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Questions and Answers
What is the primary purpose of knowing why a medication is prescribed?
What is the primary purpose of knowing why a medication is prescribed?
Which of the following best describes CNS stimulation effects?
Which of the following best describes CNS stimulation effects?
What should clients be advised against if CNS depression is expected?
What should clients be advised against if CNS depression is expected?
What is the primary dietary consideration for clients taking warfarin?
What is the primary dietary consideration for clients taking warfarin?
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Which of the following accurately represents anticholinergic effects?
Which of the following accurately represents anticholinergic effects?
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Which statement about medication side effects is true?
Which statement about medication side effects is true?
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Which pregnancy risk category indicates there is no evidence of risk to the fetus based on adequate studies?
Which pregnancy risk category indicates there is no evidence of risk to the fetus based on adequate studies?
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How can dry mouth, a common side effect, be effectively managed?
How can dry mouth, a common side effect, be effectively managed?
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What is the effect of grapefruit juice on medication metabolism?
What is the effect of grapefruit juice on medication metabolism?
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What should clients be advised regarding the intake of tetracycline and dairy products?
What should clients be advised regarding the intake of tetracycline and dairy products?
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What type of medication effect is characterized as severe and unexpected?
What type of medication effect is characterized as severe and unexpected?
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Which pregnancy risk category is assigned to medications shown to have adverse effects on human fetuses?
Which pregnancy risk category is assigned to medications shown to have adverse effects on human fetuses?
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Which practice is essential for managing the adverse effects of medication?
Which practice is essential for managing the adverse effects of medication?
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What is the recommendation regarding food intake in relation to medication absorption?
What is the recommendation regarding food intake in relation to medication absorption?
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Which medication category indicates significant risk based on investigational data?
Which medication category indicates significant risk based on investigational data?
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What is the significance of studying animal fetuses when evaluating medication safety in pregnancy?
What is the significance of studying animal fetuses when evaluating medication safety in pregnancy?
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What should the nurse do after discovering that a client developed a rash from penicillin previously?
What should the nurse do after discovering that a client developed a rash from penicillin previously?
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Which medication interaction should a nurse be aware of when a client is taking both oral oxycodone and ibuprofen?
Which medication interaction should a nurse be aware of when a client is taking both oral oxycodone and ibuprofen?
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Which system is affected by permanent extrapyramidal effects from a previous medication in the client?
Which system is affected by permanent extrapyramidal effects from a previous medication in the client?
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What complication should a nurse monitor in a client with a prosthetic heart valve taking warfarin?
What complication should a nurse monitor in a client with a prosthetic heart valve taking warfarin?
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A nurse is preparing a medication for a client who has a known penicillin allergy. What would be the safest alternative to administer?
A nurse is preparing a medication for a client who has a known penicillin allergy. What would be the safest alternative to administer?
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Which finding may indicate a potential adverse reaction to ibuprofen when combined with oxycodone?
Which finding may indicate a potential adverse reaction to ibuprofen when combined with oxycodone?
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What is the appropriate action if a patient with a prosthetic heart valve is not consistently compliant with their warfarin therapy?
What is the appropriate action if a patient with a prosthetic heart valve is not consistently compliant with their warfarin therapy?
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If a client takes oxycodone and experiences increased sedation, which of the following medications should be evaluated for interaction?
If a client takes oxycodone and experiences increased sedation, which of the following medications should be evaluated for interaction?
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Which adverse effect typically does not require a dose increase of medication?
Which adverse effect typically does not require a dose increase of medication?
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What should a client do to manage orthostatic hypotension when standing?
What should a client do to manage orthostatic hypotension when standing?
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Which class of medications can cause extrapyramidal effects?
Which class of medications can cause extrapyramidal effects?
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Which statement is true regarding the combination of oxycodone and ibuprofen?
Which statement is true regarding the combination of oxycodone and ibuprofen?
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Which of the following can lead to dizziness due to its side effects?
Which of the following can lead to dizziness due to its side effects?
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Which adverse effect is commonly associated with antihypertensive medications?
Which adverse effect is commonly associated with antihypertensive medications?
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What is the primary risk when combining oxycodone and ibuprofen?
What is the primary risk when combining oxycodone and ibuprofen?
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Why are extrapyramidal effects uncommon with gastrointestinal medications?
Why are extrapyramidal effects uncommon with gastrointestinal medications?
