Aerobic Cellular Respiration in Biochemistry
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle?

  • To transfer electrons to NAD+ and FAD (correct)
  • To break down proteins into amino acids
  • To synthesize glucose from pyruvate
  • To produce large amounts of ATP
  • What is the role of NADH and FADH2 in cellular respiration?

  • To break down glucose into pyruvate
  • To produce oxygen as a byproduct
  • To synthesize ATP
  • To give up electrons to oxidative phosphorylation (correct)
  • What is the term for the study of energy transformations in living organisms?

  • Biochemistry
  • Biophysics
  • Biomechanics
  • Bioenergetics (correct)
  • What type of system is a living cell an example of?

    <p>Open system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for energy available to do work?

    <p>Free energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for organisms that produce their own food through photosynthesis?

    <p>Photoautotrophic producers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process of cellular respiration that occurs in the absence of oxygen?

    <p>Anaerobic process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is ATP considered a good energy source?

    <p>Because it is a high-energy molecule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three main kinds of work that a cell performs?

    <p>Mechanical, transport, and biosynthetic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does cellular respiration occur in multiple stages?

    <p>To allow for more efficient energy transfer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Energy Coupling in Cells

    • Cells manage energy resources by energy coupling, which uses an exergonic process to drive an endergonic one.
    • Most energy coupling in cells is mediated by ATP.

    Aerobic Cellular Respiration

    • The major stages of aerobic cellular respiration are glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation.
    • Glucose enters glycolysis, where it is converted into smaller organic molecules, producing a small amount of ATP.
    • The final product of glycolysis enters the citric acid cycle, where redox reactions move electrons to the electron carriers NADH and FADH2.
    • The electron carriers feed their electrons to molecules in the oxidative phosphorylation process, synthesizing a large amount of ATP.

    Glucose Breakdown

    • Glucose is broken down into smaller molecules, such as sugars, fats, and amino acids, which are fed into the cellular respiration process.
    • Glucose is the most important fuel for cellular respiration, generating a large amount of ATP during its complete breakdown.

    ATP and Energy

    • ATP is a good energy source because it can be easily converted into energy.
    • Example: ATP is used to perform muscle contractions.
    • ATP consists of a molecule of adenosine to which three phosphate groups are attached.
    • Energy carried by ATP is released when one of the phosphate groups is broken down.
    • Bioenergetics: the study of energy transformations in living organisms.
    • Open system: a system that exchanges energy and matter with its surroundings.
    • Free energy: energy available to do work.
    • Equilibrium: a state where the rates of forward and reverse reactions are equal.
    • Photoautotrophic producer: an organism that produces its own food using sunlight.
    • Heterotrophic consumers: organisms that consume other organisms or organic matter for energy.
    • Aerobic process: a process that requires oxygen.
    • Anaerobic process: a process that does not require oxygen.

    Exergonic and Endergonic Reactions

    • Exergonic reactions: energy-releasing reactions, where energy is released from the reactants.
    • Endergonic reactions: energy-requiring reactions, where energy is absorbed by the reactants.

    Cell Work

    • The three main kinds of work performed by cells are:
      • Mechanical work: muscle contractions.
      • Transport work: transporting molecules across cell membranes.
      • Chemical work: biosynthesis.

    Energy Yield

    • One gram of fat yields 9 kcal or 38 kJ, while one gram of carbohydrate yields 4 kcal.

    Cellular Respiration

    • Cellular respiration takes place in several steps to avoid releasing a large amount of heat at once, which would likely destroy the cell.
    • The energy released is controlled, and more energy is captured and converted to ATP, with less energy lost as heat.

    Electron Carriers

    • The electron carriers involved in the citric acid cycle are NADH and FADH2.

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    Description

    Understand the major stages of aerobic cellular respiration, including glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation. Learn how cells manage energy resources through energy coupling and ATP.

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