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Questions and Answers
Which of the following best describes a 'need' according to the provided context?
Which of the following best describes a 'need' according to the provided context?
What do physiological needs primarily involve?
What do physiological needs primarily involve?
What is the primary consequence of unmet physiological needs according to the text?
What is the primary consequence of unmet physiological needs according to the text?
Which of these is NOT explicitly listed as a type of need within the content provided?
Which of these is NOT explicitly listed as a type of need within the content provided?
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According to the provided information, how would you best characterize the concept of 'Need'?
According to the provided information, how would you best characterize the concept of 'Need'?
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Which of the following is a core component of physiological needs?
Which of the following is a core component of physiological needs?
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Why does the text state that a 'need' has no motivational properties?
Why does the text state that a 'need' has no motivational properties?
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Which of these aspects is NOT directly associated with a physiological need?
Which of these aspects is NOT directly associated with a physiological need?
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What is the key distinction between a physiological need and psychological need?
What is the key distinction between a physiological need and psychological need?
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According to the provided information, what happens when physiological needs are not met over a long period?
According to the provided information, what happens when physiological needs are not met over a long period?
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Study Notes
Affective Psychology
- This topic encompasses physiological needs, intrinsic, and extrinsic motivation.
- Required readings for study include Reeve, Chapters 4 and 5.
Conceptual Framework
- The organism, environmental stimuli, and society/culture all interact.
- The organism is influenced by both environmental stimuli and societal/cultural factors.
Needs
- Needs are essential for an organism's life, growth, and well-being.
- Physiological needs, psychological needs, and social needs are different types of needs.
- Physiological needs, like thirst, hunger, and sex, are essential for survival.
- Psychological needs, such as autonomy, competence, and relatedness, focus on growth.
- Social needs relate to interactions with others, including achievement, affiliation, intimacy, and power.
- Key takeaway: "Need" itself doesn't have a motivational property.
Physiological Needs
- Physiological needs involve biological systems, including neural brain circuits, hormones, and bodily organs.
- Unmet physiological needs can lead to life-threatening emergencies and dominant motivational states.
- These needs lose salience once gratified, for a while at least.
Psychological and Social Needs
- These needs involve central nervous system processes.
- Unlike physiological needs, they are consistently present in the focus of consciousness.
- These needs' salience depends on environmental conditions.
Fundamentals of Regulation
- Negative Feedback: A mechanism the thermostat uses to maintain a set point, if the desired value is too high, regulation aims at decreasing; if too low, regulation aims at increasing.
- Positive Feedback: A mechanism that increases a stimulus to increase a response, illustrated using the baby sucking example.
Physiological Needs (Specific Deficiencies)
- Key physiological needs for survival:
- Oxygen
- Temperature
- Water
- Nutrition
- Physical injury
- Physiological needs may or may not directly trigger drives.
Drives
- Drives are behavioral manifestations (motivational property)
- Drives do not always originate from needs.
- Examples: low blood sugar—drives hunger - vitamin D deficiency creates a need - but no drive; sacharinated water—creates no need but a drive.
The Drive Cycle
- A cycle describing the process where a need arises, drives behavior to satisfy that need, consumption behaviors, then a state of satisfaction leading to the reduction of the drive.
Homeostasis
- Homeostasis is an organism's tendency towards a state of equilibrium or balance of internal conditions.
- Homeostatic regulation is illustrated through specific measurable parameters.
Homeostatic Regulation
- A departure from homeostasis (e.g., nutrient depletion, temperature drop, environmental disturbances)
- The body reacts with physiological and behavioral steps to return to homeostasis.
- Regulatory systems constantly monitor and adjust internal states to maintain equilibrium.
Homeostatic Control
Describes the process where the following is involved:
- Stimulus: A change in the environment.
- Receptor: A site that detects or receives the stimulus and changes from normal. Sends signals to the control center.
- Control center: The focal point where the stimulus is received and an appropriate response is determined. Called the integration center as well. Integrates stimuli and determines a response.
- Effector: The body site generating a response to counter the initial stimulus.
- Feed-back mechanisms: Methods used to regulate and adjust the response. Negative feed-back depresses a stimulus and positive feedback increases the stimulus.
Specific Types and Regulation of Homeostatic Regulation
- Homeostatic systems often need fuel and support, as well as interactions with other regulatory mechanisms in the body.
- A specific example of Homeostatic control is the regulation of blood calcium levels.
The Homeostatic Mechanism
- Describes the homeostatic mechanism, showing internal and external influencing factors.
- Show the interplay between multiple factors, including physiological and cognitive/environmental/social/cultural mechanisms.
Oxygen
- Breathing, both voluntary and involuntary, impacts oxygen levels.
- Environmental factors (e.g. high altitudes, breathing apparatus) may impact the motivational aspects of breathing.
Temperature
- Warm-blooded animals have a stable internal temperature regardless of external changes.
- Cold-blooded animals' internal temperature varies with the environment.
- Humans have developed regulatory methods to maintain a stable body temperature.
- Core temperature is generally stable, while surface temperature can vary.
- Mechanisms employed in various temperature extremes including: - Vasoconstriction - Trembling - Voluntary movements - Clothing, heating, shelter
Thirst
-
The human body is largely water.
-
Thirst is a response to water loss and is a complex phenomenon.
-
Two categories of thirst exist:
- Intracellular (osmotic) thirst
- Extracellular/volumetric thirst
- Environmental factors, like taste and learning, significantly affect thirst.
-
Cultural and social norms influence drinking behaviors.
Hunger and Sex
- These subjects are discussed in later sessions in more detail.
Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation
- Intrinsic motivation stems from a need for growth and fulfillment, exemplified as "I want to."
- Extrinsic motivation stems from external incentives/consequences.
- Advantages and drawbacks are associated with intrinsic versus extrinsic motivation.
Motivating Others
- Strategies for motivating others to complete tasks include:
- Providing a rationale for the importance of the task
- Reframing the task into something more engaging.
Summary
- Affective psychology examines human needs, motivations and behaviors including environmental factors like culture and social norms. Specific need examples and their effects are important.
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Description
Explore the key aspects of Affective Psychology in this quiz, focusing on physiological needs, motivation, and the interplay of personal and environmental factors. Based on Reeve's chapters 4 and 5, you'll delve into different types of needs essential for human growth and well-being.
