Adverse Drug Reactions and Reporting

Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs)

• ADRs are unintended, harmful reactions to medication affecting patient safety and treatment efficacy.
• Monitoring and reporting ADRs are crucial for improving drug safety.

Standard Treatment Protocol (STP)

• STP provides guidelines for Basic Health Services (BHS) to ensure effective and uniform treatment delivery.
• Includes detailed procedures for prescribing, treatment, waste management, and patient care.

Abbreviations

• Various relevant medical abbreviations are included, enhancing clarity in communication (e.g., ADR for Adverse Drug Reaction, CPR for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation).

Algorithms and Charts

• Pediatric and adult cardiac arrest algorithms guide emergency procedures for cardiac events.
• BMI charts for children and adolescents (ages 5-19) help assess growth and nutritional status.

Prescription Guidelines

• Prescriptions must contain the patient's details, therapy information, and prescriber identification.
• Special instructions for medication (e.g., dosage timing) should be clear to avoid misuse.

Antibiotic Stewardship

• Emphasizes the responsible use of antibiotics:
  • Use first-line antibiotics first.
  • Start with full therapeutic doses and reassess after 48 hours.
  • Implement diagnostic tests to guide treatment.

Waste Management

• Clear strategies are outlined for managing healthcare waste to prevent environmental and health risks.
• Waste segregation is categorized into:
  • Green: Non-risk biodegradable waste.
  • Blue: Non-risk recyclable waste.
  • Red: Infectious and pathological waste.
  • Yellow: Chemical waste.

People-Centred Care

• Focus on effective communication and rational prescribing principles to enhance patient outcomes.
• Importance of understanding individual patient needs in therapy and follow-up care.

Key Clinical Guidelines

• Immediate treatment of conditions like Acute Encephalitic Syndrome (AES) and Acute Flaccid Paralysis (AFP) is critical.
• Use of standardized protocols to manage non-communicable diseases such as Diabetes Mellitus (DM) and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD).

Emergency Care Protocols

• Protocols for urgent care address various emergencies, ensuring timely and appropriate responses, especially for maternal and neonatal cases.

Infection Control Measures

• Implementing effective protocols for infection prevention and control is essential in healthcare settings to combat hospital-acquired infections.

Health Data Management

• Emphasizes accurate record-keeping and data management (HMIS) to enhance service delivery and patient tracking.

Education and Communication

• The role of Information, Education, and Communication (IEC) strategies in facilitating patient understanding and engagement in their healthcare.### Standard Treatment Protocol (STP) Overview
• Implementation of the STP aims to enhance basic health service (BHS) packages in Nepal.
• Emphasizes standardized care to improve healthcare outcomes and reduce variability in treatment.

Case Surveillance for Vaccine Preventable Diseases (VPD)

• Surveillance coordinated by WHO’s Immunization Preventable Diseases (IPD) program in partnership with the Family Welfare Division (FWD).
• Focus on tracking and monitoring vaccine-preventable diseases:
  • Measles
  • Rubella
  • Poliomyelitis
  • Japanese Encephalitis
  • Neonatal Tetanus
• Collection of stool samples, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and serum is performed under WHO guidance.
• These surveillance activities are not covered within the basic health services framework.

Key Focus Areas for VPD Surveillance

• Early detection and response to outbreaks of listed diseases.
• Promotion of immunization programs to prevent the spread of these diseases.
• Strengthening laboratory capacity to assist in disease diagnosis and confirmation.

Importance of Surveillance

• Enhances public health response and policy-making based on real-time data.
• Ensures accurate understanding of disease prevalence and vaccination coverage.

Collaborative Efforts

• Strengthened partnership between national health authorities and international organizations.
• Promotes capacity-building and technical support for local health workers in disease monitoring.

Future Directions

• Continuous assessment and refinement of vaccination strategies.
• Integration of surveillance data into broader health initiatives for improved health service delivery.

This quiz covers key aspects of adverse drug reactions (ADRs), including prevention strategies and the proper reporting of ADRs. Included are essential algorithms for pediatric and adult cardiac arrest scenarios. Test your knowledge on how to effectively manage and report ADRs.