Adverse Drug Reactions Overview
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Questions and Answers

What percentage of hospital admissions are attributed to adverse drug reactions (ADRs)?

  • 2-6% (correct)
  • 1-3%
  • 10-15%
  • 5-10%

    • Which type of adverse drug reaction is characterized as dose-related and related to pharmacology?

  • Delayed
  • Bizarre
  • Augmented (correct)
  • End of use

    • What is an example of a 'bizarre' adverse drug reaction?

  • NSAID induced renal failure
  • Addisonian crisis after steroid withdrawal
  • Carcinogenic effects
  • Malignant hyperthermia (correct)

    • Which term refers to a decreased response to the same dose of a drug over a long period?

    <p>Tolerance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What mechanism primarily leads to hyperreactivity in drug response?

    <p>Receptor up-regulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of adverse drug reaction is characterized by effects that can be seen only after some time post-drug use?

    <p>Delayed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a probable mechanism for decreased drug response?

    <p>Up-regulation of receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of drug reaction occurs due to withdrawal and is related to abrupt discontinuation?

    <p>End of use</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about tachyphylaxis is true?

    <p>It leads to decreased response to a drug quickly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of adverse reaction is an unwanted but expected response to a drug?

    <p>Side effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of augmented adverse drug reactions?

    <p>They are dose related and related to pharmacology.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes delayed adverse drug reactions?

    <p>They manifest only after some time following drug use, such as carcinogenic effects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mechanism is NOT associated with tolerance to drugs?

    <p>Up-regulation of receptors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes bizarre adverse drug reactions from other types?

    <p>They are unpredictable and unrelated to pharmacology.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of tachyphylaxis on drug response?

    <p>Rapid decline in drug response following repeated doses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions is an example of continuous or chronic adverse drug reaction?

    <p>Renal failure induced by long-term use of NSAIDs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one likely outcome of hypo-reactivity when a drug is administered?

    <p>Higher doses of the drug may be required to achieve the same effect.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of adverse drug reaction is associated with withdrawal from a medication?

    <p>End of use reactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs)

    • Undesirable responses to drug therapy
    • Account for approximately 2-6% of hospital admissions

    Types of ADRs

    • Augmented:
      • Dose related
      • Related to pharmacology (toxic effect or side effect)
      • Example: Digoxin toxicity
    • Bizarre:
      • Non-dose related,
      • Unrelated to pharmacology
      • Idiosyncratic: Malignant hyperthermia, or immunological reactions (e.g., penicillin rash)
    • Continuous or Chronic:
      • Dose and time related
      • Related to cumulative drug use
      • Example: NSAID induced renal failure
    • Delayed:
      • Delayed effect observed after drug use
      • Example: Carcinogenic & teratogenic effects
    • End of Use:
      • Withdrawal syndrome
      • Related to abrupt discontinuation
      • Example: Addisonian crisis after steroid withdrawal

    Variation in Drug Response

    • Hyporeactivity: Decreased response to a drug

      • Tolerance: Decreased response to the same dose, requiring higher doses for the same effect. Occurs over a long period.

      • Tachyphylaxis: Rapidly occurring tolerance.

      • Desensitization: Decreased response to the agonist after repeated small doses.

      • Possible Mechanisms:

        • Change in receptors
        • Loss of receptors
        • Exhaustion of mediators
        • Increased metabolic degradation
        • Physiological adaptation
    • Hyperreactivity: Increased responsiveness
      • Overshoot phenomena or intolerance
      • Mechanism: Up-regulation of receptors
        • Increase in the number of receptors on target cells
        • Makes cells more sensitive to the drug
      • Example: Propranolol

    Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs)

    • Undesirable responses to drug therapy
    • 2-6% of hospital admissions are due to ADRs
    • Adverse Reaction: Undesirable drug effect
    • Side Effect: An unwanted but expected response to a drug

    Types of ADRs

    • Augmented (A): Dose-related and related to pharmacology, often toxic effects or side effects (e.g., digoxin toxicity)
    • Bizarre (B): Non-dose related and unrelated to pharmacology, often idiosyncratic (e.g., malignant hyperthermia, penicillin rash)
    • Continuous or Chronic (C): Dose and time-related, related to cumulative drug use (e.g., NSAID-induced renal failure)
    • Delayed (D): Delayed effect, seen some time after drug use (e.g., carcinogenic & teratogenic effects)
    • End of Use (E): Withdrawal, related to abrupt discontinuation (e.g., Addisonian crisis after steroid withdrawal)

    Variation in Drug Response

    • Hyporeactivity: Decreased response to a drug
      • Tolerance: Decreased response to the same dose, requiring higher doses for the same effect. Occurs over a long period.
      • Tachyphylaxis: Rapidly occurring tolerance.
      • Desensitization: Decreased response after repeated small doses of an agonist.
      • Possible Mechanisms:
        • Change in receptors
        • Loss of receptors
        • Exhaustion of mediators
        • Increased metabolic degradation
        • Physiological adaptation
    • Hyperreactivity: Increased response to a drug (Overshoot phenomena or intolerance)
      • Mechanism: Up-regulation of receptors, making cells more sensitive to the drug (e.g., Propranolol)

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    Related Documents

    Adverse Drug Reactions PDF

    Description

    Explore the various types of Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs) and their implications in clinical practice. This quiz covers the definitions, examples, and variations in drug responses, equipping you with essential knowledge on this critical aspect of pharmacology.

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