Adverse Drug Reactions and Reporting
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Questions and Answers

Which diseases are included in the case surveillance for vaccine preventable diseases in Nepal?

  • Japanese encephalitis, Measles, Tetanus, Malaria
  • Poliomyelitis, Neonatal Tetanus, Cholera, Diphtheria
  • Measles, Rubella, Poliomyelitis, Japanese encephalitis (correct)
  • Measles, Tuberculosis, Rubella, Poliomyelitis

    • What type of samples are collected for the surveillance of vaccine preventable diseases?

  • Skin samples and tissue biopsies
  • Saliva samples and breath samples
  • Stool samples and CSF samples (correct)
  • Blood samples and urine samples

    • Who provides guidance for the collection of stool and CSF samples?

  • Nepalese Ministry of Health
  • World Health Organization (correct)
  • Family Welfare Division
  • Local health departments

    • What is the role of the Family Welfare Division in the surveillance of vaccine preventable diseases?

    <p>Collaborating with WHO for surveillance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Under what conditions should empiric antibiotics be prescribed for suspected bacterial infections?

    <p>There is a high risk of complications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is NOT covered under the Basic Health Services (BHS) concerning vaccine preventable diseases?

    <p>Public vaccination programs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first step when prescribing antibiotics?

    <p>Using first-line antibiotics first</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What year was the Standard Treatment Protocol for Basic Health Services package established?

    <p>2078</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done if the cause of the initial symptoms is found to be non-infectious?

    <p>Stop the antimicrobials immediately</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following diseases is NOT classified under vaccine preventable diseases according to the provided content?

    <p>Hepatitis B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What information must be clearly included in a prescription?

    <p>Patient's details, therapy, and prescriber information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the surveillance of vaccine preventable diseases aim to achieve?

    <p>Monitor and control outbreaks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done after starting antimicrobial treatment?

    <p>Reassess the patient after 48 hours of antibiotic use</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the essential aspects a prescription should include?

    <p>Patient details, therapy, and prescriber information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How should antimicrobial doses be managed?

    <p>Using full therapeutic doses and monitoring carefully</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What testing should be used to determine the appropriate antibiotic whenever possible?

    <p>Diagnostic tests like culture and sensitivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which color-coded bucket is used for non-risk biodegradable waste?

    <p>Green</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of waste management?

    <p>To protect the environment and public health</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following types of waste is classified as risk health care waste?

    <p>Syringes and bandages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of waste does the yellow bucket specifically classify?

    <p>Chemical waste</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which step is NOT considered essential for proper waste management?

    <p>Burning waste</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of waste includes materials like needles and blades?

    <p>Sharp waste</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What color-coded bucket should be used for recyclable plastics and metals?

    <p>Blue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a goal of proper waste segregation?

    <p>To ensure safe disposal and treatment of waste</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the concentration of Adrenaline in the solution mentioned?

    <p>1:1000 Solution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect of health services is characterized by preventive measures?

    <p>Preventive and Promotive Health Services</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is indicated as a special case in the treatment protocol for hyporesponsive episodes?

    <p>Adrenaline administration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a condition addressed within the standard treatment protocol?

    <p>Diabetic emergencies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does adrenaline play in the treatment protocol?

    <p>It is a first-line treatment for respiratory distress.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of Basic Health Services (BHS) in the standard treatment protocol?

    <p>Maintenance of general health</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment protocol is aimed specifically at hypotonic and hyporesponsive episodes?

    <p>Adrenaline treatment protocol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the acronym P=O{=Pkm=cfO{= represent in the context of the treatment protocol?

    <p>A specific treatment regimen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the abbreviation 'BLS' stand for in health protocols?

    <p>Basic Life Support</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term refers to the maximum amount of air that can be exhaled after a maximal inhalation?

    <p>Vital Capacity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of 'IMNCI' in healthcare services?

    <p>Integrated management of neonatal and childhood illnesses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which abbreviation corresponds to 'Medical Abortion'?

    <p>MA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'CPR' stand for?

    <p>Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following represents 'Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome'?

    <p>AIDS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'EPI' denote in the context of health services?

    <p>Expanded Program on Immunization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is indicated by 'SARI' in public health terminology?

    <p>Severe Acute Respiratory Infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term is used to refer to the measurement of Haemoglobin?

    <p>Hb</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the abbreviation 'HPV' refer to?

    <p>Human Papilloma Virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'PMTCT' stand for in maternal and child health?

