in the slave narratives written by formerly enslaved Africans?

Advocacy for abolition Signup and view all the answers

The forced migration of over one million African Americans from the upper South to the lower South is referred to as the __________.

Second Middle Passage Signup and view all the answers

Match the following states with their corresponding slave-related laws:

South Carolina = 1740 Slave Code Missouri = Dred Scott Decision Wisconsin = Right to Vote for Black Men Ohio = Restrictions on Free Black Men Signup and view all the answers

Which skill was NOT typically associated with enslaved African Americans?

Travel planning Signup and view all the answers

Slave codes applied only to enslaved individuals and did not affect free Black people.

False Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome for enslaved individuals who tried to defend themselves against white aggression according to some slave codes?

Condemned to death Signup and view all the answers

Enslaved people were often referred to as __________, indicating their status as property rather than individuals.

chattel Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms to their definitions:

Chattel = Property ownership of humans Partus sequitur ventrem = Legal status passed through the mother Dred Scott Decision = Supreme Court ruling on citizenship Slave Codes = Legal framework for enslaved people Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following states allowed Black men to vote by 1870?

Wisconsin Signup and view all the answers

The concept of race is based on clear biological distinctions among humans.

False Signup and view all the answers

What were some of the categories of labor performed by enslaved people?

Domestic, agricultural, and skilled labor Signup and view all the answers

Slave codes restricted the freedom of movement, congregation, and __________ among enslaved individuals.

possession of weapons Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary purpose of the Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798?

To make it harder to become a U.S. citizen Signup and view all the answers

Haiti had to pay reparations to France for 122 years after gaining independence.

True Signup and view all the answers

What are maroon societies?

Free communities formed by Afro-descendants who escaped slavery. Signup and view all the answers

The earliest known slave revolt in the U.S. happened in __________.

1526 Signup and view all the answers

Match the following revolts with their descriptions:

German Coast Uprising = Largest U.S. slave revolt led by Charles Delondes Creole Mutiny = Revolt aboard a ship that led to freedom for enslaved individuals Louisiana Slave Revolt = Inspirational revolt inspired by the Haitian Revolution Nat Turner's Rebellion = Rebellion led by an enslaved preacher in Virginia Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the impact of the Haitian Revolution?

It inspired other uprisings in the African diaspora. Signup and view all the answers

Charles Delondes led an uprising of 500 people in the German Coast Uprising.

True Signup and view all the answers

Who was the first Black woman to publish a political manifesto?

Maria W. Stewart Signup and view all the answers

What did the 'one-drop rule' establish regarding racial classification?

Anyone with any African descent was classified as inferior. Signup and view all the answers

Maroons in Brazilian regions are known as __________.

quilombos Signup and view all the answers

Elizabeth Key was the first Black woman in North America to successfully sue for her freedom.

True Signup and view all the answers

Match the following resistance strategies with their descriptions:

Slowing down work = A method of daily resistance by enslaved people Breaking tools = An act of sabotage against enslavers Stealing food = A means of survival for enslaved populations Attempting to run away = A direct challenge to the system of slavery Signup and view all the answers

What were spirituals used for among enslaved people?

Social, spiritual, and political purposes. Signup and view all the answers

Which organization was crucial in supporting resistance among enslaved people?

Religious Services Signup and view all the answers

In 1738, the governor of Spanish Florida created Fort ________, the first free Black town in what is now the U.S.

Mose Signup and view all the answers

Black women in the 19th century did not play a significant role in abolition activism.

False Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their correct descriptions:

Partus Sequitur Ventrem = Legal status linked to ancestry Haitian Revolution = Overthrow of a colonial government by enslaved people Gullah = Creole language developed by enslaved Africans in the U.S. Stono Rebellion = A major slave uprising in South Carolina Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the major effects of the Haitian Revolution?

Napoleon's sale of the Louisiana Territory to the United States. Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary focus of abolitionist activism by figures like Maria W. Stewart?

To address both abolition and women's rights. Signup and view all the answers

The American Colonization Society aimed to integrate free Black individuals into American society.

False Signup and view all the answers

The African American population of free individuals made up __________ of the total Black population by 1860.

12% Signup and view all the answers

What did mixed-race individuals often face in terms of racial classification during slavery?

They were prohibited from embracing multiracial/multi-ethnic heritage. Signup and view all the answers

African American creative expression blended influences from African ancestors, local European, and _______ cultures.

Indigenous Signup and view all the answers

Match the following figures or groups with their contributions:

David Drake = Famous potter who inscribed poetry into pottery Francisco Menedez = Led the first free Black town Jemmy = Led the Stono Rebellion Elizabeth Key = First Black woman to sue for her freedom Signup and view all the answers

What characteristics defined African American music created by enslaved people?

