African American History During the Great Depression

It signifies the systemic racial discrimination faced by African Americans, where they were prioritized for layoffs regardless of their seniority or skills.

African Americans faced unemployment rates that were often twice that of white workers.

Federal relief programs often excluded or discriminated against African Americans, particularly in the South.

<p>The Scottsboro Boys were falsely accused of raping two white women, leading to numerous trials marked by bias and injustice.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Communist Party actively supported racial equality and defended marginalized groups, including the Scottsboro Boys.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>African American workers were often excluded from jobs or placed in the least desirable positions, worsening their economic hardships.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Workplace policies favored white workers for employment and led to disproportionate layoffs of Black workers during economic downturns.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The trials sparked widespread outrage and became a rallying point for the fight against racial injustice.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Her concert at the Lincoln Memorial became a defining moment in the fight against segregation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It preserved valuable oral histories, including narratives of formerly enslaved people.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The themes of racial oppression and systemic injustice are prominently explored.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Her work often drew on folklore and oral traditions, preserving elements of Black history and culture.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>His victories challenged Nazi racial ideologies and showcased the potential of Black Americans.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Eleanor Roosevelt intervened by arranging the outdoor concert after DAR denied Anderson access.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It was published in 1937.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It provided employment to thousands of writers, including African Americans.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>He deployed federal troops to enforce desegregation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It highlighted the challenges of integration and drew national attention to the struggle for equality.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To protect voting rights.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It provided a moral framework for protest that garnered public sympathy and highlighted racial discrimination.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To engage in nonviolent direct action against segregation and discrimination.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It marked the emergence of student-led activism and significantly challenged segregation in public spaces.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>He introduced a more militant stance, advocating for Black Power.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sit-ins, boycotts, and marches.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It invalidated key provisions of the Voting Rights Act, weakening federal oversight of voting laws.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>James Meredith was the first African American to integrate the University of Mississippi, symbolizing a major victory for desegregation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Elijah Muhammad promoted Black empowerment, self-reliance, and separation from white society.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>After his pilgrimage to Mecca, Malcolm X embraced a more inclusive vision of racial unity, broadening his appeal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>James Baldwin was a prominent writer and activist whose works addressed race and social justice, challenging systemic racism in America.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>She co-founded the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party and highlighted the struggles of Black voters at the 1964 Democratic National Convention.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Muhammad Ali's refusal to be drafted cost him his boxing titles and nearly ended his career.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It encapsulated the frustration and determination of those fighting against racial oppression and injustice.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stokely Carmichael popularized the term 'Black Power', emphasizing self-determination and economic empowerment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It allowed states to implement restrictive voting laws without federal oversight.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Black Power movement emphasized self-determination and racial pride, contrasting with the integrationist approaches of earlier strategies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Elijah Muhammad's authoritarian leadership was viewed as controversial, leading to varied perceptions of the Nation of Islam.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>He led the 1966 'March Against Fear' to encourage Black voter registration and continued his activism despite being injured.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Baldwin's writing highlighted racial issues and called for social justice, bridging literature and activism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Malcolm X advocated for self-defense and Black nationalism as a response to racial oppression.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Muhammad Ali used his platform to advocate for racial justice, challenging racism and the Vietnam War.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The SCLC organized protests like marches and sit-ins, using these events to galvanize public support for civil rights.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The letter defended civil disobedience and underscored the urgency of addressing injustice, becoming a foundational text for the civil rights movement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The March on Washington united over 250,000 people to advocate for racial equality and economic justice, highlighting the call for civil rights legislation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A Ku Klux Klan bombing in September 1963 killed four African American girls and injured many others, shocking the nation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Johnson passed landmark legislation including the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965, showcasing federal commitment to civil rights.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Televised brutality against protesters galvanized public support for civil rights and pressured political leaders to take action.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It attracted over 250,000 participants and was pivotal in uniting diverse groups to advocate for civil rights and social justice.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The bombing highlighted the extreme risks faced by civil rights activists and prompted a stronger demand for federal action against racism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

A phrase describing how African Americans were often the first to be fired and the last to be hired, highlighting racial discrimination in employment, especially during economic downturns like the Great Depression.

African Americans faced significantly higher unemployment rates than white Americans during the Great Depression, often double the rate.

Nine African American teenagers falsely accused of rape in 1931, their case became a landmark example of racial injustice, encompassing biased trials and mob threats.

The Scottsboro Boys' trials served as an example of biased legal proceedings, with all-white juries and prejudiced judges, highlighting systemic racism in the American legal system.

The Communist Party, during the 1930s, was one of the few political organizations that actively supported racial equality in the US.

