African American History 1865-1877

• The events that are significant to the most period for African American History occurred between 1865-1877.
• Southern white collective memory is why the Civil War happened.
• Slavery is the real reason for the Civil War.
• The Vice President said confederacy is the natural state for Africans and that they are inferior to white men.
• The Ku Klux Klan was created in 1866.
• The KKK was organized by Confederate veterans.
• The KKK is the first evidence of white supremacy adjusting itself to match historical context.
• The KKK reflected the broader idea of the time by attacking black families, communities, and individuals.
• The government sent troops to the South to protect black people.
• African-American men were able to have government jobs because the government was protecting them.
• In 1877, an election year, there was compromise where if Hayes became president, troops were removed from the South.
• Consequences of this compromise included "all hell breaking loose", Harrison being forgiven/pardoned, and black voters no longer being protected; and backlash/"Whitelash"
• Backlash/"Whitelash" refers to white supremacy through the gangs made during this period.
• Freeing black people without providing land equated to not giving reparations.
• It made them dependent on white people.
• This led to sharecropping, an economic system.
• Sharecropping is another name for slavery.
• Individidual corporations could deny black people, although the state could not enact it.
• Individual corporations created the Jim Crow laws.
• Darwin's theory in his book, On the Origin of Species, led to social darwinism.
• Natural selection was applied to society.
• The lack of education that black people had was used to justify their inferiority.
• The government blamed blacks for the lack of education.
• State-sponsored violence was carried out by lynching.
• Lynching involved mutilation and castration.
• Lynching events had a carnival atmosphere where events were published and served as entertainment
• Victims were subjected to mock trials and torture leading to confessions.
• Violence was justified by portraying black people as "wild" and in need of taming.
• Atlanta Exposition refers to the Cotton States and International Exposition held in Atlanta, Georgia, in 1895, where Washington delivered his address.
• The speech was a pivotal moment in the history of race relations in the United States.
• The "Atlanta Compromise" promoted a philosophy that emphasized economic progress and self-reliance within the Black community.
• It also advocated for a degree of social separation in exchange for the opportunity to advance.
• Industrial education was when the importance of practical, industrial training would allow for black people to gain economic independence and contribute to society.
• Cooperation: The text underscores the necessity of mutual cooperation and understanding between Black and white people.
• "Cast down your bucket" illustrates the idea that Black people should use the opportunities around them, particularly in the South.
• Progress can be made through hard work, practical skills, and economic growth.
• Racial harmony aimed for a harmonious relationship between the races, while advocating for racial separation in some aspects.
• The "Negro Problem" discusses the complex issues surrounding race relations and the need to address the challenges facing Black Americans.
• Separate as the fingers conveys that while Black and white communities can and should cooperate, they can also remain distinct.
• The masses: Washington's focus is on the progress of the masses of Black Americans, not just a select few.
• Character: there is emphasis on the importance of building strong character among Black people as a means to social and economic advancement.
• Political power addresses the issue of political rights, while emphasizing economic and social progress.
• These rights will come with time as Black people prove their worth.

The AA response

• Booker T Washington aimed to advance people through economic sufficiency.
• Up from slavery (Written literature)
• Unique prespective was because he was formally enslaved.
• Washington emphasized black economic power over black political and should not pursue a political game.
• Pursuit of material labor vs. pursuit of economic empowerment.
• Education became a means of resistance during the Reconstruction era.
• To prove myths of black in inferiority, and individual strength.
• Booker T. Washington was at the forefront of this movement
• Literacy rates sky rocketed
• Trade schools promoted self-sufficiency and practical training.
• Booker t. Washington had made a multitude of schools educating the black community.

Migration

• In 1890 there was internal migration within the South.
• There were also movements out of the South for those who wanted to reclaim their dignity
• Utopian motivated
• Exodosuters: 1890s Kansas, better life and opportunities
• The response to migration included patrolling train stations, and making it illegal to quit a job.