Combination of African rhythms and biblical themes Signup and view all the answers

The Stono Rebellion was inspired by the asylum policies of Spanish Florida.

True Signup and view all the answers

How did racial classifications impact the identity of African Americans during the 19th century?

They limited the acceptance of mixed-race identities and emphasized racial division. Signup and view all the answers

The Haitian Revolution occurred from _______ to 1804.

1791 Signup and view all the answers

What was one significant work written by Martin R. Delany?

The Principia of Enthology Signup and view all the answers

Fredrick Douglass was an abolitionist who escaped from slavery in 1838.

True Signup and view all the answers

What was the main criticism of anti-emigrationists regarding colonization efforts?

They believed in achieving equal rights and full citizenship in America instead of emigration. Signup and view all the answers

This act jeopardized northerners who did not aid in the recapture of escaped enslaved individuals: the __________ Slave Act.

Fugitive Signup and view all the answers

Match the activists with their contributions or beliefs:

James Forten = Promoted anti-emigration beliefs David Walker = Wrote 'Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World' Frederick Douglass = Highlighted hypocrisy of freedom on the Fourth of July Sojourner Truth = Used her narrative to expose slavery's horrors Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the views of radical activists towards moral suasion?

They opposed it, believing it was ineffective. Signup and view all the answers

Photography was embraced by African Americans as a tool to reshape their image.

True Signup and view all the answers

What does the saying 'I sell the shadow to support the substance' refer to in Sojourner Truth's context?

It refers to her selling photographs to fund her abolitionist cause. Signup and view all the answers

Frederick Douglass is known as the most __________ man in the 19th century.

photographed Signup and view all the answers

Match the authors with their notable written works:

William Wells Brown = Clotel: or The President’s Daughter Martin R. Delany = The Principia of Enthology David Walker = 'Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World' Sojourner Truth = The Narrative of Sojourner Truth: a Northern Slave Signup and view all the answers

What was a major consequence of the Fugitive Slave Acts on Northern abolitionists?

Jeopardized their safety for not assisting in recaptures. Signup and view all the answers

African Americans largely celebrated the Fourth of July in the same way as white Americans during slavery.

False Signup and view all the answers

What impact did the colonization movement have on the perception of Black people in America during the 19th century?

It raised suspicion among Black activists who believed it aimed to remove them from the country. Signup and view all the answers

What was the purpose of Bisa Butler's quilt 'I Go to Prepare a Place for You'?

To recapture a historical image of Harriet Tubman Signup and view all the answers

Enslaved women had legal rights regarding sexual violence against them.

False Signup and view all the answers

Name one way enslaved women resisted sexual violence.

Fighting their attackers or using herbs as abortion-inducing drugs. Signup and view all the answers

The 1863 Emancipation Proclamation declared freedom for enslaved people held in the _____ states.

Confederate Signup and view all the answers

Match the historical figures with their contributions:

Sojourner Truth = Showcased Black women’s leadership Mary Prince = Authored a narrative about her experience as a slave Harriet Jacobs = Spent years hiding to protect her daughter Frederick Douglass = Tricked White children into teaching him literacy Signup and view all the answers

During the Civil War, how many Black men served in the Union Army?

200,000 Signup and view all the answers

Black soldiers in the Civil War received the same pay as white soldiers.

False Signup and view all the answers

What was a common theme in slave narratives written by enslaved women?

Domestic life and vulnerability to sexual abuse. Signup and view all the answers

The 13th Amendment ratified in 1865 secured the permanent abolition of _____.

slavery Signup and view all the answers

Match the type of contribution to the corresponding role during the Civil War:

Men = Soldiers and builders Women = Cooks, nurses, and laundresses Free African Americans = Raised money for refugees Enslaved people = Joined the Union army Signup and view all the answers

What was one main reason Black men were initially not allowed to serve in the Civil War?

Discrimination Signup and view all the answers

Anti-Black violence decreased during the Civil War as Black soldiers served in the Union Army.

False Signup and view all the answers

What was significant about the service of Black soldiers during the Civil War?

It reflected their self-identity as U.S. citizens. Signup and view all the answers

The historical account of Henry 'Box' Brown demonstrates a _____ way to escape slavery.

unconventional Signup and view all the answers

What was the implication of the newly discovered photo of Harriet Tubman in the arts?

It reclaimed the narrative around Black women leaders. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

African Explorers in America

Africans traveled with Europeans during the early exploration of the Americas in the 16th century.
These Africans, known as ladinos (Portuguese for "knowledgeable"), were part of the Atlantic creole generation.
Ladinos acted as intermediaries before chattel slavery became widespread.
Their knowledge of various languages, cultures, and business practices offered social mobility.
Africans played diverse roles, including conquistadores, enslaved laborers, and free skilled workers.
Juan Garrido, a conquistador from the Kongo kingdom, was the first known African in North America, exploring Florida in 1513.
Estevanico, an enslaved African healer from Morocco, explored Texas and the southwestern US in 1528.