A pattern of discrimination deeply embedded in social structures and institutions, often leading to unequal outcomes for certain groups.

Prejudicial hiring practices that excluded or relegated African Americans to inferior jobs despite their skills or experience.

Federal relief programs, intended to help during economic hardship, often excluded or discriminated against African Americans, especially in the South, further reinforcing systemic racism.

A contralto who challenged segregation through her music.

A project that employed writers, preserving oral histories.

An author who explored racial oppression in his work.

A writer and anthropologist of the Harlem Renaissance.

An Olympic athlete who challenged Nazi racial views.

A pivotal event that challenged segregation and showcased Marian Anderson's talent.

The obstacles faced by Black musicians in performing classical music.

The actions that directly confronted and contradicted Nazi racial doctrines, demonstrating the capabilities of Black Americans.

Eisenhower used federal troops to enforce school desegregation in Little Rock, Arkansas.

Initially hesitant, he later sent federal troops to Little Rock, and signed the Civil Rights Act of 1957.

A peaceful resistance method using tactics like sit-ins and boycotts to challenge segregation.

A youth-led organization that used nonviolent direct action for civil rights, including sit-ins and voter registration drives.

Protests by sitting at segregated lunch counters and refusing to leave until served; It helped end segregation in many places.

Legislation aiming to protect voting rights. Had limited impact.

Civil rights activists who challenged segregation in interstate transportation through buses.

Nine African American students who enrolled at Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas, facing violent opposition.

The Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) organized nonviolent protests, including marches and sit-ins, to challenge segregation.

Martin Luther King Jr. was imprisoned in Birmingham for leading protests against segregation. He wrote a letter from jail defending civil disobedience.

The March on Washington in 1963 was a massive civil rights demonstration calling for equality and civil rights legislation. It's known for Martin Luther King Jr.'s 'I Have a Dream' speech.

In 1963, the 16th Street Baptist Church in Birmingham, Alabama was bombed, killing African American girls. It became a symbol of the violence against civil rights.

President Lyndon B. Johnson passed landmark civil rights legislation, including the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965. He also launched the Great Society programs.

Civil disobedience is a nonviolent form of protest, like refusing to obey unjust laws or taking peaceful action to challenge injustice.

Direct action involves taking active steps, like protests or demonstrations, to achieve social change or address injustice.

A Supreme Court decision that weakened the Voting Rights Act of 1965 by invalidating the formula used to determine which states needed oversight for voting changes. This allowed for more restrictive voting laws.

The first African American to integrate the University of Mississippi (Ole Miss) in 1962, facing violent opposition and symbolizing a significant victory for desegregation.

A 1966 march led by James Meredith to encourage African Americans in Mississippi to register to vote, highlighting the ongoing struggle for voting rights and the personal risks involved.

An influential African American writer and activist who used his works to address racial injustice and social inequalities. His sharp critiques of racism made him a voice of the civil rights era.

A powerful book by James Baldwin that explored racial injustice in America, urging white Americans to acknowledge their role in perpetuating racism.

A prominent civil rights leader and voting rights activist who co-founded the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party to fight for African American voting rights.

A political party formed by Fannie Lou Hamer and others to challenge the all-white Democratic delegation in Mississippi, advocating for African American representation.

A landmark law that aimed to eliminate voting discrimination against African Americans. It was significantly impacted by the Shelby v. Holder decision, which weakened its effectiveness.

Leader of the Nation of Islam from 1934 to 1975, promoting Black empowerment, self-reliance, and separation from white society. His influence shaped Black Muslim identity and activism.

A powerful speaker and activist who became a leading figure in the Nation of Islam before forming his own organization. He advocated for Black nationalism, self-defense, and racial pride.

World-renowned boxer and civil rights activist who used his fame to advocate for racial justice. He famously refused to be drafted into the Vietnam War.

It showed his opposition to racism and the Vietnam War, costing him his boxing titles but solidifying his role as a symbol of resistance and Black empowerment. His stance sparked controversy and highlighted the complex relationship between racial injustice and war.

A civil rights activist who popularized the term 'Black Power', emphasizing self-determination, economic empowerment, and rejecting white-dominated institutions.

It was a political and cultural movement focused on self-determination, racial pride, and the empowerment of African Americans. It emphasized African American-led solutions to issues of racism and inequality.

As younger activists grew disillusioned with integrationist approaches that offered slow progress, Carmichael argued for quicker solutions, focusing on self-determination and economic empowerment for African Americans.

It marked a turning point in the civil rights movement, as younger activists began to question integrationist approaches and embraced Black Power principles, demanding more direct action and self-determination for African Americans.