Advent of Europeans in India

• Treaty of Tordesillas divided the world into Portuguese (East) and Spanish (West) zones

Portuguese

• In 1498, Vasco da Gama, a Portuguese explorer, reached Calicut, India
• He was welcomed by Zamorin, the ruler of Calicut at the time
• Vasco da Gama discovered the sea route to India
• Francisco de Almeida was the first Portuguese Viceroy of India
• He implemented the Blue Water Policy (Cartaz system), a trade license system
• The Cartaz system was used to control trade in the Indian Ocean
• Alfonso de Albuquerque captured Goa in 1510 and abolished Sati
• Nuno da Cunha (Portuguese Governor) moved the capital from Cochin to Goa in 1530
• The Marathas captured two Portuguese territories, Salsette and Bassein, by 1739
• The Portuguese introduced tobacco and cashew nuts to India

Dutch

• The Dutch people were from the Netherlands
• Their first factory was in Masulipatnam in 1605, now in Andhra Pradesh

English/Britishers

• The East India Company was established in 1599
• In 1600, it received a Royal Charter from Queen Elizabeth I to trade in India
• William Hawkins appeased Jahangir
• In 1611, the first factory was established at Masulipatnam (temporary)
• In 1613, the first permanent factory was established at Surat
• Thomas Roe visited Jahangir's court in 1615 to obtain trading rights
• The first factory at Tranquebar (Tamil Nadu) was established in 1620

French

• In 1668, the first factory at Surat was established

Expansion of Britishers

• The British eliminated the Dutch in the Battle of Chinsurah/Bedara/Hooghly in 1759
• The Dutch were defeated on the banks of Hooghly
• The British defeated the Portuguese in the Battle of Swalley/Suvali in Surat in 1612
• In 1741, the Battle of Colachel was fought between Marthanda Verma (King of Travancore) and the Dutch East India Company

Carnatic Wars

• The Carnatic Wars were fought between the British and the French
• There were three Carnatic Wars
• The First Carnatic War was an extension of the Anglo-French War, caused by the Austrian War of Succession
• It started in 1744
• It ended in 1748 with the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle Dupleix, a French governor-general, played a major role in the Carnatic Wars
• The war was won by the French
• The Second Carnatic War started with the Battle of Ambur
• It started in 1749
• It ended in 1754 with the Treaty of Pondicherry
• The British won
• The Third Carnatic War, also known as the Battle of Wandiwash, took place in 1760
• It started in 1756
• The British won
• It ended in 1763 with the Treaty of Paris
• British forces were led by Eyre Coote
• French forces were led by Comte de Lally

Bengal

• The first Nawab of Bengal was Murshid Quli Khan
• In 1717, Farrukhsiyar granted the British permission to trade without paying taxes
• This was formalized through the issuance of the Golden Farman (Magna Carta of trade)
• This allowed them to pay an annual payment of 3000 and issue Dastaks themselves
• Murshid Quli Khan was followed by Ali Wardi Khan, who died in 1756
• Then Siraj-Ud-Daulah became Nawab at the age of 23
• This led to the Black Hole Tragedy of Calcutta, where captured Britishers were imprisoned in a tiny cell and suffocated to death
• Black Hole Tragedy took place where Palash trees grow the most
• In 1757, the Battle of Plassey in Bengal confirmed the formal beginning of the British Empire in India
• Siraj-Ud-Daulah was killed, by forces led by Mir Madan
• British forces in the Battle of Plassey were led by Robert Clive
• Battle of Plassey led to Mir Jafar ascending to the throne
• Then Mughal Governor: Alamgir II
• Subsequently, Mir Qasim shifted the capital from Murshidabad to Munger and ended the Dastaks
• The combined forces of Shuja-Ud-Daula, Mir Qasim, and Shah Alam II led to the Battle of Buxar in 1764
• Diwani was responsible for revenue collection and was given to the British
• Nizamat was responsible for administration and was given to the Nawab
• The British won the Battle of Buxar in 1764 in Bihar
• The British victory led to Shah Alam II and Shuja-ud-Daulah signing the Allahabad Treaty in 1765
• Mir Jafar was made the Nawab again
• British forces were led by Hector Munro
• The Britishers controlled the Dual Government
• Dual Government was enforced
• Enforced Diwani and Nizamat - The functions separated
• Shah Alam II was given Dual Government

Mysore

• The Wodeyar Dynasty was in power
• Hyder Ali took the throne
• Hyder Ali favored alliance with the French
• Alliance with Marathas + Nizam of Hyderabad
• The First Anglo Mysore War, from 1767-69 ended with the Treaty of Madras
• Mysore Kingdom won
• The Second Anglo Mysore War was from 1780-84
• Hyder Ali died of cancer
• His son, Tipu Sultan, took the throne
• The war concluded with the Treaty of Mangalore; the British withdrew themselves in the signing of the treaty
• The Third Anglo Mysore War was from 1790-92
• It resulted in the defeat of Tipu Sultan, with the capital at Seringapatam
• The Treaty of Seringapatam (1792) was signed to end the Third Anglo Mysore War
• Heavy fines were imposed, and his two sons were captured as hostages
• The Fourth Anglo Mysore War occurred from 1798-99
• Death of Tipu Sultan
• After Tipu Sultan's death, a Puppet ruler was instated, who signed the Subsidiary Alliance
• The Subsidiary Alliance
• First brought by Dupleix, a French Governor General, in 1798 and first used by Wellesley
• Adopted by:
• Hyderabad (1st state): 1798
• Mysore: 1799
• Tanjore: 1799
• Awadh: 1801
• Peshawar: 1802

Marathas

• 1st war was from 1775-82
• 2nd war was from 1803-05
• 3rd war was from 1817-18

Punjab

• Maharaja Ranjit Singh came from the Sukerchakia Misl (one of the 12 Sikh Misls)
• There was an alliance between Britishers and Maharaja Ranjit Singh
• Maharaja Ranjit Singh's death occurred in 1839
• Treaty of Amritsar, 1809
• Sutlej river was declared as boundary
• The First Anglo Sikh War: 1845 and The Second Anglo Sikh War: 1848
• Governor General of India: Dalhousie
• Lahore was the capital
• Treaty of Lahore (Lahore was the capital) and Treaty of Bhairowal signed
• Duleep Singh captured and Kohinoor diamond stolen away
• Meaning: Light of Mountains
• The Battle of Aliwal (1846) was part of the 1st Anglo Sikh War

Afghans

• 1st War (1839-42)
• John Lawrence (Governor General) implemented the Policy of Masterly Inactivity
• 2nd (1879-80)
• Treaty of Gandamak signed (During Lytton as Viceroy)
• 3rd: 1919
• Sindh was acquired in 1843