Aerobic & Anaerobic Respiration: Lactic Acid & Skeletal System

Aerobic vs Anaerobic Respiration

• During normal physical activity, muscle cells primarily use aerobic respiration.
• During strenuous physical activity, muscle cells may switch to anaerobic respiration.
• Aerobic respiration requires oxygen and glucose.
• The equation for aerobic respiration: Glucose + Oxygen → Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy.
• Anaerobic respiration occurs when the body cannot supply enough oxygen to break down glucose.
• The equation for anaerobic respiration: Glucose → Lactic Acid + Energy.

Lactic Acid

• Muscles produce lactic acid during intense exercise when oxygen is insufficient.
• Lactic acid is a temporary solution to keep muscles working.
• The accumulation of lactic acid can contribute to muscle fatigue and soreness.

Skeletal System

• The human skeletal system contains 206 bones in adults.
• The functions of the skeletal system include:
  • Providing support, shape, and stability to the body.
  • Protecting vital organs like the brain, lungs, and heart.
  • Aiding in blood cell production.
  • Storing essential minerals.
• The components of the skeletal system include:
  • Bones
  • Cartilage
  • Tendons
  • Ligaments (joints)
  • Bone marrow

Muscular System

• The muscular system allows the body to move and maintains posture.
• It works with the skeletal system for actions like walking, running, and lifting.
• Components: skeletal muscles, cardiac muscles, smooth muscle

Musculoskeletal System Functions

• Structure: Provides a strong framework that supports the body and maintains its shape.
• Movement: Muscles work with bones and joints to enable movement.
• Protection: Shields vital organs like the brain (by the skull) and the heart/lungs (by the ribcage).
• Blood Cell Production: Bone marrow produces red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
• Mineral Storage: Bones store essential minerals like calcium and phosphorus.

Musculoskeletal System Components

• Cartilage: Soft, connective tissue that reduces friction and acts as a shock absorber in joints.
• Joint: The point where two bones meet.
• Tendon: Bands of connective tissue that attach muscle to bone.
• Ligament: Bands of connective tissue between bones to attach bone to bone; very strong and resilient.

How Muscles Work

• Muscles contract and relax in response to signals from the nervous system.
• A signal from the brain travels through nerves, causing muscle fibers to shorten (contract).
• Muscles work in pairs; as one muscle contracts, the opposing muscle relaxes.
• For example, when bending the arm, the biceps contract while the triceps relax.

Antagonistic Muscles

• Pairs of muscles with opposing actions at a joint are called antagonistic muscles.
• One muscle in the pair contracts (agonist), while the other relaxes (antagonist).
• Antagonistic muscle pairs stabilize joints by controlling their movement which allows smooth and unrestricted movement.

Types of Muscles

• Cardiac muscle:
  • Involuntary
  • Found in the heart muscle
  • Doesn't get tired
  • Contracts repeatedly
• Skeletal muscle:
  • Near bones (attached to bones)
  • Voluntary
  • Gets tired easily
  • Quick reaction time
• Smooth muscles:
  • Involuntary
  • Found in esophagus, diaphragm, and bladder
  • Gets tired more slowly

Respiratory System Components

• Throat
• Mouth
• Trachea
• Lungs
• Bronchi
• Alveoli
• Intercostal muscles
• Pleural Membrane
• Rib Cage
• Diaphragm

Inhalation

• Diaphragm muscles contract and move downwards.
• External intercostal muscles contract.
• Ribcage moves upward and outward.
• Volume of the chest increases.
• Pressure in the chest decreases.
• Air pressure in the lungs is lower than atmospheric pressure.
• Air rushes into the lungs.
• Air composition contains oxygen.

Exhalation

• Diaphragm muscles relax and move upward.
• External intercostal muscles relax.
• Ribcage moves downward and inward.
• Volume of the chest decreases.
• Pressure in the chest increases.
• Air pressure in the lungs is higher than atmospheric pressure.
• Air rushes out of the lungs.
• Air composition contains carbon dioxide.

