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Questions and Answers
What is a primary advantage of sexual reproduction in wild plants?
What is a primary advantage of sexual reproduction in wild plants?
- Reduces energy expenditure
- Requires only one parent
- Promotes genetic uniformity
- Allows for adaptation to new environments (correct)
Which of the following is a disadvantage of sexual reproduction?
Which of the following is a disadvantage of sexual reproduction?
- Promotes speciation
- Increases population rapidly
- Enhances genetic variability
- Requires energy-intensive processes (correct)
What process occurs when pollen grains from one flower are transferred to the stigma of another flower of the same species?
What process occurs when pollen grains from one flower are transferred to the stigma of another flower of the same species?
- Self-pollination
- Apomixis
- Cross-pollination (correct)
- Clonal reproduction
What is the role of the stigma in a flower?
What is the role of the stigma in a flower?
Which part of a flower is responsible for producing male gametes?
Which part of a flower is responsible for producing male gametes?
What is a significant difference between self-pollination and cross-pollination?
What is a significant difference between self-pollination and cross-pollination?
How does sexual reproduction contribute to evolution in wild plants?
How does sexual reproduction contribute to evolution in wild plants?
What is a drawback of self-pollination in plants?
What is a drawback of self-pollination in plants?
What is the primary advantage of using a pyramid of biomass over a pyramid of numbers in representing a food chain?
What is the primary advantage of using a pyramid of biomass over a pyramid of numbers in representing a food chain?
Why is energy transfer between trophic levels often inefficient?
Why is energy transfer between trophic levels often inefficient?
What does a pyramid of energy show that other pyramids do not?
What does a pyramid of energy show that other pyramids do not?
What is the maximum number of trophic levels typically found in a food chain?
What is the maximum number of trophic levels typically found in a food chain?
What process converts nitrogen from the air into ammonia?
What process converts nitrogen from the air into ammonia?
In the nitrogen cycle, how do plants utilize nitrate ions?
In the nitrogen cycle, how do plants utilize nitrate ions?
What percentage of energy is typically transferred from one trophic level to the next?
What percentage of energy is typically transferred from one trophic level to the next?
Which characteristic describes a pyramid of biomass?
Which characteristic describes a pyramid of biomass?
How does plastic affect photosynthesis in land plants?
How does plastic affect photosynthesis in land plants?
What is a direct consequence of increased levels of methane and carbon dioxide in the atmosphere?
What is a direct consequence of increased levels of methane and carbon dioxide in the atmosphere?
What is eutrophication primarily caused by?
What is eutrophication primarily caused by?
Which of the following best describes a sustainable resource?
Which of the following best describes a sustainable resource?
What effect does plastic have on organisms that depend on dissolved oxygen in water?
What effect does plastic have on organisms that depend on dissolved oxygen in water?
What happens to the diameter of the pupil when light intensity increases?
What happens to the diameter of the pupil when light intensity increases?
Which cells in the retina are responsible for color vision?
Which cells in the retina are responsible for color vision?
Which gland secretes insulin?
Which gland secretes insulin?
What is the primary effect of adrenaline on the heart rate?
What is the primary effect of adrenaline on the heart rate?
Which muscles control the amount of light entering the eye?
Which muscles control the amount of light entering the eye?
What describes the state of the ciliary muscles when focusing on a distant object?
What describes the state of the ciliary muscles when focusing on a distant object?
How does the speed of the nervous system's action compare to that of the hormonal control system?
How does the speed of the nervous system's action compare to that of the hormonal control system?
Where are rod cells primarily located in the retina?
Where are rod cells primarily located in the retina?
Which of the following is NOT a contributing factor to the endangerment of species?
Which of the following is NOT a contributing factor to the endangerment of species?
What is one method of conserving endangered species mentioned in the content?
What is one method of conserving endangered species mentioned in the content?
What is a potential consequence of overconsumption by humans?
What is a potential consequence of overconsumption by humans?
Which practice can help prevent overfishing?
Which practice can help prevent overfishing?
What does educating the public about sustainability aim to address?
What does educating the public about sustainability aim to address?
Which of the following factors could complicate the breeding of endangered species in captivity?
Which of the following factors could complicate the breeding of endangered species in captivity?
What measure is effective in managing habitats of endangered species?
What measure is effective in managing habitats of endangered species?
What is a primary goal of seed banks in conservation efforts?
What is a primary goal of seed banks in conservation efforts?
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Study Notes
Advantages and Disadvantages of Sexual Reproduction
- Increases or maintains population diversity in wild plants.
- Facilitates genetic variation, promoting adaptation to changing environments.
- Supports natural selection and evolution, leading to the formation of new species.
- Enables expression of recessive traits in offspring.
- Allows for selective breeding in crop plants.
- Slow reproductive process compared to asexual methods.
- Requires significant energy expenditure.
- Dependence on two parents for reproduction.
Function of Parts of a Flower
- Sepals: Protect the flower bud.
- Petals: Brightly colored to attract pollinators like insects.
- Stamen: Male reproductive part, includes filament and anther that produces pollen (male gametes).
- Carpel: Female reproductive part, contains ovary with ovules (female gametes), stigmatic style for pollen grain capture.
- Pollination Types:
- Self-pollination: Pollen from the same flower or plant; leads to less variation.
- Cross-pollination: Pollen from different plants of the same species; enhances genetic diversity and adaptability.
Eye Anatomy and Function
- Cornea: Refracts light entering the eye.
- Iris: Regulates light entering through the pupil.
- Lens: Focuses light onto the retina.
- Retina: Contains photoreceptors; responsible for detecting light and color.
- Optic Nerve: Transmits visual information to the brain.
- The pupil adjusts size based on light intensity; circular and radial muscles act antagonistically for focus and light control.
Nervous System vs. Hormonal System
- Nervous system responses are faster than hormonal responses.
- Hormonal effects can last longer than those induced by the nervous system.
- Adrenaline: Increases heart rate, breathing rate, pupil diameter, and blood glucose levels.
Ecological Concepts
- Decomposers feed on dead organic matter, recycling nutrients in ecosystems.
- Pyramid of Biomass: Provides a clearer representation of food availability and energy within a food chain compared to the pyramid of numbers.
- Pyramid of Energy: Shows annual energy flow between trophic levels, highlighting inefficiencies and energy loss (e.g., through respiration and waste).
- Energy transfer between trophic levels is inefficient; typically, only about 10% is available for the next level.
Carbon Cycle
- Not explicitly covered; refer to general knowledge.
Nitrogen Cycle
- Nitrogen Fixation: Conversion of atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia by lightning or bacteria.
- Nitrification: Ammonia is converted to nitrate ions by nitrifying bacteria, taken up by plants to synthesize proteins.
Environmental Issues
- Plastic pollution impacts habitats, hindering plant growth and photosynthesis, causing visual pollution.
- Greenhouse gases (methane, carbon dioxide) trap heat, leading to global warming and climate change.
- Eutrophication: Excess nutrients increase producer growth, leading to oxygen depletion and death of aquatic organisms.
Sustainable Resource Management
- Sustainable resources are harvested at a rate equal to their replenishment.
- Importance of conserving forests and fish stocks to prevent depletion.
Threats to Biodiversity
- Overfishing, habitat destruction, pollution, and climate change negatively affect ecosystems.
- Endangered species face challenges such as slow reproduction rates, poaching, and lack of resources.
Conservation Strategies
- Monitoring and protection of species and their habitats.
- Education, captive breeding programs, and seed banks to support endangered species.
- Strategies to prevent overfishing include public awareness, demand reduction, and legal regulations.
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