Departure Zones in Africa & the Slave Trade to the U.S.

More people arrived in the Americas from Africa than any other region in the world during the 19th century due to the slave trade.
Charleston, South Carolina, was the main hub for the U.S. slave trade.
Nearly half of Africans brought directly to the U.S. arrived in Charleston.
Portugal, Great Britain, France, Spain, and the Netherlands controlled the slave trade.
Senegambia and Angola provided almost half of the enslaved people.
African ethnic groups brought diverse cultures, practices, and beliefs that influenced African American communities.

Freedom, Enslavement, and Resistance

Africans were marched from inland areas to the Atlantic coast for months, then held in unsanitary dungeons.
The Middle Passage (transatlantic journey) lasted up to three months.
The Middle Passage caused significant loss of life through disease, malnourishment, suicide attempts, and torture.
Africans resisted during the Middle Passage and in the Americas through hunger strikes, attempts to escape, and revolts.
Europeans had a significant effect on disrupting African kingdoms through the slave trade.
Slave narratives, poetry, and other forms of expression documented the experience of enslaved Africans.
These served as historical accounts, political statements, and literary works.

Architecture and Iconography of a Slave Ship

Slave ship design prioritized maximizing the number of enslaved persons transported for maximum profit.
Anti-slavery activists documented the inhumane conditions of slave ships.
Black individuals used slave ship iconography to deal with historical trauma.
12.5 million Africans were forcibly moved across 36,000+ known voyages over 350 years.
Enslavers treated enslaved people as commodities, anonymous, identical, and interchangeable.
Enslaved people resisted deracination, commodification, and enslavement through various methods of collective and individual resistance.
The La Amistad revolt, led by Sengbe Pieh (Joseph Cinque), was notable for successfully challenging enslavement.

Slave Auctions and the Domestic Slave Trade

Enslavers used legal and white supremacist ideologies to control the enslaved and their descendants.
Enslaved people who resisted auctions faced harsh punishments, often in front of family and friends.
African American writers documented the negative emotional & physical effects of being sold at auctions.
The U.S. government banned the transatlantic slave trade in 1808; enslaved populations grew from births afterward.
The domestic slave trade (Second Middle Passage) relocated millions from the Upper South to the Lower South.
It was the largest forced migration in U.S. history, displacing over one million enslaved Africans American people.

Labor, Culture, and Economy

Enslaved people of various ages and genders performed various kinds of labor tasks.
Specific roles for laborers were more dependent on the enslaver(s)' preference than the enslaved person(s) desire.
Some enslaved people were bound to institutions like churches, factories, or colleges.
Enslaved Africans brought a variety of skills, including those for blacksmithing, basket-weaving, and agricultural production.

Slavery and American Law: Slave Codes and Landmark Cases

The U.S. Constitution does not use the term "slave" or "slavery".
Slave codes established race-based chattel slavery.
Slave codes restricted movement, congregation, weapon possession, and clothing choices.
These codes were prevalent in various slaveholding societies, including the Code Noir of French colonies.
Free states also enacted codes that restricted African Americans' opportunities.
The Dred Scott decision (1857) ruled against African Americans' citizenship, claiming enslaved people were property.
South Carolina's 1740 slave code was updated in response to the Stono Rebellion.

The Construction of Race and the Reproduction of Status

Partus sequitur ventrem (child follows the mother's status) was a 17th-century law.
Partus established hereditary racial slavery, tying a child's status to their mother's.
The "one-drop rule" in the late 19th and 20th centuries classified anyone with some African descent as Black.

Creating African American Culture

African American art, music, and language blended African, European, Indigenous, and community influences.
Pottery and quilt-making preserved African aesthetics and storytelling.
African American music utilized African rhythms, call-and-response, and Christian elements.
African American creole languages emerged, such as Gullah.
Spirituals served both spiritual and political functions.

Black Pride, Identity, and the Question of Naming

The U.S. banned international slave trade in 1808; the debate over how to categorize African Americans intensified in the 19th century.
The American Colonization Society promoted emigration to Africa to separate Black and White populations.
Many African Americans rejected "African" to emphasize American identity, favoring terms like "Afro-American," "African American," and "Black."

The Stono Rebellion & Fort Mose

St. Augustine, Florida, was the oldest settlement with both African American and European origins, established in 1565.
Spanish Florida offered freedom and asylum for slaves escaping from colonies.
Fort Mose was the the first free Black town in the U.S., established in 1738.
The 1739 Stono Rebellion involved enslaved people seeking refuge in Florida.

