Adulteration of Crude Drugs: Methods and Evaluation
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Questions and Answers

What is the purpose of instrumental analysis in the chemical evaluation of plant material?

  • To perform quantitative chemical tests for volatile oils and vitamins
  • To analyze the cell content including starch grains and oil drops
  • To conduct qualitative chemical tests for alkaloids and glycosides
  • To identify phytoconstituents using chromatographic and spectroscopic methods (correct)

What color does Mayer reagent give when it reacts with alkaloids?

  • Blue
  • White (correct)
  • Green
  • Orange

Which chemical test is used to identify tannins in plant material?

  • Chromatographic analysis
  • Dragendroff reagent test
  • Mayer reagent test
  • FeCl3 test (correct)

What does quantitative chemical tests (chemical assays) include in the evaluation of plant material?

<p>Assays for alkaloids, glycosides, volatile oils, vitamins, or other constituents (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a herb (drug) that does not conform to official standards?

<p>Inferior herb (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of adulteration results from incorrect storage, leading to impaired or destroyed medicinal value of herbs?

<p>Spoilage (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of adulteration may result from the collection of herbs by unskilled workers?

<p>Admixture (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for substituting a required drug with different materials that lack medicinal activities?

<p>Sophistication (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of evaluating crude drugs?

<p>To identify the biochemical variation in the drugs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is organoleptic evaluation mainly concerned with?

<p>Methods of analysis like color, odor, taste, size, shape, touch, and texture (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which type of adulteration is the original drug substituted using an inferior drug that may be similar in morphological characters, active constituents, or therapeutic activity?

<p>Substitution (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of microscopic evaluation in the identification of plant herbs?

<p>Analyzing characteristic tissue structures (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of organoleptic evaluation in the evaluation of crude drugs?

<p>To study the drugs based on color, odor, taste, and other sensory characteristics (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method of evaluation involves identifying small fragments of crude or powdered herb and detecting adulterants?

<p>Microscopic evaluation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of adulteration occurs when the original drug is substituted with an inferior drug that is similar in morphological characters or therapeutic activity?

<p>Substitution adulteration (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the main reasons behind the need for the evaluation of crude drugs?

<p>Stability of active compounds and product purity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of biological evaluation in the assessment of plant material?

<p>To determine the pharmacological activity, potency, and toxicity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the main methods used in microbiological assays to determine the effects of drugs?

<p>Disk diffusion method and turbidimetric method (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of data can be obtained through physical evaluation in crude drug assessment?

<p>Fiber content, melting point, and refractive index (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of chromatographic methods in the chemical evaluation of plant material?

<p>To analyze the chemical groups of phytoconstituents (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of instrumental analysis in the chemical evaluation of plant material?

<p>To analyze the chemical groups of phytoconstituents (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of chemical evaluation test is used for quantitative assessment of alkaloids, glycosides, volatile oils, and other constituents?

<p>Quantitative chemical tests (chemical assays) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does FeCl3 indicate when it reacts with tannins during qualitative chemical tests?

<p>Green or blue color (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What is the purpose of instrumental analysis in plant material evaluation?

The process of identifying and quantifying the chemical components within plant materials.

What is the Mayer reagent test used for?

A chemical test that uses Mayer reagent to detect alkaloids in plant samples, resulting in a yellow or orange color.

How are tannins identified in plant samples?

Ferric chloride (FeCl3) is used to detect tannins in plant materials, producing a green or blue-black color.

What are quantitative chemical tests in plant material evaluation?

Tests that measure the amounts of specific plant constituents like alkaloids, glycosides, volatile oils, and other compounds.

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What is an 'adulterated drug' in herbal medicine?

A herb that doesn't meet official quality standards due to various factors.

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What is 'deterioration' type of adulteration?

A type of herb adulteration where incorrect storage degrades the medicinal value.

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What is 'admixture' type of adulteration?

A type of herb adulteration where unwanted materials get mixed into the herb during collection.

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What is 'substitution' type of adulteration?

A type of herb adulteration where a required drug is replaced with something lacking medicinal activity.

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What is 'substitution' type of adulteration in terms of appearance?

A type of herb adulteration where the original drug is replaced with an inferior alternative with similar appearance.

