Podcast Beta
Questions and Answers
Which adrenergic agonist is commonly used to treat anaphylaxis?
What type of adrenergic receptors does Norepinephrine primarily activate?
Which of the following is an indirect acting adrenergic medication?
What type of drug is Pilocarpine classified as?
Signup and view all the answers
Which adrenergic antagonist selectively blocks α1 receptors?
Signup and view all the answers
Which adrenergic medication is specifically a β1 agonist?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary action of anticholinesterase drugs?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following medications is used to stimulate bladder emptying?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following conditions is NOT treated with reversible anticholinesterase agents?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary purpose of Atropine in clinical practice?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a significant side effect of Atropine that affects bodily temperature regulation?
Signup and view all the answers
Which drug is utilized primarily for its antispasmodic effects and also for treating motion sickness?
Signup and view all the answers
In a clinical setting, which neuromuscular blocker is classified as a depolarizing agent?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of agent is used at autonomic ganglia to affect nicotinic receptors?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is NOT a side effect associated with Scopolamine?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following conditions is Ipratropium most commonly used to treat?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Adrenergic Medications
- Adrenergic medications are classified as:
- Direct-acting: stimulate adrenergic receptors directly
- These are further divided into catecholamines and non-catecholamines
- Indirect-acting: affect adrenergic receptors indirectly by influencing the release or reuptake of neurotransmitters
- Direct-acting: stimulate adrenergic receptors directly
Direct-Acting Adrenergic Agonists
-
Catecholamines
-
Epinephrine:
- α (all types) and β (all types) agonist
- Used to treat anaphylaxis and as a local anesthetic
- Side effects: hyperglycemia, arrhythmias, hypertension
-
Norepinephrine:
- α (all types) and β1 agonist
- Used to treat neurogenic shock and as a last resort in shock patients
-
Dopamine:
- Stimulates D1, β1, and α1 receptors
-
Dobutamine:
- β1 agonist
-
Epinephrine:
-
Non-catecholamines
- α1 agonist: Phenylephrine
- α2 agonist: Clonidine
- β1 agonist: Only catecholamines are used
- β2 agonist: Salbutamol and Ritodrine
Indirect-Acting Adrenergic Agonists
-
Sympathomimetic
- These drugs cause:
- Norepinephrine release from presynaptic terminals
- Inhibition of norepinephrine uptake
- They enhance the effect of norepinephrine but do not directly stimulate post-synaptic receptors.
- Examples: Amphetamine, Ephedrine, and Pseudoephedrine
- These drugs cause:
Adrenergic Antagonists (Sympatholytics)
- These agents block adrenergic receptors.
- Block both α and β receptors: Labetalol and Carvedilol
- Non-selective α blockers: Phenoxybenzamine
- Selective α1 blockers: Prazosin, Terazosin, Doxazosin, and Tamsulosin
-
Non-selective β antagonists:
- Block both types of β receptors
- Propranolol, Timolol, and Nadolol
-
Selective β1 antagonists:
- Acebutolol, Atenolol, and Metoprolol
Cholinergic Agonists
- These medications stimulate cholinergic receptors.
-
Direct-acting:
-
Acetylcholine:
- Naturally occurring neurotransmitter
-
Bethanechol:
- Stimulates bladder emptying
-
Carbachol:
- Used for glaucoma
-
Pilocarpine:
- Used as eye drops to treat glaucoma
-
Acetylcholine:
-
Indirect-acting:
-
Reversible:
- Neostigmine
- Pyridostigmine
- Physostigmine
- Donepezil
-
Irreversible:
- These drugs irreversibly inhibit acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase.
- Pralidoxime can reverse the effects of these drugs in the peripheral system.
-
Reversible:
Uses of Cholinergic Agonists
- Most muscarinic agonists are used clinically.
- Pilocarpine is used to treat glaucoma by reducing intraocular pressure.
- Bethanechol is used to stimulate bladder emptying.
Anticholinergic Antagonists
- These medications block cholinergic receptors.
-
Atropine:
- Used for mydriasis and cycloplegia in ophthalmology
- Acts as an antispasmodic in the gastrointestinal tract
- Used to treat involuntary enuresis in children
- Helps treat heart block and dries secretions in the bronchi
- Acts as an antidote for cholinergic agonists.
- Side effects: CNS stimulation, increased body temperature, dry eyes, dry mouth, blurred vision, tachycardia, urinary retention, constipation.
-
Scopolamine (Hyoscine):
- Used as an antispasmodic and for motion sickness.
- Blocks short-term memory.
- Causes sedation and euphoria.
- Can be subject to abuse.
-
Ipratropium:
- Used as a bronchodilator in asthma patients.
- Acts locally in the lungs when administered by inhaler, minimizing systemic side effects.
Drugs Affecting Nicotinic Receptors
- These drugs affect receptors at the neuromuscular junction (Nm) and autonomic ganglia (Nn).
-
Neuromuscular junction (Nm):
-
Neuromuscular blocking drugs:
- Block cholinergic transmission between motor nerve endings and nicotinic receptors at the neuromuscular junction.
-
Depolarizing:
- Succinylcholine
-
Non-depolarizing:
- Long-acting: Pancuronium
- Intermediate-acting: Atracurium
- Short-acting: Mivacurium
-
Neuromuscular blocking drugs:
-
Autonomic ganglia (Nn):
-
Ganglionic blocking agents:
- Block transmission at autonomic ganglia.
-
Ganglion stimulating agents:
- Stimulate transmission at autonomic ganglia.
-
Ganglionic blocking agents:
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Related Documents
Description
This quiz covers adrenergic medications, including their classifications into direct-acting and indirect-acting types. Learn about catecholamines and non-catecholamines, as well as specific drugs like epinephrine, norepinephrine, and phenylephrine. Test your knowledge on their uses, mechanisms, and side effects.