Legacies of the Haitian Revolution

The Haitian Revolution (1791-1804) was the only successful slave rebellion to overthrow colonial rule.
Haiti became the second independent nation in the Americas.
The revolution and France's subsequent expense led to Napoleon's sale of Louisiana to the U.S.
The Haitians’ revolution inspired other enslaved and free African groups throughout the Americas and the Caribbean region.

Resistance and Revolts in the United States

Enslaved people resisted slavery through various actions like slowing down work, breaking tools, stealing, and running away.
Churches fostered resistance, providing community, information exchange, and political organization.
The earliest known slave revolt in the U.S. occurred in 1526.
The German Coast Uprising (1811) was the largest slave revolt in U.S. history, led by Charles Deslondes.
The Creole mutiny (1841) resulted in enslaved people achieving freedom in the Bahamas.

Black Organizing in the North

The free Black population grew in the 1700s and early 1800s, reaching 12% of the Black population by 1860.
Black communities in the North formed strong institutions like mutual aid societies, schools, and churches.
Black women like Maria W. Stewart championed activism, connecting race, gender, and class in their efforts for abolition and women's rights.

Maroon Societies and Autonomous Black Communities

Maroon communities arose in areas away from European controls, creating unique cultures.
Maroon communities included palenques (in Spanish-speaking regions) and quilombos (in Brazil).
Maroon communities were essential to resistance movements for freedom, and shaped cultural legacies.

Diasporic Connection: Slavery and Freedom in Brazil

Brazil received more enslaved Africans than any other place in the Americas.
Enslaved Africans worked in diverse industries, including plantations, mines, ranches, and local production.
African cultural practices, like Capoeira, were preserved and developed in Brazil.
Brazil ended slavery in 1888.

African Americans in Indigenous Territory

Indigenous groups, including the "Civilized Five" (Cherokee, Seminole, Chickasaw, Creek, Choctaw), sometimes practiced slavery.
The 1830 Indian Removal Act forcibly relocated Indigenous groups, incorporating some enslaved against their will.
The Seminole tribe's slavery practices differed, with enslaved peoples sometimes treated as family members and more rarely being legally passed to children.
Black Seminoles formed alliances with the Seminole tribe and played important roles in resisting removal.

Debates about Emigration, Colonization, and Belonging in America

Organizations like the American Colonization Society promoted African American emigration to Africa
Many African Americans sought liberation from slavery and prejudice, seeking destinations across the African diaspora
African American emigrationists considered different places for immigration/colonization, including Haiti, West Africa, and Latin America.
Anti-emigrationists argued that African Americans should achieve liberation within American society and gain equal rights and liberties in the U.S.

Black Political Thought & Radical Resistance

Radical activists advocated for abolishing slavery through direct action, including resistance and revolts.
Radical resistance challenged the belief that moral suasion (persuasive appeals) was an adequate strategy, given the country's history.
Published accounts exposed slavery horrors to motivate enslaved African Americans to pursue freedom.

Legacies of Resistance in African American Art & Photography

Photography emerged and gained popularity in the 19th century.
African Americans used it to counter stereotypes, portray dignity, and emphasize Black citizenry.
Sojourner Truth and others used photography for political advocacy and public awareness.
Douglass was a prominent figure photographed during the 19th century with a significant number of photographs, and used his photographs to give lectures and acquire new patrons for his newspaper.
Contemporary artists have used photography and their art forms to create work capturing the history of African Americans.

Gender and Resistance in Slave Narratives

Sexual violence against enslaved women was rampant.
Enslaved women resisted through fighting, using abortion techniques, and infanticide.
Slave narratives by enslaved and formerly enslaved African American women and men highlighted the various horrors and resistance strategies.
19th-century gender norms shaped many enslaved women's narratives; some focused on family, domestic life, and vulnerability to assault.

The Civil War & Black Communities

Thousands of African Americans (free and enslaved) joined the Union Army to oppose slavery.
Many enslaved individuals used the opportunity to escape and join the Union.
Black military service during the Civil War impacted Black communities in the North and South
The war demonstrated the evolving identity of African Americans as U.S. citizens, despite significant ongoing discrimination.
Black military service was not welcomed at first, but later necessity and labor shortages permitted their participation.

Freedom Days: Commemorating the Ongoing Struggle for Freedom

The Emancipation Proclamation (1863) freed enslaved people in Confederate states.
Legal slavery in the U.S. ended with the 13th Amendment in 1865.
Juneteenth (June 19, 1865) commemorated the announcement of freedom to enslaved Texas residents.
Juneteenth celebrates the struggle for freedom, African Americans' commitment to joy to cope with oppression, and their roles in seeking equal rights after slavery.

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Explore the vital contributions of African explorers in America during the 16th century. This quiz examines the roles of ladinos, such as Juan Garrido and Estevanico, and the impact of the Atlantic slave trade on exploration. Test your knowledge about their journeys and the early interactions with European powers.