Integration

• Learning and being around white people, it was hypothesized, would eliminate racist views.
• Ways people dress, characteristics, foods, speech etc

Anarchism

• Lucy Parsons believed in fighting against oppression through the class struggles.

African Source Analysis

• To analyze African sources it is important to consider the following questions:
• How do we know who the source is?
• What type of document it is?
• And how does this relate to credibility and reliability
• Sadie T. M Alexander provides a valuable first-hand perspective by centering the economic experiences of Black women during the early 20th century.
• Challenging traditional narratives that overlook their contributions and struggles
• Black women's participation in the industrial workforce resulted in the "New Industrial Revolution" although they faced systemic inequalities: lower wages and limited opportunities, they found self-respect from these opportunities that were being denied.
• Black women cannot be considered a "Surplus Theory" because they have a variety amount other groups.
• Challenging traditional western notions of progress and highlights the complex intersectionality of race, gender, and economic forces during this period.
• WEB Du Bois offers a unique sociological perspective, combining his personal background with scholarly expertise
• Vivid rural Southern Negro church revival in "Of the Faith of the Fathers”
• Intimate spiritual and emotional life of African Americans Key slavery religion elements: The Preacher, The Music, and the Frenzy
• DuBois' analysis showed that there was a deep understanding of how African religious institutions adapted to changing historical circumstances.
• WEB Dubois shows and highlights: maintainin faith and hope in the face of ongoing oppression,

Booker T

• Booker T. Washington gave the Atlanta Exposition Address in 1895.
• Washington emphasized the importance of cooperation between Black and white for the progress of the South. He wanted mutual advancement stressing economic and industrial development.
• He urged Black people to focus on building skills, establishing industries, and contributing to the economy.
• This would foster mutual respect and understanding between the races.
• Washington's speech encourages Black people to acquire practical skills rather than classical education emphasizing agricultural, industrial, and mechanical training.
• The address doesn't directly address the need for social or political equality.
• By prioritizing economic progress Black people will be recognized and integrated into the larger society.
• Washington acknowledged the existence of racial prejudice and discrimination emphasizing the Black community to earn the respect and economic contributions through self-improvement.

Booker T's Significance

• He advocated for a more gradual approach to equality, focusing on economic empowerment instead of immediate social and political equality. Washington's "Atlanta Compromise" speech is seen as an accommodationist approach.
• This emphasizes focusing on self-help, industrial education, and economic advancement and was controversial, as it deemphasized political and social equality.
• He founded Tuskegee Institute leading educational institution for Black individuals, emphasizing industrial training and practical skills.
• Washington's legacy is complex and has generated debate.
• Some praise him for promoting racial uplift and achieving economic empowerment, others have criticized him for accepting segregation and delaying the struggle for civil rights.
• Washington was frequently consulted by political figures and was seen as a bridge as well as a man who could open heaven: National Figure.

The Progressive Era

• White supremacy shifted into a "new country" in the Progressive Era.
• Colonial Expansion happened because of Racism and adapting it,
• Racism: transmission adapting to the decade
  • Covert racism
  • Colonialism (promoted by berlin)
• The Berlin Conference (1884-1885) dealt with Africa.
• 1865- slavery ended
• 1866- Ku Klux Khan
• 1898- Spanish American (1898)
  • America took land including Philippines + Cuba. They became colonizers
• 1914- every African nation was colonies
• Eugenics- the idea of scientifically erroneous and immoral theory of racial improvement.
• 1896- Plessy vs Ferguson - The Supreme Court said the state had the right to keep it separate.

Legalized Segregation & Voter supression: used to target communities

• Poll tax
• Grandfather Clause- is your grandfather could vote.
• Literacy Test- if can read/write.
• Understanding of clause. You're gonna need common sense.
• Racialized but yet not illegal.

Pushing black resistance into new century

• 1. National Assosiation of Colored Women(NACW) (1896).
  • a) Mary church terrel (black feminism)
  • Dual oppression: intersectionality lens. both issues as women + being black
  • Motto: Lifting as we climb
• 2. Pan-African:sense of collective identity +collectiive destiny of people of african descent globally

• Dubois headed discussion.

