23 Questions
What is the purpose of instrumental analysis in the chemical evaluation of plant material?
To identify phytoconstituents using chromatographic and spectroscopic methods
What color does Mayer reagent give when it reacts with alkaloids?
White
Which chemical test is used to identify tannins in plant material?
FeCl3 test
What does quantitative chemical tests (chemical assays) include in the evaluation of plant material?
Assays for alkaloids, glycosides, volatile oils, vitamins, or other constituents
What is the term for a herb (drug) that does not conform to official standards?
Inferior herb
What type of adulteration results from incorrect storage, leading to impaired or destroyed medicinal value of herbs?
Spoilage
Which type of adulteration may result from the collection of herbs by unskilled workers?
Admixture
What is the term for substituting a required drug with different materials that lack medicinal activities?
Sophistication
What is the main purpose of evaluating crude drugs?
To identify the biochemical variation in the drugs
What is organoleptic evaluation mainly concerned with?
Methods of analysis like color, odor, taste, size, shape, touch, and texture
In which type of adulteration is the original drug substituted using an inferior drug that may be similar in morphological characters, active constituents, or therapeutic activity?
Substitution
What is the purpose of microscopic evaluation in the identification of plant herbs?
Analyzing characteristic tissue structures
What is the main purpose of organoleptic evaluation in the evaluation of crude drugs?
To study the drugs based on color, odor, taste, and other sensory characteristics
Which method of evaluation involves identifying small fragments of crude or powdered herb and detecting adulterants?
Microscopic evaluation
What type of adulteration occurs when the original drug is substituted with an inferior drug that is similar in morphological characters or therapeutic activity?
Substitution adulteration
What are the main reasons behind the need for the evaluation of crude drugs?
Stability of active compounds and product purity
What is the purpose of biological evaluation in the assessment of plant material?
To determine the pharmacological activity, potency, and toxicity
What are the main methods used in microbiological assays to determine the effects of drugs?
Disk diffusion method and turbidimetric method
What type of data can be obtained through physical evaluation in crude drug assessment?
Fiber content, melting point, and refractive index
What is the main purpose of chromatographic methods in the chemical evaluation of plant material?
To analyze the chemical groups of phytoconstituents
What is the purpose of instrumental analysis in the chemical evaluation of plant material?
To analyze the chemical groups of phytoconstituents
Which type of chemical evaluation test is used for quantitative assessment of alkaloids, glycosides, volatile oils, and other constituents?
Quantitative chemical tests (chemical assays)
What does FeCl3 indicate when it reacts with tannins during qualitative chemical tests?
Green or blue color
Study Notes
Chemical Evaluation of Plant Material
- The purpose of instrumental analysis is to identify and quantify the chemical constituents of plant material.
Identification of Alkaloids
- Mayer reagent gives a yellow or orange color when it reacts with alkaloids.
Identification of Tannins
- Ferric chloride (FeCl3) test is used to identify tannins in plant material, which indicates with a green or blue-black color.
Quantitative Chemical Tests
- Quantitative chemical tests (chemical assays) in the evaluation of plant material include the measurement of alkaloids, glycosides, volatile oils, and other constituents.
Adulteration of Herbs
- A herb that does not conform to official standards is termed as "adulterated drug".
- Incorrect storage can lead to impaired or destroyed medicinal value of herbs, resulting in "deterioration" type of adulteration.
- Collection of herbs by unskilled workers can result in "admixture" type of adulteration.
- Substituting a required drug with different materials that lack medicinal activities is termed as "substitution" type of adulteration.
- Substituting the original drug with an inferior drug that may be similar in morphological characters, active constituents, or therapeutic activity is termed as "substitution" type of adulteration.
Evaluation of Crude Drugs
- The main purpose of evaluating crude drugs is to determine their quality, purity, and potency.
- Organoleptic evaluation is mainly concerned with the sensory evaluation of crude drugs, including their appearance, color, odor, taste, and texture.
Microscopic Evaluation
- The purpose of microscopic evaluation in the identification of plant herbs is to study the morphology of plant cells, tissues, and organs.
Powdered Herbal Evaluation
- The method of evaluation that involves identifying small fragments of crude or powdered herb and detecting adulterants is called "powdered herbal evaluation".
Biological Evaluation
- The purpose of biological evaluation in the assessment of plant material is to determine the biological effects of the drug on living organisms.
- The main methods used in microbiological assays to determine the effects of drugs include agar diffusion, broth dilution, and bioautography.
Physical Evaluation
- Physical evaluation in crude drug assessment can provide data on physical properties such as weight, volume, density, and surface area.
Chromatographic Methods
- The main purpose of chromatographic methods in the chemical evaluation of plant material is to separate, identify, and quantify the chemical constituents of plant material.
Learn about the different types and methods of adulteration of crude drugs, and how to evaluate them based on official standards. Understand the impact of inferiority and other forms of adulteration on the quality of herbs and drugs produced.
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