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What is the primary cause of nephrotoxicity in patients?
What is the primary cause of nephrotoxicity in patients?
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Which medication is most likely to require monitoring of blood creatinine and BUN for potential nephrotoxic effects?
Which medication is most likely to require monitoring of blood creatinine and BUN for potential nephrotoxic effects?
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What is a life-threatening reaction resulting from an allergic response to a medication?
What is a life-threatening reaction resulting from an allergic response to a medication?
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Which of the following manifestations is NOT associated with anaphylaxis?
Which of the following manifestations is NOT associated with anaphylaxis?
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Allergic asthma manifests in similar ways to which condition?
Allergic asthma manifests in similar ways to which condition?
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What triggers the immune response leading to hypersensitivity or allergy?
What triggers the immune response leading to hypersensitivity or allergy?
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Which symptom is commonly associated with anaphylaxis and indicates respiratory distress?
Which symptom is commonly associated with anaphylaxis and indicates respiratory distress?
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Which of the following corticosteroid treatments would be inappropriate for allergic asthma?
Which of the following corticosteroid treatments would be inappropriate for allergic asthma?
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Study Notes
Adverse Effects
- Can occur with most medications
- Side effects occur when medication is given at a therapeutic dose
- Adverse effects are severe, undesired, inadvertent, and unexpected responses
- Classified by body systems
Central Nervous System Stimulation
- Can lead to CNS excitement or depression
- CNS stimulation can increase client risk of seizures
- CNS depression can impair activities like driving or operating machinery
Anticholinergic Effects
- Occur because of muscarinic receptor blockade
- These effects are most apparent in the eyes, smooth muscle, exocrine glands, and the heart
Managing Anticholinergic Effects
- It is crucial to manage these effects to minimize danger and discomfort for clients
- Dry mouth can be treated by sipping on liquids
- Photophobia can be managed using sunglasses
- Urinary retention can be reduced by urinating before taking the medication
Drug Interactions
- Warfarin can increase the risk of blood clots
- Tetracycline can be affected by chelating agents like milk, creating an insoluble, unabsorbable compound
- Grapefruit juice inhibits medication metabolism in the small bowel, increasing levels of some oral medications
- Food can decrease the rate of medication absorption
- Some foods increase the rate of medication absorption
Pregnancy Risk Categories
- Category A: No evidence of harm to fetus
- Category B: No evidence of harm to animal fetuses, but no adequate human studies
- Category C: Adverse effects demonstrated on animal fetuses, but use within pregnancy can be warranted
- Category D: Adverse effects have been demonstrated on human fetuses, but use can be warranted
- Category X: Adverse effects demonstrated on animal and human fetuses. Use during pregnancy is contraindicated
Nephrotoxicity
- Can happen due to several medications, especially antimicrobial and NSAIDs
- Damage to the kidneys can lead to medication accumulation and adverse effects
- Monitor blood creatinine and BUN for clients taking nephrotoxic drugs
- Some examples of nephrotoxic drugs are acyclovir, aminoglycosides, cyclosporine, NSAIDs, and amphotericin B
Hypersensitivity and Allergies
- These terms are used interchangeably
- Individuals develop an immune response to a medication
- The individual has been previously exposed to the medication and has developed antibodies
- Manifestations can involve the following systems:
- Cardiovascular
- Immune
- Central nervous
- Gastrointestinal
Anaphylaxis
- A severe, life-threatening systemic allergic reaction that occurs immediately
- Possible causes:
- Medication
- Dye
- Food
- Insect bit or sting
- Manifestations:
- Anxiety
- Weakness
- Generalized itching and hives that progress to erythema and angioedema
- Crackles
- Wheezing
- Decreased breath sounds
- Feeling of a lump in the throat
- Hoarseness
- Stridor
- Life-threatening respiratory failure
- Hypoxemia
- Hypotension
- Tachycardia
- Possible death
Allergic Asthma
- Also an immediate and serious reaction that can be fatal
- Involves the pulmonary system
- Results from an asthma response after exposure to an allergen
Treatment for Anaphylaxis and Allergic Asthma
- Use of corticosteroids, diphenhydramine, and epinephrine depending on the severity
- Monitor for reoccurrence after medications have worn off
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Description
Test your knowledge on the adverse effects of medications, including their classification by body systems, the impact on the central nervous system, and managing anticholinergic effects. This quiz covers key concepts regarding drug interactions and effective management strategies.