    <p>Prevention of Mother-to-child Transmission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the correct meaning of 'NSV'?

    <p>No-scalpel Vasectomy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'UTI' stand for in medical terminology?

    <p>Urinary Tract Infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term corresponds to the abbreviation 'CVD'?

    <p>Cardiovascular Disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs)

    • ADRs are unintended, harmful reactions to medication affecting patient safety and treatment efficacy.
    • Monitoring and reporting ADRs are crucial for improving drug safety.

    Standard Treatment Protocol (STP)

    • STP provides guidelines for Basic Health Services (BHS) to ensure effective and uniform treatment delivery.
    • Includes detailed procedures for prescribing, treatment, waste management, and patient care.

    Abbreviations

    • Various relevant medical abbreviations are included, enhancing clarity in communication (e.g., ADR for Adverse Drug Reaction, CPR for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation).

    Algorithms and Charts

    • Pediatric and adult cardiac arrest algorithms guide emergency procedures for cardiac events.
    • BMI charts for children and adolescents (ages 5-19) help assess growth and nutritional status.

    Prescription Guidelines

    • Prescriptions must contain the patient's details, therapy information, and prescriber identification.
    • Special instructions for medication (e.g., dosage timing) should be clear to avoid misuse.

    Antibiotic Stewardship

    • Emphasizes the responsible use of antibiotics:
      • Use first-line antibiotics first.
      • Start with full therapeutic doses and reassess after 48 hours.
      • Implement diagnostic tests to guide treatment.

    Waste Management

    • Clear strategies are outlined for managing healthcare waste to prevent environmental and health risks.
    • Waste segregation is categorized into:
      • Green: Non-risk biodegradable waste.
      • Blue: Non-risk recyclable waste.
      • Red: Infectious and pathological waste.
      • Yellow: Chemical waste.

    People-Centred Care

    • Focus on effective communication and rational prescribing principles to enhance patient outcomes.
    • Importance of understanding individual patient needs in therapy and follow-up care.

    Key Clinical Guidelines

    • Immediate treatment of conditions like Acute Encephalitic Syndrome (AES) and Acute Flaccid Paralysis (AFP) is critical.
    • Use of standardized protocols to manage non-communicable diseases such as Diabetes Mellitus (DM) and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD).

    Emergency Care Protocols

    • Protocols for urgent care address various emergencies, ensuring timely and appropriate responses, especially for maternal and neonatal cases.

    Infection Control Measures

    • Implementing effective protocols for infection prevention and control is essential in healthcare settings to combat hospital-acquired infections.

    Health Data Management

    • Emphasizes accurate record-keeping and data management (HMIS) to enhance service delivery and patient tracking.

    Education and Communication

    • The role of Information, Education, and Communication (IEC) strategies in facilitating patient understanding and engagement in their healthcare.### Standard Treatment Protocol (STP) Overview
    • Implementation of the STP aims to enhance basic health service (BHS) packages in Nepal.
    • Emphasizes standardized care to improve healthcare outcomes and reduce variability in treatment.

    Case Surveillance for Vaccine Preventable Diseases (VPD)

    • Surveillance coordinated by WHO’s Immunization Preventable Diseases (IPD) program in partnership with the Family Welfare Division (FWD).
    • Focus on tracking and monitoring vaccine-preventable diseases:
      • Measles
      • Rubella
      • Poliomyelitis
      • Japanese Encephalitis
      • Neonatal Tetanus
    • Collection of stool samples, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and serum is performed under WHO guidance.
    • These surveillance activities are not covered within the basic health services framework.

    Key Focus Areas for VPD Surveillance

    • Early detection and response to outbreaks of listed diseases.
    • Promotion of immunization programs to prevent the spread of these diseases.
    • Strengthening laboratory capacity to assist in disease diagnosis and confirmation.

    Importance of Surveillance

    • Enhances public health response and policy-making based on real-time data.
    • Ensures accurate understanding of disease prevalence and vaccination coverage.

    Collaborative Efforts

    • Strengthened partnership between national health authorities and international organizations.
    • Promotes capacity-building and technical support for local health workers in disease monitoring.

    Future Directions

    • Continuous assessment and refinement of vaccination strategies.
    • Integration of surveillance data into broader health initiatives for improved health service delivery.

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    Description

    This quiz covers key aspects of adverse drug reactions (ADRs), including prevention strategies and the proper reporting of ADRs. Included are essential algorithms for pediatric and adult cardiac arrest scenarios. Test your knowledge on how to effectively manage and report ADRs.

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