• Booker approach stated to lose momentum

• 3. 1905 NIAGRA MOVEMENT- Monoroe and Dubois
  • formed NAACP (1909) +challenged booker
  • confronted segregation head on Negro baseball was a significance of black culture during era.

Dubois faith of our father reading

• Should have been included within source analyst -Greatest intellectual of 20th century; most educated individuals.

• Primary Soucce provides insight into how some ides of African Americans.

• The commentary/historical ideas of church.

• Highlights his experience in southern Black church

"Madness"

• The spirit taking of women
• Culture in Africa transfomed and traits that didnt go away.
• Preacher, Music, Frenzy are the 3 categories Dubois says the church did soxialization within the church + it became there microcosm of the world, with communities, ideas, infulence.

Whitewashing of History

• Narratives promote American exceptionalism, masking inequalities & undermining pursuit of racial justice.

• Key historical figures are misconstrued as passive, unassertive, & are misrepresented.

• The annual King holiday serves to tame his message, beneficial for those he sought to dismantle.

• Contemporary

• Connects to today

  • BlackLivesMatter BlackOut.

• Jeanna Theoharis called" A more beautiful and terrible History" analyzed" White washed" history

  • It exposes setive political agenda's
  • Historical accoutns oscure change.
  • Must one truely allign self with work of histerical figure.

Essay Outine

• Various reasons, the study and practice of African American history has been a site of contestion
• Students need to answer these challenges (Challenges in doing African American history)
  • Point out the solution that provides
  • Discuss if relevant or irrelevant today.

Day 6 - The Making of a New Negro

• 1. WWII:

• A) black partyriotism Why Fight when we're deaing with racism - Dubiis says partyriotism shuld come first - If we fight if w ewill gain respect from white comunity

• 2)Already conflicting about war because of racism Black sefgeragation even within the bunks. (Whilte High ups) - Denine, riducle with white soldier - Black cant be rankled over soldiers Diversity Equivty +exculsiion

• After the war the reurned however (KKK was revolved)

• skin connected to crimimnaity "Soicial dwarfism" 1919- Red summer Over large protion amount of black illed over the summer Houstin Texas

THE GREAT MIGRATION 1920

• Fleeing terrorism Pursuing employment
• 1930- 1 half half of black America (2 millpeople ) let fthe South
• Phase 1: larger cities withon the South.

PHASE POST 1915

• Terrisism and employment White fled to suburbs

#HARLM RENAISSANCE:

• A Cultural movemnt mainly with writers seeking to help find new identity. Early 1920s: Black blues women Use blues to challenge notivions of sexuality etc.
• At frist Dubois, however ,now Dubopis vs Garvey. 1919: Dubois organized the second NAACP- Theorist like zori nea Hurson help understnad black cuture.
• Black Minestrely- Fist time black cuture
  • the way and Afican aermican shoulb in preserved.
  • she belived the knowledege must be persrving
• They wamted thier trerm- high cultru al refletiion
• the Southren (dumb Preacher Huerson wasnted to do the black predacher

The New politics of the great depression"

• 920- when while people have cold balck
• The new plootis of Great Deppresion The stock was crashe. Naionl unaion ployment "46"-
• new deal -a socail welfare plan to help deal with unemployment.
  • People whjo needed t most git fast over F.Rose in AAs.

FIgHT ABROAD

• MIliary offers sggertain in the mitlray
• Made Segagartain ilrgal I 1040. was iligeal
• A Philp andplph- Fightning discriminsatnio. - President Ressel vet signed Exucatuuovr dyer. -Wantee no discrimsnation in denfse Industaey.
• 1948 laucne s campaign on the military.He encouraged BLacl to Military, the derprration of ilitary.

Cold War

• Anti ommunis took place in 1940-1920 A ny Crictisn was labeld Commsntal inspiried.
• Evil COmmisum
• blacks in 1948 were on the black list
• REdbaint was in politics to 1 +tointerntial
  • all durting post America"
• 193- during depression and sade alexnede had a phD.

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