Gas Exchange in the Alveoli

• Inhaled air, containing oxygen, reaches the alveoli.
• Oxygen dissolves in the water lining the alveoli.
• Oxygen diffuses into the blood through the walls of the alveoli and capillaries.
• Red blood cells take up oxygen
• Deoxygenated blood from the body reaches the lungs.
• Carbon dioxide diffuses from blood capillaries into the alveoli to be exhaled.

Alveoli Adaptations

• Enables it to preform their functions
• Thin walls to allow efficient gas diffusion.
• Large number of alveoli create a large surface area for gas exchange.
• A layer of moisture allows gases to dissolve and diffuse.
• Surrounded by capillaries for effective gas exchange.

Respiratory Inhale/Exhale Cycle

• Inhale through the nose, trapping germs.
• Air moves down the trachea, through the bronchi and into the bronchioles.
• Alveoli receive oxygen, which passes into the blood.
• Oxygen-rich blood flows to the heart.
• The heart pumps oxygen-rich blood to the body.
• Blood picks up carbon dioxide from the body.
• The heart pumps carbon dioxide-rich blood to the lungs.
• Alveoli receive carbon dioxide from the blood.
• Carbon dioxide moves from bronchioles to bronchi up the trachea.
• Exhale carbon dioxide out of the nose and mouth.

Breathing Rate and Pattern: Factors

• Breathing was more regular before a match, but became more irregular during a match.
• Pressure increased, indicating stronger breaths.
• Controlled variables for the breathing rate experiment can include:
  • Resting time
  • Gender
  • Mass
  • Endurance to exercise

Inhalation Description

• Inhalation starts with the diaphragm, contracting and moving downward.
• Intercostal muscles contract, pulling the ribcage upward and outward.
• Chest cavity space increases which leads to atmospheric air flowing into the lungs, through the trachea, bronchi, and alveoli.
• Oxygen is then transferred into the bloodstream.
• Carbon dioxide diffuses from blood capillaries into the alveoli for exhalation.
• During exercise, the demand for oxygen increases due to aerobic respiration leading to a higher breathing rate.

Harmful chemicals in Tobacco

• Includes Nicotine, Tar, and Carbon Monoxide
  • Nicotine: increases heart rate and is addictive
  • Tar: Causes diseases such as lung cancer
  • Carbon Monoxide: Reduces the carrying capacity of oxygen in the blood

Nicotine affects

• Affects the nervous system and cardiovascular system, causing rise to blood pressure and release of adrenaline
• Affects the brain, which leads to the release of dopamine, creating withdrawals.

Mean rate of breath Calculations

• The mean rate of breathing at minute is the total birth per minute divided by the amount measured
• The resting time, gender,mass, and endurance to exercise are controlled variables in experiment

Prescription Drugs

• Are medications obtained with a written order from a licensed healthcare professional.
• Prescribed medication are need for the treating specific medical conditions and must be taken safely

Cocaine, Morphine and Heroin

• Are addictive drugs leading to tolerance, causing nervousness, lack of sleep, and paranoia
• Long term exposure to drug misuse can lead to high blood pressure, heart, kidney, lung damage, and depression

Gland Identification:

• Pituitary Gland: Located deep within the brain and controls the activity of other glands and grows you
• Thyroid Gland: Shaped like a bow tie or butterfly, found in one's neck. Helps produce hormones to stay energetic
• Pancreas Gland: Largest glands that produce insulin to enter glucose to the body cells. Works alongside the digestive system
• Adrenal Glands: Found as pairs on on top of each kidney. It helps trigger to act when you are in trouble or under stress

Types of Hormones and Glands

• Insulin and glucagon: Secreted by the pancreas to regulate blood sugar levels.
• Growth hormone: Secreted by the pituitary gland to coordinate growth and development.
• Adrenaline: Secreted by the adrenal gland to play a key role in the "fight-or-flight" when stimulated during stressful situations.
• Testosterone: Secreted by the testes to regulate sperm production and physical changes in males.
• Progesterone and oestrogen: Secreted by the ovaries to regulate the female menstrual cycle and physical changes during puberty in females.
• Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) secreted by the pituitary: Regulates the egg cycle, stimulates egg growth, and controls sperm production.