Markering

Includes newspapers and magazines. Used before digital platforms became widespread. Companies relied on visually engaging ads and slogans to attract consumers.

Businesses sent promotional materials directly to potential customers via mail. Included catalogs, brochures, and postcards.

Companies engaged in face-to-face marketing at trade shows. Allowed businesses to establish personal connections with customers.

Assumes customers prefer affordable and widely available products. Focus on mass production and efficiency. Limited variety, emphasizing low-cost production.

Assumes customers prefer high-quality, innovative products. Focus on continuous product improvement.

Assumes customers need persuasion to buy products. Companies use aggressive selling strategies, advertising, and promotions. Emphasizes selling what is manufactured rather than market demand.

Builds strong connections between brands and customers. Helps brands retain loyal customers. Encourages long-term engagement and personalized interactions.

Involves businesses marketing goods and services to other businesses. Focuses on long-term relationships and large-scale transactions.

Aims to bring about social change and benefit communities. Integrates marketing tactics with social campaigns. Examples: Anti-smoking campaigns, environmental awareness initiatives.

Companies collaborate with charities for a social cause. Enhances brand image and customer loyalty.

Brands promote products through live events and experiences. Engages customers through face-to-face interactions.

Promotes products based on environmental benefits. Consumers prefer brands that are committed to sustainability.