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What is the primary goal of evaluating crude drugs?

The evaluation of crude drugs aims to assess their quality, purity, and effectiveness.

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What is 'organoleptic evaluation'?

A method of evaluating crude drugs based on their sensory characteristics like appearance, color, odor, taste, and texture.

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How does microscopic evaluation aid in herb identification?

Microscopic evaluation helps in identifying plant herbs by examining the morphology of cells, tissues, and organs.

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What is 'powdered herbal evaluation'?

A method of herb evaluation where small fragments of crude or powdered herb are identified to detect adulterants.

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What is the purpose of 'biological evaluation' in plant material assessment?

Biological evaluation determines how a drug affects living organisms.

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What are the common methods employed in microbiological assays?

These assays are widely used to test the effects of drugs. These methods include agar diffusion, broth dilution, and bioautography.

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What does 'physical evaluation' involve in crude drug assessment?

Physical evaluation in crude drug assessment assesses properties like weight, volume, density, and surface area.

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What is the main purpose of chromatographic methods in evaluating plant material?

Chromatographic methods aim to separate, identify, and quantify the chemical constituents of plant material.

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What are alkaloids?

These are substances found in plants, typically with a bitter taste and medicinal properties.

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What are tannins?

These are naturally occurring plant compounds that have astringent properties and are often used in medicine.

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What are glycosides?

These are naturally occurring substances found in plants that have a wide range of medicinal properties.

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What are volatile oils?

These are volatile compounds found in plants that are often responsible for their distinctive scent and medicinal properties.

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What is "Organoleptic Evaluation"?

The practice of evaluating drug quality through sensory methods, like checking the herb's appearance, color, smell, taste, and texture.

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Study Notes

Chemical Evaluation of Plant Material

  • The purpose of instrumental analysis is to identify and quantify the chemical constituents of plant material.

Identification of Alkaloids

  • Mayer reagent gives a yellow or orange color when it reacts with alkaloids.

Identification of Tannins

  • Ferric chloride (FeCl3) test is used to identify tannins in plant material, which indicates with a green or blue-black color.

Quantitative Chemical Tests

  • Quantitative chemical tests (chemical assays) in the evaluation of plant material include the measurement of alkaloids, glycosides, volatile oils, and other constituents.

Adulteration of Herbs

  • A herb that does not conform to official standards is termed as "adulterated drug".
  • Incorrect storage can lead to impaired or destroyed medicinal value of herbs, resulting in "deterioration" type of adulteration.
  • Collection of herbs by unskilled workers can result in "admixture" type of adulteration.
  • Substituting a required drug with different materials that lack medicinal activities is termed as "substitution" type of adulteration.
  • Substituting the original drug with an inferior drug that may be similar in morphological characters, active constituents, or therapeutic activity is termed as "substitution" type of adulteration.

Evaluation of Crude Drugs

  • The main purpose of evaluating crude drugs is to determine their quality, purity, and potency.
  • Organoleptic evaluation is mainly concerned with the sensory evaluation of crude drugs, including their appearance, color, odor, taste, and texture.

Microscopic Evaluation

  • The purpose of microscopic evaluation in the identification of plant herbs is to study the morphology of plant cells, tissues, and organs.

Powdered Herbal Evaluation

  • The method of evaluation that involves identifying small fragments of crude or powdered herb and detecting adulterants is called "powdered herbal evaluation".

Biological Evaluation

  • The purpose of biological evaluation in the assessment of plant material is to determine the biological effects of the drug on living organisms.
  • The main methods used in microbiological assays to determine the effects of drugs include agar diffusion, broth dilution, and bioautography.

Physical Evaluation

  • Physical evaluation in crude drug assessment can provide data on physical properties such as weight, volume, density, and surface area.

Chromatographic Methods

  • The main purpose of chromatographic methods in the chemical evaluation of plant material is to separate, identify, and quantify the chemical constituents of plant material.

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Adulteration And Evaluation Lecture Notes PDF

Description

Learn about the different types and methods of adulteration of crude drugs, and how to evaluate them based on official standards. Understand the impact of inferiority and other forms of adulteration on the quality of herbs and drugs produced.

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